Fort Moultrie

A view of the interior of Fort Moultrie showing the American flag, cannons and buildings within the fort.

NPS Photo/ R.Claussen

The first fort on Sullivan's Island, constructed of palmetto logs and sand, was still incomplete when Commodore Sir Peter Parker of the Royal Navy and nine British men-of-war attacked it on June 28, 1776. After a nine-hour battle, the British ships were forced to retire. Charlestown was saved from occupation, and the fort was named in honor of its commander, Colonel William Moultrie. In May 1780, the British finally captured Charlestown, including Fort Moultrie. The city was evacuated in December 1782 as the Revolution entered its final year.

After the Revolution, Fort Moultrie was neglected, and by 1791 little of it remained. Then, in 1793, war broke out between Great Britain and France. The next year, Congress, seeking to safeguard American shores, authorized the first system of nationwide coastal fortifications. A second Fort Moultrie, one of twenty new forts along the Atlantic coast, was completed in 1798. It also suffered from neglect and was finally destroyed by a hurricane in 1804. By 1807 many of the other First System fortifications were in need of extensive repair. Congress responded by authorizing funds for a Second System, which included a third Fort Moultrie. By 1809 a new brick fort stood on Sullivan's Island.

 

Drawing of the original 1809 Fort Moultrie

Between 1809 and 1860 Fort Moultrie changed little. The walls were altered and the weaponry was modernized, but the big improvement in Charleston's defenses during this period was the construction of Fort Sumter at the entrance of the harbor. The forts ringing Charleston Harbor - Moultrie, Sumter, Johnson, and Castle Pinckney - were meant to complement each other, but instead became opponents. For more information about Fort Moultrie in 1860, including 3D models and animation, visit Battlefields in Motion.

In December of 1860, South Carolina seceded from the Union, and the Federal garrison abandoned Fort Moultrie for the stronger Fort Sumter. Three and a half months later, Confederate troops shelled Fort Sumter into submission, plunging the nation into civil war. In August 1863, Federal shore batteries on Morris Island began an 18-month bombardment of Fort Sumter, yet Charleston's defenses held. When the Confederate army evacuated the city in February 1865, Fort Sumter was little more than a pile of rubble and Fort Moultrie lay hidden under the band of sand that protected its walls from Federal shells. The new rifled cannon used during the Civil War had demolished the brick-walled fortifications.

Fort Moultrie was modernized in the 1870s. Newer, larger cannon were installed, magazines and bombproofs were built of thick concrete and then buried under tons of earth to absorb the explosion of heavy shells.

In 1885, President Grover Cleveland appointed Secretary of War William C. Endicott to head a board to review the coastal defenses in light of newly developing weapons technology. This system, named for Endicott, again modernized the nation's fortifications. New batteries of concrete and steel were constructed in Fort Moultrie. Larger weapons were emplaced elsewhere on Sullivan's Island, and the old fort became just a small part of the Fort Moultrie Military Reservation that covered much of the island. As technology changed, harbor defense became more complex.

The world wars brought new threats of submarine and aerial attack and required new means of defense at Fort Moultrie. These weapons also became obsolete as nuclear weapons and guided missiles altered the entire concept of national defense.

Today, Fort Moultrie has been restored to show the major periods of its history from 1809 through 1947.