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Digital Archive Image: “W.E.B. Du Bois with Fisk University Class of 1888,” Courtesy of Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture,https://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/8e0981a2-4aec-a10a-e040-e00a18063089. Primary SourcesArchival Institutions
Archival Documents “Address of the Representative of the African Church,” in Extract of a Letter from Dr. Benjamin Rush, of Philadelphia, to Granville Sharp (London, 1792), pp. 6-7. "Les citozens de coleur de Philadelphie a L'Assemblee Nationale," September 24, 1793, in Journal de Revolutions de la partie Francaise de Saint-Dominigue. “Letter from Benjamin Franklin Transmitting a Letter from James Pemberton and a Petition from the Pennsylvania Society for Promoting the Abolition of Slavery to Vice President John Adams,” 1790. National Archives Catalog, NAID 306388, https://catalog.archives.gov/id/306388. “To Thomas Jefferson from Benjamin Banneker, 19 August 1791,” The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, vol. 22, 6 August 1791 – 31 December 1791, ed. Charles T. Cullen. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986, pp. 49–54. Accessed through Founders Online, National Archives, https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/01-22-02-0049. Zoar United Methodist Church records, [microform], 1841-1984. New York Public Library Archives and Manuscripts, archives.nypl.org -- Zoar United Methodist Church records, [microform]. Secondary SourcesBlack Writers of the Founding Era. James G. Bask, ed with Nicole Seary. New York: Library of America, 2023. The Journals of Charlotte Forten Grimké. Brenda Stevenson, ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998. Catherine Adams and Elizabeth H. Pleck. Love of Freedom: Black Women in Colonial and Revolutionary New England. New York: Oxford University Press, 2010. Jennifer L. Anderson. Mahogany: The Costs of Luxury in Early America. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2012. John Davies. “Saint-Dominguan Refugees of African Descent and the Forging of Ethnic Identity in Early National Philadelphia.” The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 134, no. 2 (2010): 109–26. Erica Armstrong Dunbar. Never Caught: The Washingtons’ Relentless Pursuit of their Runaway Slave, Ona Judge. New York: 37th Ink/Atria Books, 2017. -------------- A Fragile Freedom: African American Women and Emancipation in the Antebellum City. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2008. Roxanne Dunbar-Ortiz. An Indigenous Peoples’ History of the United States. Boston: Beacon Press, 2014. P. Gabrielle Foreman, et al. “Writing about Slavery/Teaching About Slavery: This Might Help” community-sourced document, accessed October 16, 2024, 8:45am, Writing about "Slavery"? This Might Help (google.com). Alice J. Gayley. “24th Regiment United States Colored Troop.” PA Roots. Accessed September 11, 2024, https://www.pa-roots.com/pacw/usct/24thusct/24thusctorg.html. Gerald Horne. The Counter-Revolution of 1776: Slave Resistance and the Origins of the United States of America. New York: NYU Press, 2014. LaGarrett J. King. “Black History is Not American History: Toward a Framework of Black Historical Consciousness.” Social Education 84, no. 6 (2020): 335-341. Adam Levinson, Esq. ““Quarters At Liberty Hall” (Miss Dally, Part VIII),” Statutes and Stories: Collections and Reflections on American Legal History. Blog post, dated April 23, 2023. Accessed October 21, 2024, https://www.statutesandstories.com/blog_html/quarters-at-liberty-hall-miss-dally-part-viii/. Charlene Mires. "Slavery, Nativism, and the Forgotten History of Independence Hall," Pennsylvania History: A Journal of Mid-Atlantic Studies 67, No. 4 (Autumn 2000), 481-501. Gholdy Muhammad. Cultivating Genius: An Equity Framework for Culturally and Historically Responsive Literacy. New York: Scholastic Inc, 2020. -------------- Unearthing Joy: A Guide to Culturally and Historically Responsive Teaching and Learning. New York: Scholastic Inc., 2023. Gary B. Nash. Race and Revolution. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 1990. -------------- “Reverberations of Haiti in the American North: Black Saint Dominguans in Philadelphia.” Pennsylvania History: A Journal of Mid-Atlantic Studies 65 (1998): 44–73. -------------- First City: Philadelphia and the Forging of Historical Memory. Philadelphia: University of Penn Press, 2002, 2006. -------------- The Forgotten Fifth: African Americans in the Age of Revolution. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2006. Richard S. Newman. “‘We Participate in Common’: Richard Allen’s Eulogy of Washington and the Challenge of Interracial Appeals.” The William and Mary Quarterly 64, no. 1 (2007): 117–28. Michiko Quinones. “Seeing the Forest Through the Trees: An Appeal to Re-Analyze and Restore the Narrative of Antebellum Free Black People in Philadelphia.” Medium.com August 20, 2022. Harry C. Silcox. “Nineteenth Century Philadelphia Black Militant: Octavius V. Catto (1839-1871).” Pennsylvania History 44, no. 1, January 1977, 53-76. Anna Coxe Toogood. Historic Resource Study for Independence Mall, 18th Century Development, Block Two, Market to Arch, Fifth to Sixth Street. November 2000. -------------- Historic Resource Study for Independence Mall, 18th Century Development, Block One, Chestnut to Market, Fifth to Sixth Street. August 2001. James Walvin. “Chapter 4 - Mahogany: Fashion and Slavery.” Slavery in Small Things: Slavery and Modern Cultural Habits. Chichester: Wiley Blackwell, 2017. Joe William Trotter Jr. and Eric Ledell Smith, eds. African Americans in Pennsylvania: Shifting Historical Perspectives. University Park: The Pennsylvania State University, 1997. Julie Winch. A Gentleman of Color: The Life of James Forten. New York: Oxford University Press, 2002. -------------- The Elite of Our People: Joseph Willson’s Sketches of Black Upper-Class Life in Antebellum Philadelphia. University Park: Penn State Press, 2000. -------------- ““You Know I am a Man of Business”: James Forten and the Factor of Race in Philadelphia’s Antebellum Business Community,” Business and Economic History 26, no. 1, Fall 1997, 213-228. Accessed October 9, 2024, https://thebhc.org/sites/default/files/beh/BEHprint/v026n1/p0213-p0228.pdf.
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Last updated: November 5, 2024