Invertebrates

We shriek, spray, and slap them away and often view them as a nuisance. Do they do any good? What are they up to anyway? Invertebrates, organisms without backbones, like insects have their own agenda, performing ecological essential tasks from consumption, pollination, and decomposition. Although many may be unfamiliar to us, invertebrates make up a majority of the species in the animal kingdom.

With diverse habitats from ocean shoreline to the granite tops of mountains, Acadia National Park contains many different types of insects. Just how many species, we're not sure. Some have evolved in this ecosystem for thousands of years, and others are newcomers.

Acadia continues to learn about insect species through citizen- science efforts like Bioblitz, documenting species occurrences to provide estimates of species richness, and identify rare and unique species. Below is a snapshot of some of the species most notably found through the seasons of Acadia.

Spring

Black Flies are a common nuisance in Maine during spring, the season of the itch. Their breeding grounds are streams or any areas with moving water. Black flies are sensitive to water pollution, therefore, healthy populations of black flies indicate good water quality. Only females bite and their saliva is an allergen, causing flare ups and itchiness. Although the itchiness subsides, it returns days and even weeks later, making the black fly bite so infamous in Maine.

Luna moths are an eye catching creature and are relatively large with a wing span of about four inches. They have pale green wings and their hindwings have a long curved tail. The edges of the wings have purplish accents, in addition to eyespots. Luna moth caterpillars feed on leaves of walnut and paper birch trees. After emerging from their cocoon, Luna moths lack a mouth and digestive system, so they do not eat. Plus, they have a short life span, ranging about one week.

Summer

Dragonflies and Damselflies are easily recognizable with their large size, four horizontal wings, and unique flight pattern. Dragonflies tend to be larger and bulkier, and spread their wings out when at rest, wheras damselflies are more slender and fold their wings together at rest. Both begin as aquatic insects in their larval stage, then crawl out of the water, cracking open their exoskeleton, releasing its body and wings. They are expert fliers and can hover up and down like a helicopter. Both larval and adult dragonflies are carnivores that feed on mosquitos, helping control the mosquito population. You can often see them flying rapidly over waterbodies or gardens.

Pollinators are anything that assist in the movement of pollen, helping carry pollen from plant to plant to become fertilized. This category can include other animals such as hummingbirds or bats and even non-living forces such as wind, though the majority of pollinators you will see are insects. When pollinators stop to feed on nectar, pollen sticks to their body, which is then transported from one spot to another. Common insect pollinators include:

• Butterflies, including the Monarch and Easter Tiger Swallowtail, common throughout Acadia.
• Bees are efficient pollinators. Acadia is home to several native bees, from giant bumblebees to the tiny jewel-like sweat bees. European honeybees have been introduced to the area by humans for agricultural purposes.
• Beetles are responsible for pollinating some larger flowers, such as pond lilies.

Pollinators are extremely important because they are vital in the production of healthy crops and are essential components for a thriving ecosystem, supporting biodiversity. Check out the Wild Gardens of Acadia to spot pollinators. Read in-depth about some of Acadia's pollinators.

Fall

Ticks are widespread in Maine and found throughout most seasons. They thrive in wooded and open grassy areas. In the same family as spiders, there are hundreds of tick species, but the one of the most common tick species in this area are deer ticks. They are reddish color with a black shield, have eight legs, and are about the size of a sesame seed. As parasites, ticks infect their hosts, especially humans, with the microorganisms they carry, including Lyme’s disease, a serious bacterial infection. There are several ways to prevent tick bites. Learn more on how to protect yourself from ticks on our safety page.

Caterpillars are on the move in the fall and are often spotted throughout the park. Caterpillars can be just as captivating as the fall foliage because they come in a variety of colors and are fuzzy in appearance. Some common caterpillars, which are larvae of moths include:

• Woolly Caterpillar/Tiger Moth, indicated by its fluffy reddish brown and black bands. It is said they can predict the intensity of the coming winter. If the reddish brown band is larger than black, it predicts a milder winter.
• Spotted Yellow Tussock Caterpillar/Yellow Spotted Tiger Moth, are hairy caterpillars with warning colors of black and orange. They feed on the milky sap of milkweed, which contains cardio glycerides, containing heart poisons, therefore predators like birds are deterred from eating them.
• Milkweed Tussock Caterpillar/ Milkweed Tiger Moth are densely hairy with a deep yellow color, four brown bands, and white lashes.

The Brown Tailed Moth is an invasive species of Acadia and cause a forest and human health concern. As caterpillars, they have poisonous hairs that cause dermatitis, similar to poison ivy from either touching it or indirectly coming into contact with airborne hairs. It causes a rash that lasts several hours and can be more severe and last longer for those who are particularly sensitive. In addition, they contribute to the mortality of hardwood trees and shrubs from feeding damage.

Winter

Snowfleas are a tiny, wingless, soil living creatures. They eat decaying matter such a leaves, moss, and fungi. They are not related to fleas, but belong to a group called Springtails. They do not bite, but have the ability to jump 100 times their body length. Because of the snow’s insulation and the anti-freezes snowfleas produce, they are able to withstand Maine’s harsh winter and you can often find them accumulate in footprints left in the snow.