Footnotes
1. Executive Order 6166, Mar. 3, 5 USC ยง124-32; Pub. 109, 73rd Congress, 478 stat. 389.
2. Albright, Origins of National Park Service Administration of Historic Sites (Philadelphia: Eastern National Park and Monument Association, 1971), pp. 21-24.
3. Index of the National Park System and Affiliated Areas as of January 1, 1975 (Washington: National Park Service, 1975), p. 109.
4. Report in the Rock Creek Park Correspondence project file, Commission of Fine Arts records, RG 66, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
5. Ibid.
6. Memorandum, Meinecke to Tom Vint, June 20, 1934, Rock Creek Park Correspondence project file, Commission of Fine Arts records.
7. Ibid.
8. "Rock Creek Park Bather in Peril from Bad Water," Evening Star, June 13, 1922; "Rock Creek Park Bathing is Halted," Evening Star, July 6, 1922; both in Rock Creek and Potomac Parkway Clippings project file, Commission of Fine Arts records.
9. Letter, Grant to Director, USGS, May 23, 1926, Rock Creek and Tributaries file 545-98-60, National Capital Park and Planning Commission records, RG 328, National Archives; letter, Horton to Grant, Mar. 16, 1929, ibid.; Minutes, 57th Meeting of the National Capital Park and Planning Commission, July 31-Aug. 1, 1931, copy ibid.
10. Memorandum, Frank T. Gartside to Chief, Park Division, Office of Public Buildings and Public Parks, Aug. 5, 1932, Rock Creek and Tributaries file 545-98-60, National Capital Park and Planning Commission records; letter, Arno B. Cammerer to Chairman, Maryland-National Capital Planning Commission, Jan. 11, 1935, ibid.; LeRoy K. Sherman and Wesley W. Horner, Report on Measures for Elimination of Pollution of Rock Creek and Its Tributaries in Washington (Washington: National Park Service, 1935).
11. August 1954, pp. 20-21, 44-45.
12. Interview with Robert Ford, Nov. 19, 1984.
13. Edwards letter to the editor, Washington Post July 25, 1936; "Ickes to Forbid washing Autos in Park Creek," Washington Post, Aug. 6, 1936; both in clipping scrapbook, National Capital Parks, National Park Service records, RG 79, National Archives.
14. Memorandum, Castro to The Force, Mar. 16, 1962, Administration, Maintenance, and Protection file, Rock Creek and Potomac Parkway, National Capital Region, National Park Service records, Washington National Records Center (WNRC), Suitland, Md.
15. Jim Seymore, "What is Big, Green, Pretty, Polluted, Underused, and Exploited?", October 1972, p. 86.
16. "Future Development of Rock Creek Park from Taft Bridge To and Including Piney Branch Parkway," Feb. 16, 1934, Rock Creek Park and Parkway planning file 535, National Capital Park and Planning Commission records.
17. Letter, Delano to Arno B. Cammerer, June 6, 1936, Roads file 630, NCR-NPS records, National Archives; "One Way Traffic Due for Parkway," Evening Star, May 12, 1937, clipping in Roads and Traffic file, Resources Management office, Rock Creek Park headquarters.
18. Minutes, 80th Meeting, National Capital Park and Planning Commission, Sept, 15-16, 1933, Zoo Bypass file, Rock Creek and Potomac Parkway, NCR-NPS records, WNRC; letter, Alexander Wetmore to Arno B. Cammerer, Oct. 4, 1933, ibid.; "Spare the Park" (editorial), Evening Star, June 28, 1938.
19. Pub. 176, 76th Congress, July 15, 1939, 53 Stat. 1036; letter, Arthur E. Demaray to Colo. C. W. Kutz, Sept. 15, 1942, Rock Creek Parkand Parkway planning file 535, National Capital Park and Planning Commission records; minutes, 176th Meeting, National Park and Planning Commission, ibid.
20. Letter, Feb. 25, 1957, Zoo Bypass file, Rock Creek and Potomac Parkway, NCR-NPS Records.
21. Letter, Wirth to Carmichael, May 1, 1957, Zoo Bypass file, Rock Creek and Potomac Parkway, NCR-NPS records; letter, Carmichael to Wirth, May 3, 1957, ibid.; letter, Wirth to Carmichael, Mar. 13, 1959, ibid.; letter, Carmichael to Wirth, Aug. 7, 1959, ibid.; letter, Carmichael to Secretary of the Interior Fred. A. Seaton, Mar. 15, 1969, ibid.
22. "Statement for Management, Rock Creek Park," pp. 8, 10 (copy at Rock Creek Park headquarters).
23. Letter, Acting Director Arthur E. Demaray to Col. C. W. Kutz, Sept. 15, 1942, Rock Creek Park and Parkway planning file 535, National Capital Park and Planning Commission records.
24. Sam Zagoria, "Key Planners Call Parley to Decide Fate of Proposed Rock Creek Parkway Leg," Washington Post. Oct. 28, 1953, p. 25.
25. Letter, McKay to Nye, June 17, 1953, Route 240 file, Rock Creek Park, NCR-NPS records.
26. Memorandum, Associate Superintendent Harry T. Thompson, NCP, to Conrad L. Wirth, Jan. 13, 1955, Route 240 file, Rock Creek Park, NCR-NPS records; S.J. Res. 36, 84th Congress; Congressional Record, Feb. 1, 1955, p. 874; U.S. Congress, Senate, Rock Creek Park, Hearings before the Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, 84th Congress, 1st Session, on S.J. Res. 36. Feb. 25-26, 1955; letter, Assistant Director Harold Pearson, Budget Bureau, to Murray, Apr. 21, 1955, Route 240 file; "Congress and Rock Creek" (editorial), Washington Post. Feb. 4, 1955.
27. S.J. 123, 85th Congress; "Highway Keep Out" (editorial), Washington Post, July 12, 1957; Seaton letters July 18, 1957, McLaughlin to Seaton, July 23, 1957, Weeks to Seaton, July 25, 1957, Route 240 file, Rock Creek park, NCR-NPS records.
28. Staff Report on Feasibility Studies for the Extension and Location of U.S. 240 to Connect with the District of Columbia," January 1958, Route 240 file, Rock Creek Park, NCR-NPS records; letter, Wirth to Jesse F. Nicholson (MNCPPC), May 22, 1959, ibid.
29. Jack Eisen, "Rock Creek Freeway Proposal is Revived," Washington Post, Apr. 15, 1966; "Back to the Park" (editorial), Evening Star, Apr. 19, 1966; both clippings in Rock Creek and Potomac Parkway clipping file, Martin Luther King Library, Washington, D.C.
30. Draft memorandum, J.A. Martinek, July 16, 1970, Recreation file, Rock Creek Park headquarters.
31. Environmental Assessment, Bicycle Trail Study, Rock Creek Park, November 1980, Resources Management office, Rock Creek Park headquarters.
32. News release, "For Rock Creek Park: Park Service Announces Plan on Bike/Recreational Study," Aug. 5, 1983, Resources Management office, Rock Creek Park headquarters.
33. Park Service Abandons Beach Drive Plans," Ride On! (newsletter), Sept. 1, 1983; "NPS Scraps Traffic Plan for Rock Creek Park," National Parks, November/December 1983, p. 33.
34. Ford interview.
35. Memorandum, Kelly to Conrad L. Wirth, Jan. 24, 1956, Stables file, Rock Creek Park, NCR-NPS records, WNRC.
36. Letter, Hannan to Kelly, Sept. 7, 1956, Stables file, Rock Creek Park, NCR-NPS records; memorandum, Harry T. Thompson to William M. Haussmann, Nov. 1, 1956, ibid.
37. Memorandum, Andrews to Files, June 19, 1957, Stables file, Rock Creek Park, NCR-NPS records.
38. Report of meeting and letters in Stables file, Rock Creek Park, NCR-NPS records; letter, Agnes C. Gaumnitz to Kelly, Oct. 12, 1957, ibid.; "Rock Creek Park Stable Plan Draws Hawthorn Protest," Evening Star, Nov. 14, 1957, clipping in Rock Creek Park general file, Commission of Fine Arts records.
39. Memorandum, Tingle and Baye to Chief, U.S. Park Police, Oct. 9, 1957, Stables file, Rock Creek Park, NCR-NPS records; memorandum, Selby to Kelly, Oct. 14, 1957, ibid.
40. "Rock Creek Park to Get Two Stables," Washington Post, Dec. 24, 1957, clipping in Rock Creek Park general file, Commission of Fine Arts records; Stables file, Rock Creek Park, NCR-NPS records.
41. Rock Creek Park general file, Regional Director's Office, National Capital Region, National Park Service.
42. Shoemaker, "Historic Rock Creek," Records of the Columbia Historical Society (Washington: Columbia Historical Society, 1909), 12: 46-47.
43. Memorandum in Klingle House file, Rock Creek Park, NCR-NPS records, WNRC.
44. Memorandum, Finnan to Cammerer, Mar. 20, 1934, Klingle House file, Rock Creek Park, NCR-NPS records; Cammerer note on memorandum, Ickes to Cammerer, Mar. 15, 1934, ibid.
45. Memorandum, Ickes to Cammerer, May 23, 1934, Klingle House file, Rock Creek Park, NCR-NPS records; memorandum, Finnan to Cammerer, May 25, 1934," ibid.
46. "Finnan Lives in D.C. Park," Washington Times, act. 20, 1936, clipping scrapbook, National Capital Parks; Klingle House file, Rock Creek Park, NCR-NPS records.
47. Memorandum, Acting NPS Director John R. White to Acting NCP Superintendent Frank T. Gartside, Aug. 15, 1939, Klingle House file, Rock Creek Park, NCR-NPS records; letter, Straus to Gartside, Nov. 28, 1939, ibid.; lease documents ibid.
48. Unpublished hearing transcript, Jan. 28, 1947, in Klingle House file, Rock Creek Park, NCR-NPS records.
49. Memorandum, Conrad L. Wirth to Chapman, Mar. 21, 1952, Klingle House file, Rock Creek Park, NCR-NPS records; letter, Chapman to Jane D. Ickes, Mar. 25, 1952, ibid.
50. Memorandum, Thompson to files, Feb. 5, 1954, Klingle House file, Rock Creek Park, NCR-NPS records.
51. Letter, Wirth to Young, May 23, 1955, Klingle House file, Rock Creek Park, NCR-NPS records.
52. Memorandum, Edward J. Kelly to Conrad L. Wirth, Apr. 4, 1957, Klingle House file, Rock Creek Park, NCR-NPS records; petition Apr. 8, 1957, ibid.; memorandum, Thompson to Chief, Architectural Branch, June 3, 1957, ibid.; Grace Bassett, "$50,000 Waste Charged in Closing New Rock Creek Nature Center," Evening Star, Aug. 15, 1957, clipping ibid.
53. Gruber letter to the editor, Washington Post, Aug. 20, 1957, clipping in Klingle House file, Rock Creek Park, NCR-NPS records; letter, Fred M. Packard to Conrad L. Wirth, Aug. 12, 1957, ibid.; Bassett, "$50,000 Waste Charged"; letter, Edward J. Kelly to Fred M. Packard, Aug. 26, 1957, Klingle House file.
54. Memorandum, Harry T. Thompson to Chief, Architectural Branch (Haussmann), June 3, 1957.
55. Nature Center file, Rock Creek Park, NCR-NPS records, WNRC. The center was designed and built without consultation with the Commission of Fine Arts, much to the commission's displeasure. (Rock Creek Park Nature Center and Planetarium central file, Commission of Fine Arts records.)
56. Klingle House file, Rock Creek Park, NCR-NPS records.
57. Letter, Udall to Lloyd Hinton, March 22, 1963, Rock Creek Park file, History Division, National Park Service, Washington, D.C.; letter, Young to Udall, Mar. 19, 1965, ibid.; letter, Robert C. Horne to Mrs. John W. Davidge, May 11, 1965, ibid.; letter, T. Sutton Jett to Mrs. John W. Davidge, June 24, 1965, ibid.; letter, Lloyd Hinton to Udall, Aug. 25, 1965, ibid.; letter, Stanley A. Cain to Hinton, Sept. 9, 1965, ibid.
58. Annual Report, Rock Creek Park, 1982, Rock Creek Park headquarters.
59. Memorandum, Finnan to Cammerer, Mar. 20, 1934, Klingle House file, Rock Creek Park, NCR-NPS records; memorandum, Ickes to Cammerer, Mar. 22, 1934, ibid.
60. Memorandum, Cammerer to Ickes, May 21, 1934, Klingle House file, Rock Creek Park, NCR-NPS records; "Old Pierce Mill Loses Its Porch To Gain a Wheel," Washington Post, Nov. 9, 1934, clipping in Pierce Mill clipping file, Martin Luther King Library; Pierce Mill file 630, National Capital Parks, National Park Service records, National Archives.
61. "Old Pierce Mill Again Will Grind; U.S. to Get Grain," Evening Star, Oct. 1, 1936; "Wheels Turn Again at Pierce Mill," Evening Star, Oct. 28, 1936; both in clipping scrapbook, National Capital Parks, National Park Service records, National Archives.
62. Cliver, "Historic Structures Report, Pierce Mill--Water Wheel," History Division, National Park Service.
63. P.L. 98-504, act. 19, 1984,98 Stat. 2336.
64. Camp Good Will file, Rock Creek Park, NCR-NPS records, WNRC.
65. Robert M. Coates, "Inventory of Work Accomplished by CCC Camps Under the Jurisdiction of National Capital Parks, October 19, 1933, to January 1, 1942," Reforestation file 885-01, NCP-NPS records, National Archives.
66. Memorandum, Capt. M. H. Raspberry, Park Police, to Francis F. Gillen, Dec. 15, 1941, Structures file, Rock Creek Park, NCR-NPS records,. WNRC; letter, Henry L. Stimson to Harold L. Ickes, Apr. 16, 1942, Ibid.
67. Superintendent's Monthly Report, June 1936, NCP-NPS records, National Archives.
68. Superintendent's monthly reports, June-August 1939, NCP-NPS records, National Archives.
69. Park Naturalist's Report file 207-04, NCP-NPS records, National Archives.
70. Monthly Report of the Naturalist Division, July 1938, NCP-NPS records, National Archives.
71. Memorandum, W. Drew Chick, Jr., to Superintendent, NCP, Mar. 24, 1955, Rock Creek Park Day file, Rock Creek Park, NCR-NPS records, WNRC; subsequent documents ibid.
72. Letter, John Nolen, Jr., to Henry V. Hubbard, Mar. 31, 1936, Rock Creek Park file, Nolen office files, National Capital Park and Planning Commission records.
73. P.L. 81-78, May 31, 1949, 63 Stat. 141; "Faith of Our Fathers" souvenir program, 1950, Carter Barron file, Rock Creek Park, NCR-NPS records, WNRC.
74. Letter, Theodore Rothman to District Commissioners, Feb. 17, 1953, Permits and Licenses file, Rock Creek Park, NCR-NPS records, WNRC; press release, "McKay Announces Decision on Barron Amphitheater," Apr. I, 1953, ibid.; Carter Barron file, Rock Creek Park, NCR-NPS records.
75. Trescott, "Top-40 Soul After 20 Years," Washington Star-News, Aug. 19, 1973, p. HI.
76. Richard L. Coe, "Irvin Feld's Eye for Talent," Washington Post, Sept. 10, 1984, p. B3.
77. Memorandum, Haussmann to files, July 24, 1956, Thompson Boat Center file, Rock Creek and Potomac Parkway, NCR-NPS records, WNRC; memorandum, Edward J. Kelly to Conrad L. Wirth, Nov. 28, 1956, ibid.
78. Memorandum, John B. Thomas to Robert C. Horne, Feb. II, 1957, Thompson Boat Center file, Rock Creek and Potomac Parkway, NCR-NPS records; memorandum, Thompson to Horne, Mar. 19, 1957, ibid.; press release, ibid.
79. Letter, Auld to Edward J. Kelly, Apr. 9, 1958, Thompson Boat Center file, Rock Creek and Potomac Parkway, NCR-NPS records; memorandum, Haussmann to Kelly, June 18, 1958, ibid.; "Stay Upstream" (editorial), Washington Post,, Feb. 27, 1959, clipping ibid.
80. Memorandum, Thompson to Wirth, Mar. 4, 1959, Thompson Boat Center file, Rock Creek and Potomac Parkway, NCR-NPS records; memorandum, Wirth to Seaton, Mar. 13, 1959, ibid.; contract documents ibid.
81. Memorandum, Wirth to Udall, Mar. 22, 1961, signed as approved by Udall Mar. 28, 1961, Thompson Boat Center file, Rock Creek and Potomac Parkway, NCR-NPS records.
82. Although occupying Rock Creek and Potomac Parkway land, the boat center and its parking lot are administered by the superintendent of Chesapeake and Ohio Canal National Historical Park rather than the superintendent of Rock Creek Park.
83. Fish note to the author, Aug. 16t 1984.
84. Kenneth Bredemeier, "U.S. Judge Blocks Georgetown Hotel," Washington Post, May 31t 1985t p. C1; telephone conversation with Albert J. Benjamin, May 31, 1985.
