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    • Type: Place
    • Locations: Chesapeake Bay
    View of the waterfront with a blue building, wooden pier, and greenery.

    Discover the St Clement’s Island Museum where Maryland's founding story comes to life. Explore exhibits that highlight the rich history of the Piscataway People and early settlers. Stand on the historic island where the first English settlers landed in 1634, accessible by water taxi. Experience the beauty of the Potomac River and immerse yourself in the culture that shaped the Chesapeake Bay. Don’t miss the chance to learn and explore this unique site in St. Mary’s County.

    • Type: Place
    Large decorative arch with horses and buggies passing underneath and buildings in background.

    Greenwich Village Historic District’s reputation for dynamism can be attributed to its history of emerging artists and writers as well as the political unrest and activism of its inhabitants. With the rise of the counterculture movement during the 1960s, Greenwich Village’s Washington Square Park became a hub for writers and musicians. In 1969, LGB residents of Greenwich Village pushed back against police harassment at the Stonewall Inn.

  • César E. Chávez National Monument

    Marching for Justice in the Fields

    • Type: Article
    • Locations: César E. Chávez National Monument
    César Chávez points to the route of the 1966 march.

    The farm workers who marched from Delano to Sacramento represented the large, seasonal labor force, composed overwhelmingly of people of color, whose labor made California’s thriving agricultural industry possible. Although their labor produced fortunes from the soil, they were subjected to poor wages and working conditions. This article is an introduction to the issues that motivated the Delano Grape Strike and the 1966 march.

  • César E. Chávez National Monument

    Thirty Years of Farmworker Struggle

    • Type: Article
    • Locations: César E. Chávez National Monument
    Picketers standing in a field during

    Labor organizing has a long history in agriculture. Between 1930 and 1960, diverse groups of farmworkers in California struggled to form unions and to take collective action for better wages and working conditions. This article highlights the political and legal structures that made organizing in the fields especially difficult.

  • César E. Chávez National Monument

    The Terrain of Farmworker Life

    • Type: Article
    • Locations: César E. Chávez National Monument
    Farm workers using short handled hoes to harvest crops.

    Large-scale commercial agriculture or agribusiness has shaped the landscape of California's Central Valley for over a century. This article explores the social and economic world created by agribusiness in and around the small city of Delano, with an emphasis on the lives of the predominately Filipino, Mexican, and Mexican American farm workers and their families.

  • César E. Chávez National Monument

    A New Era of Farmworker Organizing

    • Type: Article
    • Locations: César E. Chávez National Monument
    Larry Itliong, a leader in farm worker organizing campaigns.

    This article explores changes in farm work and farmworker organizing that took place in the 1960s. The end of the Bracero Program, a strike wave, and the emergence of the Black Freedom Movement, all played a role in expanding the opportunities for farmworker organizing. So too did the emergence of a new organization, the National Farm Workers Association.

  • César E. Chávez National Monument

    A Continuing Struggle

    • Type: Article
    • Locations: César E. Chávez National Monument
    Picketers address Governor Edmund Gerald

    As the 1966 march by farmworkers from Delano to Sacramento neared its conclusion, the workers won an important victory. Schenley Industries agreed to negotiate a contract. However, the struggle to bring other growers to the bargaining table continued.

  • Reconstruction Era National Historical Park

    Labor Reforms of the Port Royal Experiment

    • Type: Article
    • Locations: Reconstruction Era National Historical Park
    A group of people sit on a pile of cotton.

    Paying wages to the formerly enslaved people served two purposes for the government officials developing the Port Royal Experiment. It helped to provide a solution of where people should live. Wages also began to put cash into the hands of people who had toiled this land for generations. Many sought to use that cash to secure that land for themselves.

  • Reconstruction Era National Historical Park

    The Port Royal Experiment

    • Type: Article
    • Locations: Reconstruction Era National Historical Park
    A boat with men standing on a makeshift dock over ruins of a fort in the foreground.

    A few weeks after the Battle of Port Royal, US soldiers and sailors came ashore around Beaufort and found thousands of now formerly enslaved people in control of the region. The military had no real plan yet for what to do with these people or even their legal status.

  • Reconstruction Era National Historical Park

    Series: The Port Royal Experiment

    • Type: Article
    • Locations: Reconstruction Era National Historical Park
    A group of children sit under a tree.

    In the fall of 1861 after the Battle of Port Royal, the US military came ashore around Beaufort and found thousands of now formerly enslaved people in control of the region. The military had no real plan yet for what to do with these people or even their legal status. Newly freed Black South Carolinians were active participants. They demanded access to programs to support labor reforms, land redistribution, quality education, and military service.

Last updated: August 21, 2023

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