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Podcast

Memories Podcast

Katheryne Dollar, director of the Retired Senior Volunteer Program in association with the Natchitoches Area Action Association arranged interviews with senior citizens around the parish. The interviews were conducted between 1971 and 1974 by David Dollar. Recordings were originally aired on KNOC Radio.

Episodes

38. James M. Lee

Transcript

Hubert Lassiter (00:01): This is Hubert Lassiter, and this morning we're visiting with Mr. James Lee. We're pleased to welcome you to the show, sir. And we're going to be talking about mills, which Mr. Lee is a expert on. Tell us about Vals Mill, sir.

James Lee (00:17): Well, I wouldn't know hardly how to start it.

Hubert Lassiter (00:22): Who started Vals Mill?

James Lee (00:23): Huh?

Hubert Lassiter (00:27): How did it get its name?

James Lee (00:28): Well, the name, it was an old fellow by the name of Vals.

Hubert Lassiter (00:30): And he started it back when? Do you remember?

James Lee (00:32): Oh, no. I don't, no.

Hubert Lassiter (00:36): How does a mill work?

James Lee (00:38): Huh?

Hubert Lassiter (00:38): Tell me how a mill works.

James Lee (00:40): It was run by water.

Hubert Lassiter (00:42): Yeah?

James Lee (00:43): Yeah. They had a big, clear-running stream dammed up in there, and they'd had what they call a floodgate on it. And whenever they got ready to get that mill running, they'd raise that floodgate and it'd come in there and hit a big wheel that was down in the water, and that's what was whirling the mill.

Hubert Lassiter (01:06): Is that right? And the water worked it, with the wheel?

James Lee (01:10): Yeah. Yeah, the water. See, they had a long shaft that went up into the mill house, went up to the grist mill and all that. That's what pulled it.

Hubert Lassiter (01:22): There was two round stones, or one?

James Lee (01:24): Huh? There was two of them.

Hubert Lassiter (01:25): Two stones?

James Lee (01:26): Yeah. Two big, round stones, and they're running together, and this mill had what they call a hopper on it. And they'd pull up a whole bushel of corn in there at once, and just feeding through. That mill, as it run, well, that shaft was hitting a little thing there and shaking that, and that corn was just dropping in there the whole time and it was ground out.

Hubert Lassiter (01:58): Just kind of pour out into a little trench?

James Lee (02:00): Yeah. Yeah, and they'd pour it down in there, the top wheel had a big round hole it, and that corn was pouring and going through down on that other rock there, and then that bottom rock was the one doing the running there. And then-

Hubert Lassiter (02:19): Now, what is a hopper?

James Lee (02:20): Huh?

Hubert Lassiter (02:20): What is a hopper?

James Lee (02:20): Well, that's the thing that held the corn. That's what they called it, the hopper.

Hubert Lassiter (02:27): Mm-hmm (affirmative)?

James Lee (02:27): Mm-hmm (affirmative).

Hubert Lassiter (02:30): Was there a man holding that, just to trigger the corn to fall in there?

James Lee (02:34): Oh, no, no, no. It was the shaft running, and it was hitting the little thing and shaking it.

Hubert Lassiter (02:39): Oh, I see.

James Lee (02:40): Yeah, and shaking that corn in there.

Hubert Lassiter (02:44): What about-

James Lee (02:44): And they had it to where they engage it, and all, and they can just make it shake just as much as they wanted to in there.

Hubert Lassiter (02:58): How many pounds of corn a day could they grind out?

James Lee (03:02): Well, I wouldn't hardly know what they did. They'd grind several bushels.

Hubert Lassiter (03:08): Several bushels?

James Lee (03:09): Oh, yeah. Yeah.

Hubert Lassiter (03:11): Now, what was the working day?

James Lee (03:13): Huh?

Hubert Lassiter (03:13): How many hours was that?

James Lee (03:15): Well, I figure it was around about six or seven hours.

Hubert Lassiter (03:21): Is that right?

James Lee (03:21): Yeah.

Hubert Lassiter (03:21): Well, the corn wasn't the only thing they ground in it, was it?

James Lee (03:24): Huh?

Hubert Lassiter (03:25): They didn't grind just corn?

James Lee (03:27): No. Some of them had gins hooked to them. They'd gin cotton on them.

Hubert Lassiter (03:33): They did that in Vals Mill?

James Lee (03:34): Yeah, they did. They'd gin cotton.

Hubert Lassiter (03:38): Now, this was different from the stones. So they'd take off the stones or what?

James Lee (03:42): No, no. They just had... I don't know, but I imagine they had belts, that they'd just belt up the cotton gin, you see, and it would run it, you see?

Hubert Lassiter (04:01): I see.

James Lee (04:02): Yeah.

Hubert Lassiter (04:02): Well, what about other mills in this area? There were other mills around here, weren't there?

James Lee (04:09): No, no. Just, that was the kind of mills they had. They had water mills.

Hubert Lassiter (04:15): Yes, sir. What about Mill Creek?

James Lee (04:16): Huh?

Hubert Lassiter (04:17): Mill Creek.

James Lee (04:18): Well, yeah. They had one on Mill Creek, that's right.

Hubert Lassiter (04:25): Is that right?

James Lee (04:25): Yeah.

Hubert Lassiter (04:26): They were just dotted around the area?

James Lee (04:29): Huh?

Hubert Lassiter (04:29): Were there just a lot of mills around the area?

James Lee (04:32): Well, there were several on the streams, where they could get plenty of water to run them.

Hubert Lassiter (04:39): Just plenty of water is all it took?

James Lee (04:41): Yeah. Yeah. They couldn't basically run it, in other words, if they didn't have a stream that was furnishing plenty of water coming in there all the time. If they didn't have that, they'd soon let all of the water out of the lake if they had it dammed up, and they'd have had nothing then to run the mill.

Hubert Lassiter (05:02): But they don't do that anymore?

James Lee (05:04): No, no, not as I know. I don't know when they were running on water.

Hubert Lassiter (05:09): Is there a fellow that you know that still grinds meal?

James Lee (05:14): What, on a water mill?

Hubert Lassiter (05:15): Well, no. Gasoline engine, or whatever.

James Lee (05:17): Yeah, yeah. Little Ben Jones up here, between here and [inaudible 00:05:22].

Hubert Lassiter (05:23): Do you know how much two pounds of ground cornmeal would cost you now, stone ground?

James Lee (05:34): No, because I've never bought it or nothing.

Hubert Lassiter (05:35): Oh, it'd cost you about 87 cents.

James Lee (05:37): Yeah, because I've never bought any of it like that. I always go right ahead and grind the meal. I just buy me a sack of corn. They put up this shelled corn, and then you take it down and he'll measure it and put it in that mill, and in just a very few minutes he's done and got it ground.

Hubert Lassiter (06:02): And this is better than what you buy in the store?

James Lee (06:04): Huh? Oh, yeah. Yeah.

Hubert Lassiter (06:07): Is that right?

James Lee (06:07): It's [inaudible 00:06:08], it sure is.

Hubert Lassiter (06:10): We need to take a break right now for our sponsor, and we'll be right back. In case you've just joined us, this is Hubert Lassiter visiting with Mr. James Lee on The Memory Show. Mr. Lee was talking about his early recollections of longleaf pine. What about the beams, Mr. Lee?

James Lee (06:36): The beams? Well, the beams at the heart of it, they wouldn't run.

Hubert Lassiter (06:39): Why?

James Lee (06:40): Well, because it was rich lighter.

Hubert Lassiter (06:45): What does rich lighter mean?

James Lee (06:46): Well, that's just... Rich lighter?

Hubert Lassiter (06:50): Yes.

James Lee (06:50): It's just, rich lighter pine is, it'll burn. It'll just burn, you split it up into splinters and take your match to it and it's just going to burn right then.

Hubert Lassiter (07:05): Well, when they were making the railroad through here did they lay track with that?

James Lee (07:09): Oh, yeah. They did. When they was building these railroads, yeah. If they come upon a heart they'd make it a, what do they call it? A crosstie.

Hubert Lassiter (07:21): Mm-hmm (affirmative).

James Lee (07:24): And, well, they'd make it, yeah, and put it on that track to hold that train up.

Hubert Lassiter (07:30): This is all virgin longleaf?

James Lee (07:32): Oh, yeah. Yeah, it is, all around here. Yeah.

Hubert Lassiter (07:35): Did you ever cut it?

James Lee (07:35): Huh?

Hubert Lassiter (07:36): Did you ever help cut it?

James Lee (07:36): What?

Hubert Lassiter (07:37): The longleaf.

James Lee (07:38): No, I never had to saw it, but there was lots of them that did.

Hubert Lassiter (07:45): Well, what do you remember about it most?

James Lee (07:47): Huh?

Hubert Lassiter (07:47): What do you remember about the forest around here most, with making turpentine and everything? Did you ever make turpentine?

James Lee (07:54): No, no, no.

Hubert Lassiter (07:55): Do you remember how they did it?

James Lee (07:56): Yeah, yeah. They had this longleaf pine, they had what they called a chipper, and it had a sharp blade. It was built in that shape, and the finest of steel was what it was made out of. And this chipper was facing on the handle, and in this handle it had a heavy ball of iron on it that would help pull that chipper through that wood. And they used colored men there to do that. And they would [inaudible 00:08:38] and-

Hubert Lassiter (08:41): Cut it?

James Lee (08:42): Yeah, cut it on the side, and they cut it in that shape. In a V shape.

Hubert Lassiter (08:47): Cut it in a V shape?

James Lee (08:47): Yeah. And I mean, that thing would cut it just like a... Well, just, man, you could hear them way outside when they was cutting with that thing. And just about one week, them niggers, that's about all they get to a side, and they'd change it anything and cut it the other way.

Hubert Lassiter (09:08): What, did they put a tin cup under it or something?

James Lee (09:11): Yeah, they had a tin cup that they'd get down when they first started. Well, they drove a couple of big nails in, and they set this cup on there, and then when they chipped it, they first just started making just one little chip or mark down through that wood there, and then in just a few days that turpentine would be running. And then when it'd get to where it wasn't running like they wanted it, well, they'd just move up and take another chip on it.

Hubert Lassiter (09:47): Is that right?

James Lee (09:48): Yeah.

Hubert Lassiter (09:48): Well, what'd they do with the turpentine after they it in the cup?

James Lee (09:50): Well, they'd take it to the mill and boil it down and make turpentine out of it. They'd empty barrels of that in there and put it to boiling, and let it boil a while, and melt that turpentine and boil it down in there and then switched it. It worked somewhat like a whisky distill, and that turpentine would go running out, and they'd take it in them barrels and ship it.

Hubert Lassiter (10:24): Talking about whisky stills, do you know anything about whisky stills?

James Lee (10:28): Well, yeah, I do.

Hubert Lassiter (10:32): Did you ever make whisky?

James Lee (10:34): No, I don't know as I ever have made that. I'd say that's going a little too far.

Hubert Lassiter (10:39): Well, tell me about making whisky, even though you don't know anything about it.

James Lee (10:42): Yeah, yeah, yeah. That I don't know.

Hubert Lassiter (10:46): How do you make it?

James Lee (10:47): Huh?

Hubert Lassiter (10:47): How do you make whisky?

James Lee (10:50): Well, you take sugar and meal.

Hubert Lassiter (10:54): Mm-hmm (affirmative)?

James Lee (10:55): Yeah. If you're going to put up a whole big barrel, you put about 50 pounds of sugar in there and about 25, 30 pounds of meal in there, and then let it ferment and it'll sour. And it's souring in there, and when it never gets fermented, well, then whenever it's making that meal and stuff just boiling in there, and it never gets made, well, it'll quit moving, quit working.

Hubert Lassiter (11:37): How long does it take it to ferment?

James Lee (11:39): Well, it depends on the weather. With the warm, hot weather it'll take about six or seven days for you to have a whole barrel, and they called that buck.

Hubert Lassiter (11:55): Buck?

James Lee (11:56): Yeah. That's what they run in them, and they'd pour this in the whisky, the still. They had a cup of coal, and then it went through a barrel of water and went on out and come out down at the lower side. And of course it'd always come out with [inaudible 00:12:13] because it wouldn't get the water out, and then... They had things that was boring then. Back then it was steam, which when you'd hit that water, it'd condense it down and bring it down to alcohol.

Hubert Lassiter (12:29): How much corn does it take to make a gallon of whisky?

James Lee (12:32): Well, I just wouldn't know. It wouldn't take over 10 or 15 pounds of meal to make it, I don't expect.

Hubert Lassiter (12:46): So you take equal parts of sugar and corn?

James Lee (12:49): Yeah. Of meal, yeah.

Hubert Lassiter (12:54): But you don't know anything else about it, because you never did it.

James Lee (12:55): No, I never did do it. But I know how it went, yeah.

Hubert Lassiter (13:01): Mr. Lee, I want to thank you for visiting with us on The Memory Show.

James Lee (13:06): Yeah. Well, thank you for putting me on it.

Hubert Lassiter (13:10): Any time, sir.

Hubert Lassiter speaks with James Lee about milling corn, ginning cotton, making turpentine, and how whiskey stills worked.

37. Irene Sowell

Transcript

David Dollar (00:00): Good morning. Once again, David [Dollar 00:00:02]. Today on Memories, we're going to be visiting with Ms. Irene [Sowell 00:00:05]. Miss Sowell, we thank you for being with us today. Why don't we begin things by you giving us a little family background? When and where you were born and some things like that, okay?

Irene Sowell (00:17): Well I was born in Natchitoches Parish, in [Read 00:00:19], Natchitoches Parish.

David Dollar (00:18): Okay.

Irene Sowell (00:19): And we lived on a little farm. And my mother and father was a farmer. They farmed. Raised cotton, corn, peanuts, sweet potatoes-

David Dollar (00:35): Peanuts. [crosstalk 00:00:35]. I've never heard anybody raising peanuts around here.

Irene Sowell (00:37): Oh...

David Dollar (00:38): Did y'all have a pretty good spread of peanuts.

Irene Sowell (00:40): Mm-hmm (affirmative), mm-hmm (affirmative).

David Dollar (00:40): Well, that's interesting. I didn't know that.

Irene Sowell (00:45): Yes. We raised peanuts, and we raised gardens and just all kind vegetables, and...

David Dollar (00:51): One more question. I'm a little overcome by the peanut thing. What did y'all do with the peanuts? Eat them, or-

Irene Sowell (00:56): Well, we ate them and fed the mule cow with it.

David Dollar (01:01): Oh yeah, yeah. [crosstalk 00:01:02]. I guess that would be a good supplement, especially for feed.

Irene Sowell (01:11): That's right. Well, we had pretty good [inaudible 00:01:12] farm [crosstalk 00:01:12].

David Dollar (01:12): Yeah, I'm guessing [crosstalk 00:01:12]. Uh-huh (affirmative). Mm-hmm (affirmative). The folks you sold them to, would it be for peanut oil or mostly for eating and for feed for animals and all?

Irene Sowell (01:20): That's right. [crosstalk 00:01:21]. For feed.

David Dollar (01:21): Okay.

Irene Sowell (01:21): And feeding.

David Dollar (01:24): Uh-huh (affirmative). Well, I'll be. Okay, I'm sorry I interrupted. Go, go ahead and get back to just... you were farming and-

Irene Sowell (01:30): Yeah, farming.

David Dollar (01:31): How many brothers and sisters did you have?

Irene Sowell (01:32): Oh, I had four brothers and there was eight sisters of us.

David Dollar (01:32): Eight sisters?

Irene Sowell (01:36): Eight sisters.

David Dollar (01:38): That's gracious. Y'all got some big families around this area? Don't you?

Irene Sowell (01:41): That's right. Lived on farm. I was born in Natchitoches Parish, and I was born 1899.

David Dollar (01:41): 1899, okay.

Irene Sowell (01:54): On July the 5th, 1899. And so my father farmed. And their brothers, they would plow. And we would hoe. Girls would hoe.

David Dollar (02:08): You didn't get into much plowing, huh?

Irene Sowell (02:10): And I never did learn to plow.

David Dollar (02:11): Are you glad about that?

Irene Sowell (02:12): I am. Well, sometime I wish I could, that I could have plowed. See, I could made gardens after that. [crosstalk 00:02:20].

David Dollar (02:20): Yeah. Yeah, that's right. Could have used that.

Irene Sowell (02:20): But I never did learn. I had two sisters to learn how to plow.

David Dollar (02:27): Mm-hmm (affirmative). Well, what were you doing when you weren't hoeing? Did you learn a lot of things in the house?

Irene Sowell (02:31): Oh yes. I learned how to do the wash, yarn, cooking-

David Dollar (02:38): Cooking and sewing [crosstalk 00:02:38] and all the things that little girls do.

Irene Sowell (02:39): Yeah, that's right, learned how to sew.

David Dollar (02:42): Do you remember the first thing you ever got to cook by yourself?

Irene Sowell (02:46): Well, first thing I learned, I made coffee.

David Dollar (02:49): Made coffee.

Irene Sowell (02:51): I get up every morning made coffee.

David Dollar (02:53): Right.

Irene Sowell (02:54): And so [inaudible 00:02:56]. My father, mother drank coffee, so that I learned to drink [crosstalk 00:03:01] by making it.

David Dollar (03:01): Okay. Did y'all buy the coffee, like in Natchitoches, or were there folks... I'm interested. How did coffee get in around here? Do you remember?

Irene Sowell (03:15): Well...

David Dollar (03:15): I know it had been here for a long time before 1899.

Irene Sowell (03:18): Oh, yeah.

David Dollar (03:18): That just kind of intrigued... Did you have to buy it at the store?

Irene Sowell (03:21): Yeah, that's right.

David Dollar (03:21): Like other things?

Irene Sowell (03:24): Yes, buy it from the store.

David Dollar (03:24): Uh-huh (affirmative).

Irene Sowell (03:25): We buy it and... See it'd be green, and we'd [parch 00:03:33] it. But then the skillet put on- [crosstalk 00:03:33].

David Dollar (03:33): No, wait, I hadn't heard about this. Tell me.

Irene Sowell (03:33): And we put in the skillet.

David Dollar (03:34): The coffee would be green?

Irene Sowell (03:36): The grains would be green.

David Dollar (03:38): Okay.

Irene Sowell (03:39): And we'd parch it. [crosstalk 00:03:39].

David Dollar (03:39): Grains and like beans.

Irene Sowell (03:41): Yeah. [crosstalk 00:03:41]. Like beans.

David Dollar (03:41): You would grind, okay.

Irene Sowell (03:41): They would parch it and then would grind it and drip it.

David Dollar (03:47): So you weren't just buying little package of instant coffee [crosstalk 00:03:51].

Irene Sowell (03:50): No, no, no, no. [crosstalk 00:03:51].

David Dollar (03:50): When you bought the coffee, you still had some work to do on the top.

Irene Sowell (03:54): Yeah, yeah. That's right, right. See [crosstalk 00:03:56] wasn't no instant coffee in our place. [crosstalk 00:03:59].

David Dollar (03:59): And would it depend on how much you cooked it? The strength of it...

Irene Sowell (04:01): Uh-huh (affirmative).

David Dollar (04:03): I guess I'm thinking about the medium and in between roast and all that.

Irene Sowell (04:03): Yeah.

David Dollar (04:07): You could [crosstalk 00:04:08] cook them a little bit or cook them real hard and black.

Irene Sowell (04:10): That's right. That's right.

David Dollar (04:10): Yeah.

Irene Sowell (04:10): It was that. Always would [crosstalk 00:04:14] like the dark roast.

David Dollar (04:15): Right? [crosstalk 00:04:16]. That's what you cook. I guess Louisiana folks are known for that dark roast.

Irene Sowell (04:15): Yeah, that's right.

David Dollar (04:20): Yeah, that strong coffee. [crosstalk 00:04:22].

Irene Sowell (04:21): Strong coffee.

David Dollar (04:23): And you did all that yourself [crosstalk 00:04:24], huh?

Irene Sowell (04:23): I did that.

David Dollar (04:26): Well, I'll be, [crosstalk 00:04:26] that is really something. Wow. What about sewing and things that you did like that? I know I've been around a lot of people. Did you ever learn to quilt?

Irene Sowell (04:38): Yes, I did. I quilted [inaudible 00:04:41]. My eyes got bad, and I couldn't use a needle so good and stick. My finger made a little sores around that, so I stopped quilting. So I don't quilt anymore-

David Dollar (04:54): But you, but you learned that from your mother?

Irene Sowell (04:55): I learned that from my mother. My mother, yeah, she would always quilt. Every fall, we'd make new quilts. We started and make new quilts every fall-

David Dollar (05:06): Let's talk about quilting. I love quilts. I'm a quilt nut. I'd like to learn to make them myself. How do you go about beginning to make a quilt?

Irene Sowell (05:16): Well, sometime we'd piece the blocks and sometime we'd just strip it and sew it up, make it-

David Dollar (05:21): Where do the blocks come from? [crosstalk 00:05:24]. See, let's start at the bare edge. I don't know anything about it.

Irene Sowell (05:27): We buy material, [crosstalk 00:05:28] like with make dresses. We have material scrap-

David Dollar (05:34): Have some scraps [crosstalk 00:05:35] left over.

Irene Sowell (05:35): And we'd just them up until we got enough to make a top.

David Dollar (05:37): Okay.

Irene Sowell (05:38): And we make the tops and then we would buy some kind of material for the lining. And then we make it [crosstalk 00:05:46]. So we raised our cotton.

David Dollar (05:46): You put cotton in between the two, huh? [crosstalk 00:05:46].

Irene Sowell (05:45): In there too. We had cards. We'd take this cotton, take those cards, and we'd put that cotton on there... on this one. And then we'd come down and make [bats 00:06:08].

David Dollar (05:45): Okay. Make mats.

Irene Sowell (06:07): And then we'd make the bats, and then we'd lay the bats and then get the quilt enough for the [inaudible 00:06:16]... we'd lay the bats. And then we'll put the top on it, and then we'll base it in and we'll quilt it.

David Dollar (06:22): Right.

Irene Sowell (06:23): Make shares.

David Dollar (06:24): Okay. Well, I'll be. That's mighty good. Tell you what, let me interrupt you right here. We need to take a brief commercial. Okay?

Irene Sowell (06:24): Mm-hmm (affirmative).

David Dollar (06:30): We'll be back and finish our visit with Ms. Irene Sowell down in Shady Grove, right after this message from our sponsor, Peoples Bank and Trust Company. (06:47): Hello. Once again, in case you've just joined us today, David Dollar visiting down in Shady Grove with Ms. Irene Sowell. (06:53): We learned about quilting and something I was mighty amazed with... cooking the coffee beans, making your own coffee, other than having the beans. You had to cook them and prepare them and grind them and do everything yourself. That's mighty interesting. I like to hear about that. (07:12): Why don't we talk about some more things around the house? What about going to school? Did you ever get to go to school around here much?

Irene Sowell (07:20): Yes, I did. I went to school and, well, we had three months school. And I- [crosstalk 00:07:27].

David Dollar (07:20): And worked in the fields the rest of the time?

Irene Sowell (07:20): Worked in the fields the rest of the time. During the summer months, we had school.

David Dollar (07:26): Mm-hmm (affirmative). Had school in the summer, huh?

Irene Sowell (07:34): In the summer. [crosstalk 00:07:34].

David Dollar (07:34): That's the only time we don't have school.

Irene Sowell (07:34): Yeah. Oh that's the only time we had school, or public school, was in the summer. Because [inaudible 00:07:46] was time to hoe and break in the fields. But we didn't have any school.

David Dollar (07:52): Mm-hmm (affirmative).

Irene Sowell (07:54): But when we lay by the crop, then the school opened. Maybe we had three months school and we get to go to school sometimes two months. But when the cotton begin to open, well, we had stopped- [crosstalk 00:08:06].

David Dollar (08:06): That's when school stopped, huh?

Irene Sowell (08:07): That's when school stopped. That's right.

David Dollar (08:10): Well I'll be. What were your favorite subjects in school?

Irene Sowell (08:13): Well, reading was my favorite- [crosstalk 00:08:15].

David Dollar (08:16): Reading. You remember any stories that you especially liked about? Did you get to read history about the United States and the world? Or did you read from the Bible? Or what kind of reading and stories do you remember? [crosstalk 00:08:32].

Irene Sowell (08:31): No, we didn't read many stories. Just had the books, so we just read from the books.

David Dollar (08:39): Mm-hmm (affirmative). [crosstalk 00:08:39].

Irene Sowell (08:39): School lessons. And we had arithmetic, and spelling was... I could do very good in spelling.

David Dollar (08:48): You were a good speller, huh?

Irene Sowell (08:50): But it was nothing [inaudible 00:08:51].

David Dollar (08:50): I know the problem, believe me, I do.

Irene Sowell (08:56): I could do very much in that. But I did my best. And I didn't have too long school. We had school. Our schools and the little church house.

David Dollar (09:05): Oh yeah?

Irene Sowell (09:06): Yeah. And [inaudible 00:09:07] time we didn't have a school building and a church house. We have a school now.

David Dollar (09:12): Were you able to have the smaller kids at a different time or was everybody whatever age in the same little room?

Irene Sowell (09:19): All the same in the same room.

David Dollar (09:23): And one teacher, huh?

Irene Sowell (09:23): One teacher.

David Dollar (09:23): That must have been a real challenge for the teachers back then [crosstalk 00:09:28]. But I hear a lot of them talking about it today being a challenge.

Irene Sowell (09:23): Yeah, its right.

David Dollar (09:33): Having to teach all ages-

Irene Sowell (09:34): All ages in the same room. [crosstalk 00:09:38].

David Dollar (09:42): All the different things...

Irene Sowell (09:42): Same room.

David Dollar (09:42): Same room.

Irene Sowell (09:42): But sometimes there are high grades still would teach the lower grades.

David Dollar (09:44): Mm-hmm (affirmative) was able to help out.

Irene Sowell (09:46): Help out. [crosstalk 00:09:48].

David Dollar (09:47): I'm sure that had to go on [crosstalk 00:09:50].

Irene Sowell (09:49): Had good many students.

David Dollar (09:51): Mm-hmm (affirmative). I see. What about going to church? Did y'all have one specific church that you went to or was there a community church? Did you go into Natchitoches?

Irene Sowell (10:02): No, we all went to the community. I mean in the communities. Well, we had two churches. We visited Shady Grove and St. Luke, but Shady Grove was our home church. And we all would visit that.

David Dollar (10:02): I see.

Irene Sowell (10:17): And we went to school, and St. Luke community. And we lived between St. Luke and Shady Grove. It's four mile each way.

David Dollar (10:26): Each way. So it didn't really matter, huh [crosstalk 00:10:28] whichever way you went.

Irene Sowell (10:29): Yeah, that's right.

David Dollar (10:29): I see.

Irene Sowell (10:35): We went to school there. Had to get up early in the morning. We had walk four miles.

David Dollar (10:39): Either way you went, you had to walk. [crosstalk 00:10:42].

Irene Sowell (10:44): Boy, that's right. [crosstalk 00:10:44].

David Dollar (10:44): I'll be. That's pretty good walk-

Irene Sowell (10:44): It was.

David Dollar (10:44): There in the morning.

Irene Sowell (10:47): So we get there for 9:30. We turn out at 2:30. So, at times like that get home.

David Dollar (10:55): Okay. Well Ms. Sowell, we're just about out of time. I might catch you off guard here, but I want to know if you might have, in closing today, some words of wisdom that maybe your mother or father or grandmother or grandfather might have passed on to you, that you found out that makes a lot of sense that you might be able to share with either the young people or with the folks listening today. Do you have anything right off hand that you could tell people about. Oh, living or going to school or the best way to raise cotton or anything like that?

Irene Sowell (11:35): Cotton, at that time, was a good way to raise because it didn't have no kind of [inaudible 00:11:45] or worm to bother [inaudible 00:11:48]. I remember when those first began, in cotton... boll weevil.

David Dollar (11:54): That was the boll weevil. Do you remember that, huh?

Irene Sowell (11:59): Yeah. I remember that. I remember my father didn't... it got into his field. He came back and brought some [square 00:12:02] where they had boards had fell on the ground, and he opened it up and there was a little worm in that.

David Dollar (12:09): Uh-huh (affirmative). Oh, goodness.

Irene Sowell (12:10): Yeah.

David Dollar (12:10): What did they have to do at that time? [crosstalk 00:12:15]. Is that when they started the insecticides and all that spraying in business?

Irene Sowell (12:18): Well, that's that time they didn't bother them. It wasn't too bad.

David Dollar (12:22): Uh-huh (affirmative).

Irene Sowell (12:22): But later up in the years... later years they got bad and they had to poison thorough [inaudible 00:12:31]. Yeah, and they had little worms called caterpillars.

David Dollar (12:22): Yeah.

Irene Sowell (12:33): And they would get in there. If it rain... rain is summer like. [crosstalk 00:12:39].

David Dollar (12:39): They'd be there.

Irene Sowell (12:41): Be there. And they would eat up the leaves all the time before the boll would [tear 00:12:45] of cotton. So when they started eating, we had that parsnip. It was [pash 00:12:51] green and go make it out. (12:55): But them bags on a horse, and have a pole tied one bag on each end, so you carry two rows at that point.

David Dollar (13:05): Right. [crosstalk 00:13:05]. So that was the... you remember the early spraying machine, huh?

Irene Sowell (13:12): Yeah, that's right. [crosstalk 00:13:13].

David Dollar (13:13): Which was a horse with bags thrown over on each side.

Irene Sowell (13:15): That's right.

David Dollar (13:15): Well, that is really is something. Ms. Sowell, we want to thank you for joining us today on Memories and for sharing all these memories with us.

Irene Sowell (13:15): Thank you.

David Dollar (13:23): Thank you very much. If any of you folks... [crosstalk 00:13:26. Ma'am?

Irene Sowell (13:29): [inaudible 00:13:29].

David Dollar (13:28): Oh, you sounded great. No problem. Don't worry.

David Dollar speaks with Irene Sowell about the range of chores she had growing up, including making coffee, working the fields, and quilting.

36. Essidee Kirkland

Transcript

David Dollar: Hello once again in case you're just joining us. This is David Dollar. We're down in Cane River visiting with Miss Essidee Kirkland today. Ms. Kirkland, why don't we start things off by just talking a little bit about your childhood, when you were born, where you were born, and some stuff about your family. Is that okay?

Essidee Kirkland: Right.

David Dollar: All right, tell us about it.

Essidee Kirkland: I was born at the Chopin. I was Christian conservative church and we lived down there quite a while before we come up on the upper part of Cane River.

David Dollar: When were you born?

Essidee Kirkland: 1894. David Dollar: Okay.

Essidee Kirkland: I'm just about coming 82 now. I'll be 82. I was born on Easter Sunday.

David Dollar: On Easter Sunday. My goodness.

Essidee Kirkland: And I was a spoiled kind of child. I hanged to my daddy more.

David Dollar: What made you spoiled?

Essidee Kirkland: Papa. My daddy spoiled me.

David Dollar: How was that? What did your mama want you to do then?

Essidee Kirkland: Wait. She wanted me to wait. She wanted me to churn and she wanted me to sweep the yard and she wanted me to wash dishes and I was dodging all that.

David Dollar: You had better things on your mind, didn't you?

Essidee Kirkland: I'd get in the boat with Papa and go. I paddled a boat for Papa for him to fish and he would catch big long fishes. Big fishes. Gulf fishes about that long.

David Dollar: My goodness.

Essidee Kirkland: And I was about six to seven years old then. I didn't want to wait.

David Dollar: So you didn't like work much?

Essidee Kirkland: No, sir.

David Dollar: What what else did... You told me that one time when you were getting away from work, you used to be able to walk across the river. Didn't you say that? You could walk out there?

Essidee Kirkland: I used to rolled up my clothes up above my knees and wade the river. I'd wade the river.

David Dollar: All the way across?

Essidee Kirkland: All the way across. And I'd find fishing canes, fishing poles, and bow and arrows and those other things.

David Dollar: Spears and arrowheads? And things like that?

Essidee Kirkland: Spears. And arrowheads and all like that.

David Dollar: From Indians that used to live around here.

Essidee Kirkland: That's just belonged to the Indians.

David Dollar: My goodness.

Essidee Kirkland: I didn't know that. All of this belonged to the Indians. I remember them. And Natchitoches, don't you know that's an Indian name?

David Dollar: I, that's what I've heard. I never have seen too many Indians around here. You actually found some of the things.

Essidee Kirkland: I found many of the things that they used.

David Dollar: Did you bring them home with you when you found them?

Essidee Kirkland: Yes, I swear. I'd bring them to Papa. He'd put them in his workshop.

David Dollar: You wouldn't bring them to your mama though, why? Because she'd know you hadn't been working.

Essidee Kirkland: She'd knew I'd been in the water.

David Dollar: Okay. All right. Tell me about your dad a little bit more. You mentioned that he wasn't just the average run-of-the-mill farmer down here. What, what was he doing when you were growing up? What do you remember about your dad?

Essidee Kirkland: Papa, he was overseeing for Chopin down below. He run that red place. I remember when the George L. Bass was coming from New Orleans with his groceries-

David Dollar: What is the George L. Bass now?

Essidee Kirkland: That's a boat.

David Dollar: Steamboat? Riverboat?

Essidee Kirkland: Steam... Riverboat.

David Dollar: Okay.

Essidee Kirkland: I don’t know. It run by a wheel on the back.

David Dollar: Big old paddle wheel.

Essidee Kirkland: Pack.

David Dollar: All right.

Essidee Kirkland: And sometimes it would be freezing and Papa had to come out there and check those... They called it, those days, provisions. And they had hogs of the stuff. And sometimes my mother would come hunting me because it was so cold and I'd hide behind those big closets. I'd hide with Steela until she'd leave and I'd get to go under Papa's muck and his... oh, I called it Mackintosh. A big old slipper coat.

David Dollar: Right. Big coat. Right. And where was he before he came down here? Didn't you tell me he attended school up north somewhere?

Essidee Kirkland: He attended school in at the Highland Military Academy in Boston, Massachusetts. That's right. He finished school.

David Dollar: My goodness.

Essidee Kirkland: He attended school there. And he come here and he married my mother there here. He met her at the courthouse. She would bring money on a horseback and changed horses at the river stable because her parents lived in Rapides and they would, she would have to change horses on the lake because it was too far-

David Dollar: And she changed at the courthouse?

Essidee Kirkland: She was going to the courthouse paying for all this land. That's who bought it, her father. He couldn't sign his name and she had a very little education herself, but she could sign her name. She paid those bills and keep up with the receipts. And she would bring saddlebags of money to Natchitoches, paying for these. Her father used to run races. He was an Indian himself. He was an old Indian.

David Dollar: I didn't know that.

Essidee Kirkland: And he would-

David Dollar: What was his name or her maiden name?

Essidee Kirkland: Jones.

David Dollar: Jones. Took on some of the... I guess the English names of the people that had settled around.

Essidee Kirkland: Yes, sir. She was, her name was Mariah L. Jones.

David Dollar: Mariah.

Essidee Kirkland: Right. And she paid for this land for her father. He bought from way up around the [inaudible 00:05:23] until way down to the dam. And the younger ones just pick it all, getting rid of it. I had to work hard to save this. Worked like the devil.

David Dollar: Well, we're going to have to take a short break right now. We'll be right back visiting with Ms. Essidee Kirkland right after this message from People's Bank, our sponsor.

Hello once again in case you're just joining us, David Dollar on Memories this morning, visiting down Cane River with Ms. Essidee Kirkland. Ms. Kirkland, we've talked about a little bit of your childhood, about you not liking to work a whole lot when you weren't working. You told me a little bit before you were singing and dancing. Why don't we talk about that just a little bit? Tell me about enjoying singing and dancing around here.

Essidee Kirkland: Well, I really enjoyed cakewalking. My dress would be short and wide.

David Dollar: How old were you when you remember your first cakewalk?

Essidee Kirkland: My first cakewalk, I was about seven years old. My first cakewalk.

David Dollar: You better tell me a little bit about these exactly.

Essidee Kirkland: I cakewalked until I was later... until I married. And I just enjoyed it to do. Oh, wonderful.

David Dollar: What was the song about the cakewalk again?

Essidee Kirkland: (Singing).

David Dollar: That's it. Did you win a lot of cakes?

Essidee Kirkland: I won a plenty of cakes. (Singing). I walked in.

David Dollar: That's when you had to walk and get that cake.

Essidee Kirkland: That's the song that we had to sing.

David Dollar: You were saying that you sang another time. You had a friend of yours that played the violin. Tell us about that.

Essidee Kirkland: Austin [inaudible 00:07:24].

David Dollar: Tell me a little about it.

Essidee Kirkland: He used to serenade with a bunch. He would play the violin.

David Dollar: Played with the choir you said?

Essidee Kirkland: With the choir. And played for our entertainment quite a lot. And sometimes I'd get up here by myself to keep from thinking about my drudgery. I get [inaudible 00:07:44] all good times I used to have.

David Dollar: You mentioned another thing that used to go on down the river a lot. You called them the concerts.

Essidee Kirkland: Yes sir. We had concerts.

David Dollar: I wish you'd tell the folks about the one that you mentioned to me about the snow and the play that you had to put on.

Essidee Kirkland: Well, I remember I wore an old dirty sleazy dress and nothing on me. Just a thin dress. It was so sleazy. It always was dirty-

David Dollar: Real thin. Okay.

Essidee Kirkland: Had never been washed. Worn for years and years. We got it from Old Spencer Mitchell, they didn't wash. And I wore that dress. And that was the night I had to sing (singing). I had to sing that that night at the concert.

David Dollar: And didn't they have a stage all set up for you? Describe the stage and everything-

Essidee Kirkland: The stage was covered with flour.

David Dollar: With flour?

Essidee Kirkland: [inaudible 00:09:17] emptied sacks of flour down there. And I was standing up in flour almost to my knees and they called it snow.

David Dollar: That was the snow. And you said they opened the door on the north side.

Essidee Kirkland: They opened the north side and let the wind-

David Dollar: Let wind blow the flour around and there you were-

Essidee Kirkland: Out in the snow.

David Dollar: Standing knee-deep in flour, doing a play about a girl from the south up north and all that snow wanting to come home. I can imagine that you would remember that a pretty good while.

Essidee Kirkland: I will. I enjoyed that play. I sing that, I was so dirty and they had my hair all loose and looked like a stray child. I-

David Dollar: Looked kind of like a beggar, like she was having to do. Huh?

Essidee Kirkland: A beggar. And I was a beggar.

David Dollar: But you had a good time doing it though.

Essidee Kirkland: Having a good time. That was on the back porch in that old house what they torn down, down here at the jungle place.

David Dollar: So y'all used to do this kind of stuff quite often. You had plays and things like that?

Essidee Kirkland: Often.

David Dollar: You and your sisters?

Essidee Kirkland: My sisters. We were in plays all the time.

David Dollar: We are just about out of time and I've asked you to remember to tell the folks your closing memory that we talked about a little bit earlier, that your father had told you. I thought it was really nice. Why don't you share that with us now?

Essidee Kirkland: Do unto others as you would love for others to do unto you. That was his word. That was his word all the time.

David Dollar: The golden rule of living.

Essidee Kirkland: The golden rule.

David Dollar: And he shared that with you and you shared it with the folks that you grew up with.

Essidee Kirkland: Yes, I did it. I do unto others. When I was able to make a garden... Marie can tell you that... I would go in the garden and gather vegetables and send to my neighbors all around.

David Dollar: Wouldn't it be nice if everybody around here did that? Not just in Cane River I'm talking about. They probably do do that. But everybody all over the state and the United States and the world.

Essidee Kirkland: I love to do that.

David Dollar: It'd be nice.

Essidee Kirkland: And that very night was the night and Uncle Matt's wife had recently died and he wanted his daughters to sing Hello Central. That very night we had that same song to sing, Hello Central. Down on the back porch at Uncle Matt's.

David Dollar: On another play over there.

Essidee Kirkland: Large audience. It was a big, big audience.

David Dollar: And they had a good time too?

Essidee Kirkland: They had a good time too.

David Dollar: Well, we certainly thank you Ms. Kirkland for having us into your home this morning, visiting. You've shared some memories that that some I had vaguely remembered and heard about, but you've really made it come alive for us.

Essidee Kirkland: Come alive.

David Dollar: And we thank you for visiting with us.

Essidee Kirkland: Well, I thank you all too. Excuse me a minute, can I go around?

David Dollar: You go right ahead and I'll close up the program. Okay?

Essidee Kirkland: No, no, don't go too soon-

David Collar speaks with Essidee Kirkland about growing up in Chopin and loving to sing and dance.

35. Ike Bradley

Transcript

David Dollar (00:01): Good morning. This is David Dollar. I'm sitting in for Dan Benacus today on Memories. Today, we're going to travel back in time with Mr. Ike Bradley, right after this message from People's Bank, our sponsor. (00:17): Mr. Bradley, it's good to have your Memories this morning. Why don't you begin our little trip this morning by telling us a little bit about yourself. Ike Bradley (00:25): I'm Ike Bradley, born in [inaudible 00:00:28] in 1901. And a farm boy from early life, best I can remember. I was flying picking cotton, putting in the cattle full day and after dark and such as that. So it was a very good life when you know nothing else to do, making a living. So we made a good living at it and was wide in the woods. And one at a time around a bull, kill him, tell the neighbor about it. They'd come in and help get rid of them and get the cows, milk them, mop them, whatever to be done. And each year from that time, we'd go out and pick out the one, keep one to destroy it for the benefit of the others to put away. So we never did have no real good breed cattle, but we always had enough to get milk and butter to do with David Dollar (01:32): How many, how many children did you say were in your family? Ike Bradley (01:35): Or just all the three, two girl and one boy. David Dollar (01:39): Did you find that because you were the only son that most of the work fell on your shoulders Ike Bradley (01:44): And what it really did one of the sisters was raised with me and the other wasn't, so that's the mother and myself and the sister. So I was the man. She used to tell me why don't you be telling others that this is my, my little man. And I remember that when I got a little bigger, I would tell us I'm going to buy you some dresses mama when I get to be a man, when she would tell them I was a little man. So I grew up to do just what I said. And it just made me feel like I was a man that doing the thing that she reminded people that I was a little man. So when I got to be big enough to go out and get a job, what made per-day it for her and my sister, which one younger than I. (02:27): So from then on, we would always managed to get by. We moved away from here, the river bottom, and went into hill where I, got up to about 17, 18 year old. So it wasn't done within the farm. Then I went out public way, railroad and for at one point or another cut ties and one blade to make a dollar. So I would send a little money home, come home every two or three weeks or maybe a month sometime for I come in, but I always managed to bring a little money for them to, to do it. So from then on, I got into family merit. So I didn't see them too much, but I'd always have something to send mother from time to time. (03:12): And the biggest thrill of all she would remind me of a turnout they would have in Easton stars was turning out, had to have a white dress. She'd go pick the dress out. And I paid for it. And I'd always slipped a little money in the box, long way, a couple of dollars to make out, to pay the dues. So we moved away from a cattle patch and the Red River patch and still I was waiting for the railroad then. So as I go along, things got a little better, little better. I don't have any children, but I raised two sets of twins, married them all off. David Dollar (03:49): Wait a minute, if you don't have any children, how did you go about raising two sets of twins? Ike Bradley (03:52): Well, it was hers, it wasn't mine. [Laughs] So I raised two sets of twins from two different women. David Dollar (03:59): I see. Ike Bradley (03:59): That was the second marriage was a twin. The first marriage was a twin, but the kid wasn't mine. So I raised them and you know, they married off under me. So that was what they called the step-Benacus know? David Dollar (04:10): Yes. Ike Bradley (04:10): So that ended that life is coming up to being well. I was full grown, but what I mean in my own family life, then from my side for my mothers raising or the daddy part, I never knew her daddy. He passed before I was old enough to know. I was only two years old, my daddy passed, so I was raised without a daddy. And I was proud of something that I had to go through because it enabled me to, to make it. You know, I think sometime it's too easy and it doesn't put enough emphasis on some kids. Now it's too easy. I don't mean to slave them, but I think it's a little too easy. If they would just remember a little better to do with a little harder shift, it would be more better for them. And that's what I always figured in. The kids I read where they all had done good to make the only live in now. And I was a little hard with them and did so at the end, but they glad I did it because it is able to do their own. David Dollar (05:07): Let me interrupt you right here. We need to break. We'll be right back after this commercial message. (05:16): Once again, this is David Dollar. We're talking with Mr. Ike Bradley this morning on memories, Mr. Bradley, you were talking about growing up. You were the man in the family as your dad had passed away when you were quite young. I heard from, from a last interview that we had had another man, Reverend Michigan, talk to you. He told me something about some of the things you used to do while you weren't working all the time. A little mischief you got into when you were young. Ike Bradley (05:46): Yeah. David Dollar (05:47): So it's about some string or something. Why don't you tell us that story? Ike Bradley (05:50): Well, we had a neck. You could take a string and tie it on a building and it could go. I guess, what, at 50 yards away. They use a piece of soap, bees wax, and rub on it. You got to be pretty brave to stay in the house. It made a peculiar noise. It just sounded awful to you. Your head telling you they're ghosts. You never see them, but you'd get out of that because you thought the ghost was moving in. David Dollar (06:14): And you couldn't see anything because -- Ike Bradley (06:14): Couldn't see anything. David Dollar (06:18): You did that often or? Ike Bradley (06:20): Well, the main time we would do it is this guy he had three boys and a bunch of girls, and I would scare them out of the house. This way we'd get to him and see the old man would come out and they'd be all hunting there. The girls, you know, we'd go up and have money. We'd want to be down the road, still rolling. (06:36): So they get all settled out. Well, back then, they wouldn't know what had happened. So the next time out they had a feeling officer, Jack Molina. I don't know if you heard of him or not, but this is somebody with a light, I guess I never to catch up with him. You see going up and down like that. So that would keep us in check. We wouldn't get out of the line because we're scared of Jack Molina, but that leaves her with that string on the house right now, you, it, you would come out and hurt the boogie man, but it sounds awful. You'd have at least out of that sound that you had somebody rubbing on that string to your house. It sounded just like somebody creeping up on you and you ain't going to find anything, so you guys ain't going to rest good until they quit. David Dollar (07:22): You thought it was someone creeping up on ya. Ike Bradley (07:25): You wouldn't sleep that night. If he kept rubbing, you'd keep awake. It would just sound awful. David Dollar (07:31): You asked me to remind you about one other thing and I'd like to. We like to close our programs with what we call a closing memory. Why don't you tell us about that memory that sticks out in your mind and tell us a little bit about it. Ike Bradley (07:43): Well, the most thing, and that was doing the high water, unless it's 19'8 high water there. Where I first you could see, you could see water and building, animals floating, trying to survive, but they had no way because it didn't swim for long. And that's it. Cows, hogs, chicken. David Dollar (08:02): In Natchitoches Parish in 1908. Ike Bradley (08:02): Natchitoches Parish. That's right. All Along the water. Now we stayed up. But yeah, I out on the [inaudible 00:08:12] . I don't know if you heard tell heed or not. While we was on the [inaudible 00:08:14] there off of 71 highway going back north of it now the way, I mean, yeah, way northeast of it, the way it would be laid out, but now the water was over everything. Then most trees, you could see a water had 'em covered and eggs and chickens and horses, cows, all that logs and the timber where they just swims along and went out. So in the meantime, me and the boy we put a raft together. You know what a raft is? David Dollar (08:44): Yes sir. Ike Bradley (08:45): Well, we put one together while you're waiting to start with. David Dollar (08:47): Right. Ike Bradley (08:50): So each one I was on alone gathering eggs in a tub, maybe a log kind or something, but we gathered eggs after the log come apart, we couldn't survive with the eggs on the log. So we lost all the eggs back in the water. David Dollar (09:05): My goodness. Ike Bradley (09:06): And we dead lucky to get out of there. See the water was chaos We didn't have the knowledge. They had an old 11. We had the long stick push along that got out of their way. You couldn't reach no bottom. So we just drift with the logs. So there's an old man, he was out there and he managed to get us back to shore because we couldn't guide the log over it was going the way it want to. It was going to finally get in the drift. So we wound up being saved by him giving us a hand to get out of there. Whatever. David Dollar (09:36): The water was from what? The Red River? Just rain? Ike Bradley (09:40): No from the river. Get out. No, it wasn't no rain water.That's just a, just a flood from the river. See this river up here. Can river. Well, forty, fifty years ago, it was way back, you go back up again and you just walk from miles. Well, that's been cut back in the Red River in later years. But that was a whole bit big farm back up in there. And the other side, of course it healed her. She going to camping off, no cave around there. It just overflowed. She asked going back into here, but the water was, was cover. You couldn't see anything that's coming all the way. David Dollar (10:17): Well, Mr. Bradley, we sure thank you for joining us this morning on Memories

David Dollar speaks with Ike Bradley about growing up in a farming family, working on the railroad, and raising children.

34. Hodding Center

Transcript

Hodding Carter (00:00:00): ... are states in which I've lived, two states, Louisiana, Mississippi over these years. I'm reminded of a story about a little monkey on the day when the bombs finally started raining down. He discovered himself behind a molten mass of steel [inaudible 00:00:24] part of New York City. He kept saying over and over again, "I'm so scared. I'm so hungry. I'm so hungry." Around the corner of this molten [inaudible 00:00:37] walked in a feral monkey. She said, "Have an apple. Have an apple." He said, "What? And start that mess over again?" (00:00:48): Well, I disagree with the little monkey. All of my adult life, in particular all of my life as a newspaper man, has been spent in abnormal... If there's such a thing as normal living, but in an abnormal series of circumstances. We started at the very bottom, the Depression, six months. We married and started a little daily paper in Hammond, Louisiana. That of course was the bottom of the Depression, 1932. I'll never forget that. You rarely got any cash, but everybody would be willing to trade anything with you for advertising. They'd give you anything, razor blades or an automobile for the equivalent amount in cash. (00:01:34): Those first years up to about 1940, almost 1940, there was an abnormality of all newspaper men... All people were enduring it... of trying to survive economically in those extremely depressed times. Next after that of course, after a small, short hiatus, we went a new newspaper up in Mississippi. Three years later, four years later, we were at war. Except for that four years, perhaps two years since 1955, we have never known... This country has never known what it was not to be at war with somebody, even though sometimes we didn't describe those conditions as war. Of course, they were war. (00:02:29): I don't know what it is to live as a publisher under normal circumstances. I'm sure I'd feel more peaceful and calm if I was, but not as much excitement. That's sort of the reason we go into this business of ours. I would like to use one example of what I'm going to talk about after these 35 years with my son as editor. We live in this time just short of total war, and we don't know when that might change. I know my son, short of that total war, as the editor of our paper, won't have the excitement or the problems or many other things which we sometimes enjoyed and the rest of the time put up with. (00:03:24): He won't have those things to face short of war because I don't think we'll ever see the kind of depression this country endured and which the newspapers had to cover and denounce, find a scapegoat for Herbert Hoover and the like. I don't think he'll ever know that, and I don't believe my grandchildren are going to know that again short of war, but he too will have his problems. I wish him well on it. It's quite something to have a son grow up and stay in the business with you and want to stay at home instead of going to greener pastures and act as editor of the paper. I was very happy last week, rather than unhappy, when he said he would like to do it. (00:04:11): Now, I want to talk about some of the problems that confront editors, publishers in the South in some respects even today. Common to all of us in this business... This is not in the realm of ideas now. We'll get to that in a minute, but common to all of us in this business, the communications media, I think more than any other occupation or profession, but communications media are having to fight continually rising prices. Prices on news print, for instance, when I went in the army was $50 a ton. News print is about $300 a ton now in like. (00:04:51): We have to meet the competition, who was not present at the beginning of World War II, of a competing medium, television, which does an excellent job and does a lot of things that we can't do. Of course, we can do a lot of things that television can't do today. Another problem that particularly concerns our area, newspaper in the area, is that being still the poorest section of the country economically... Mississippi I'm speaking particularly of now... we find it difficult sometimes to survive financially. Little papers like mine have an easier time by far than the great big papers as we're seeing with the merger or the proposed merger of the New York papers. (00:05:42): There's papers smaller than ours have had a even more difficult time, the little weeklies. You've seen them one after another dry up all over the South. That is another problem. Both of these are as the germane [inaudible 00:05:54] the business office into the editor's chair and another problem that confronts us is how to keep people believing, as we hope they do believe, that we are a hometown paper devoted to the hometown, which my paper is. It's an independent. More and more American newspapers, more and more Southern newspapers are parts of change, are the results of mergers. It's very difficult to maintain that personal contact, which was such a joy even 35 years ago to me with your readers, with your friends and neighbors. (00:06:29): We've become too impersonal these days in many respects and none more so than in the relationship of a reader to a newspaper which is owned in New York. Or both newspapers in many cases in many cases in any given town are owned by people who live elsewhere. Something has gone out of American newspaper life, Southern newspaper life because of these continuing mergers and closures of some papers. It is also today difficult... I'll get to one of the... This is in the realm of the mind... to survive against pressures by people, organized and unorganized, to make you either goosestep in line with them in their thinking. I refer particularly to organizations like the Ku Klux Klan, the Citizens Council... There's any number of it, John Birch Society... who demand that you go along with them or the alternative will be destruction naturally. (00:07:31): Sometimes you get actual threats against your life too. Going back again to the non-journalistic aspect of what's happening to papers. You overlooked one. Along with the difficulty of surviving in small towns and large, and the mergers and the opposition of these people of ill will, another difficulty, and I don't know how this is going to be solved for most little papers, is the difficulty arising from the necessity to replace outmoded obsolescent equipment. Most newspapers, including my own, will use the equipment until it's fallen to pieces and then go out and buy... or try to buy if you can get the credit... other equipment. (00:08:24): Now, let's take the problems in the realm of the mind and of the spirit that confront papers. I'd say that the most difficult problem today is how to survive the economic... again the pressures from these people particularly in the realm of racial adjustments in the South, especially in Mississippi itself. They use strange devices in the North and the South too, bribing. Newspapers are bribed, have been bribed in this state and I guess in every other state. (00:09:07): The second day we put our little Hammond paper, the police raided a gambling joint in a hotel there. We went over and got the story. Within 10 minutes, one of the local really tough boys was in my office and said that Mr. [Syke 00:09:27] didn't want that story in the paper. I said, "Well, I'm sorry. It happened, didn't it?" He said, "Yes, but he doesn't want it in the paper." I'd known him all my life. He was from the same town. I said, "Gabriel, I'm not going to pay any attention to you about this, but I'm just... (00:09:39): He said, "Mr. Syke will make it worth your while." I said, "I ought to throw you out of the office, but before I do, tell me how much he's going to offer me." He said, "He's willing to go to as high as $25," which is about as good a depression story as I know. Later on, it got to be a good deal more than that, but $25 was my first offer. Then a little bit later, from Dudley LeBlanc, $100 to support him. I was in the money from the very beginning of starting out the paper in Hammond. (00:10:10): Now, against that background, in those days, as you all know, Huey Long ruled Louisiana absolutely. The people who were with him... The overwhelming majority of Louisianans were with Huey Long. The reason they were with him is because he was a psychologist as well as anything else, many other things, and he knew what the people of Louisiana wanted in material terms. He promised to give these things to them, and he lived up to those promises. I don't think had he not been killed would he ever have been defeated as long as he remained in public life. (00:10:55): My handwriting in this thing is kind of poor. [inaudible 00:10:56] notes. Huey, knowing what the people wanted, good roads, free school lunches, better hospitals and the like, he gave these things to these people despite... This is interesting in journalism today. It's sort of frightening... despite the opposition of I suppose at least 90% of the newspapers of Louisiana, whom he'd go down on pretty hard himself. In one way, he made the Louisiana newspapers a laughing stock because he proved how far away they were from the average citizen. (00:11:40): Louisiana, in those days, was almost a barony controlled by exceedingly big interests who were not interested in the common man. Huey was in the tradition of the populist movement that swept through the South like wildfire right after the Reconstruction Period. He believed in giving the common man more than he'd ever had before, and he did it. I repeat, he could not have been defeated at all. This is another of the problems that confront the press, how to be convincing and effective when you take out against somebody who needs taking out against, but who is believed in by many, many people. (00:12:27): We did it the wrong way, the anti-Long papers. We would not concede that any idea he ever had was worth anything. Of course, looking back after all these years, I know that we should have supported any number of his proposals. We didn't, and that's the weakness of the newspaper profession. The newspaper publisher would have to be so partisan that he will let partisanship enter the news column, where they have no fair. They don't belong. Newspapers which editorialize, as too many do, on the front page, in the news story itself are not living up to what is ours by virtue of the 5th Amendment. (00:13:11): You asked what were the preoccupations and problems of that time. [inaudible 00:13:19] faced Longism, trying to restore the state to a democratic system. A second and longer lasting one of those preoccupations and problems was the depression itself. I can remember back in those days down in Hammond, Louisiana, seeing farmers break into warehouses in broad daylight and cart out food because their families were hungry. I've seen men with college degrees in those days out with a sickle cutting down grass along the ditches and in the public parks and all that for something like $12 a week. (00:13:56): Huey Long saw this too and he promised these people against that background. We were constantly on the defensive or sometimes on the offensive against Huey Long and constantly aware of these terrific odds against survival, newspaper survival. In those days, we didn't write about Europe, editorials. We didn't write about race problems because people had not yet either become aware of them or organized to change things. It was not until the war that I became almost obsessed with the notion that through the leadership of the press and the man in the pulpit and the man in the teacher's desk, that unless we could assume some kind of leadership that these hungry men who broke into the warehouses would get hungrier and hungrier and more and more violent and we could have, and did have in a portion of this country, anarchy because of hunger, because of the depression. (00:15:03): That won't happen again. Our government is off on a different tack now and we are committed, as we should be... Even if most of the newspapers in the South and elsewhere don't support this notion of a great society, I do. We can do it. Going back to Huey Long, though, when I hear these serious propositions being made that every American adult should be given $3,000 a year, I think when Huey Long proposed is Share The Wealth Plan, which was much more modest than that, we all thought he was crazy. Today, indirectly, you're having lesser subsidies... Not subsidies, compensation to people who no longer can work or are too old to work, have no skills. (00:15:48): That was unthinkable. I don't know of a single newspaper, except possibly the New York World... I exclude the Daily Mirror, the Communist paper... who hammered away at ideas like that. There must be a floor below which no human being should be allowed to drop. That's part of our tradition now, but... And it's not a tradition that was broken by most newspapers, but the change came, I would say, in spite of the newspapers of the South and of America. 95% of them again the president, against every president since then except General Eisenhower. They clobbered... The people who believed, Huey Long and a handful of others, they clobbered us partly, in great part I would say, because of this depression, which was our second preoccupation. (00:16:39): I made a footnote here that no other state leader... This is getting away from generalities, but no other state leader in the history of our country ever paid as much attention to the needs of the common man, and no man ever received in return the devoted following that Huey had in the rank and file of his fellow citizens. I'm sorry about these notes. I wrote them very [inaudible 00:17:15] and very hardly, and I [inaudible 00:17:19] stuck. (00:17:20): Now, the reason the newspapers in Louisiana and elsewhere oppose men like Huey Long is because unfortunately ownership of most of the newspapers... I'm speaking of the dailies. Most of the newspapers of the country are owned by men who are ultra conservative. They object to change. They're afraid of change. They think that change costs money. Change does cost money. I'm afraid too many of them have their hearts and their minds in the counting house rather than in the editor's office. (00:17:57): These people [inaudible 00:17:59] Mississippi. These people were sitting ducks for the bigot who came by. Huey Long was not a bigot in a racial sense. He was, of course, a tyrannical, overbearing, unforgetting boss, but he also was visionary. He saw what was ahead. He was brilliant and he had unbounded energy. Single handed, that man, whom I never supported and whose son I like, but that man single handed beat the newspapers of Louisiana to the ground. That's another problem, another danger that newspapers, particularly small town newspapers, have to face is the economic pressure that politicians can bring on you and [inaudible 00:18:49]. Your reward is that if you go along that the same political leaders are going to give to you. I don't believe one American newspaper today in 100, in 500 would accept bribery, however well it was concealed, but back in the depression, there were a good many all over the country who did that. (00:19:08): Then in the late '40s, we had other preoccupations, particularly one that we could do nothing about. That was the symbolic appearance in the European skies of a small dark object that got bigger and bigger. This was of course Adolf Hitler. So the preoccupation of the newspapers turned to the problem of survival of ourselves as a democratic nation, the problem of defeating an enemy and to let the people know why this was happening and what they could all do about it together. I think the highest service that newspapers of America have ever given to the government was what they did in concert, universally, during World War II. (00:20:04): When the war ended, we thought maybe things would quiet down, get better. Of course, that lasted for approximately four years, and we became journalists which were reporting wars rather than other matters that would have been more happy had we been able to do it to the exclusion of the war. Then the second preoccupation... The first and second preoccupation in these later years was with the rise of the negro militant especially in the South, but increasingly everywhere else. The antagonism of most of the South's press to this change and their shrill denouncement of the federal government for entering the picture didn't help the people who were leaving the status quo. (00:21:06): In fact, I think the opposition from some of the newspapers in this country sped the process of not yet equality of opportunity for first-class citizenship, but at least this nation has turned its head towards the sun and this is happening. I wish I could say that the South's newspapers played a part in this change, but with very few exceptions, the Southern press has done one of two things, remain quiet, don't write anything, don't say anything about what's happening here. "Maybe if we just keep our heads in the sands long enough, this boogie boogie will go away." Of course, it didn't happen that way. (00:21:53): Then the handful that did try to explain and allay fears about what equality for all Americans would do, we played a role, and it was a good role. I'm proud that my newspaper was one of the relative handful in the Deep South which ever had a good word to say about the Supreme Court's decision of what has happened since then or about the presidents who have served this country since then. It's not a pleasant thing to think about one's own profession in those terms. (00:22:37): Again, in the later years, there was a problem that all newspapers, all mass media had to deal with and that was how to meet this threat of loyal communism, not on the field of battle, but in the alleys and behind the scenes, where the communists operate. Just as they operated during the depression among the poverty stricken, they're busy at it again today. It's no exaggeration to say that underground, there's as much communist activity going on in the United States, and especially in the South, as there ever has been. (00:23:17): We've had to cope with that too. One other... I perhaps shouldn't even bring this up, but one other problem we've had to deal with is how to interpret or tell the American people of the lasting menace of the bomb. If you were going to New Orleans or New York or Shreveport anywhere else, from the behavior of the crowd and the people you saw and talked to, you wouldn't think that we were at war. This is the great and very difficult task of newspapers today to try to arouse people to the fact that we are in the gravest peril in our own history. (00:24:13): I think my wife... I'm going to blame it on her... put these notes together here. I can't figure what comes up next. Now, I would like as a newspaper man, who's been interested in his community and his state's and nation's affairs, to take a good deal of the credit of what happened in one little town, what has happened against the background of these problems, the little town in which I live, which I came to 30 years ago in September. It was a good little town. Even then it was an oasis, but then the leaders of that town and I discovered what could be done in concert if the newspaper and the leaders were to get together. (00:24:56): We were blessed I think the highest quality of leadership in Greenville, Mississippi, of any town in the South. So just in random and passing, this is the way one Southern newspaper, my own, tried to help in solving these problems that are national local, regional, as well as those of a newspaper man either through suggestions editorially or meeting with groups to decide these things. All of this I'm going to tell you now has been attained in Greenville long before the Supreme Court intervened or the federal government intervened and the rest. (00:25:34): We were the first town in the Deep South to have negro policemen with the power to arrest anybody. We were the first newspaper that gave a courtesy title to negro men and women. Very few ever do that now, and that was a very radical step to call a negro man mister and print a negro woman missus. This wife of a negro physician came in and told me one day that she was so pleased that this thing had happened, that, "After all, missus only meant married woman and wasn't marriage our right?" (00:26:15): We did that for both. We were the first in Mississippi to meet the specifications for continued federal aid to the schools by abolishing segregation and the like. We were the first town in Mississippi ever to have a negro on a governing board. There never has been... The investigators for the Civil Rights Commission came down and tried to find, disprove that what I told him was true, namely that there'd never been in the 30 years I'd been in Greenville any interference with a negro's right to vote. Up until three years ago, more than half the niggers who voted in Mississippi voted in our single county and town and did not and do not interfere with that right, which is practically the only one that separates the citizens of a democracy from the citizens of a dictatorship. (00:27:20): That, I think, is the challenge, the problem, the responsibility and the duty of every Southern newspaper is to try to keep these changing times peaceful times, to interpret, to tell the frightened leadership that the world's not going to drop to end just because of several hundred negro school children in Greenville High School [inaudible 00:27:48]. We did it, and nothing's happened. We were the first town in Mississippi to voluntarily desegregate the airport, the waiting room that little passenger trains came through and the bus station, all without incident. We are the only town of any consequence in Mississippi that has not had racial violence, men hurting each other. Every other town of any other size in Mississippi has had that, but we haven't had it in Greenville. (00:28:25): I repeat if this particular comment is on responsibility and the problem of those responsibilities can do. Our town is an oasis, a peaceful oasis, and I think it's going the stay that way from all indications and the reason, but, I repeat... And this is not self compliment. It was the action together of the press and the business and professional character leadership of our town that has done that. I know that I couldn't have accomplished any of these things by simply writing an editorial about them and not having the leadership back me up. (00:29:06): On the other hand, I know that the leadership in our town couldn't have stood up, as they do, for right and law-abiding behavior, had they not know that they had the full support of the newspaper. It's a beautiful example of teamwork when it happens. When it doesn't happen, one side or the other won't live up to the responsibility, you have Selma, for instance. You have for a long time a Jackson, Mississippi, where the press was indifferent to human rights or else didn't want to participate in anything because they were afraid of economic retaliation. That, to me, is the greatest problem domestically of our Southern newspapers, how to adjust themselves, or how the publisher adjusts himself and his thinking to these changing times. (00:30:04): I've told many of them time after time, it's like going in cold water. It's going to be miserable at first, but once you get acclimated to that water, you feel a lot better. I certainly think that my fellow citizens in Greenville, the great majority of them feel better because we have got behind us what most of the rest of Mississippi has yet to still face, these adjustments to civil rights legislation and the like. We can go fishing on Saturdays instead of worrying about whether there's going to be picket lines and a mob action and all that in our town. (00:30:42): For no other reason than I don't want to leave that town because we have learned how to live together and the white man has learned that the nigger is as deserving of equal treatment, of equal access to anything. By the way, we're the first town by a long way to integrate our public library and playground. I would say most other Mississippians think Greenville's crazy, but we think it's the other way around. (silence). (00:31:07): [inaudible 00:31:07] then the problems, the basic problems that affect newspapers, and in some instances, only Southern newspapers, the increasing cost of newspapers, the merger of newspapers, the replacement of heavy equipment, the survival against pressures by bigoted groups who want to destroy those papers, which will not go along. They're not going to be able to do it. They haven't even been able to put the very courageous Mississippi weekly newspaper owner, who has fought the Klan, the councils and everything else alone in her town, Lexington, Mississippi, for 12 years. She is still there and I pray God that she'll be there as long as she lives. (00:32:09): She's been an encouragement... I'm sure many of you read about it... to newspaper men everywhere. She proved that... A lot of us were afraid she couldn't prove... that a little poor weekly newspaper can survive despite the pressures brought by the town's leadership, which is not a good leadership. Now, because I realize I'm talking to English teachers and not to novelists, I want to bring in something that does fit in with what I said yesterday and what is happening, writing. Good writing and the stimulus to good writing comes almost always in time of stress turmoil, tragedy and self examination. (00:33:08): We've been going through just that today. The task of a newspaper is over and above racial matters... is to make the people understand better. As I said, the writer comes into his own in these times. I'd like to point out that out of the depression years came Grapes of Wrath. Out of those political years in Louisiana came All The King's Men, Robert Penn Warren's very thinly disguised novel, written about and around the character of Huey Long. Then these latter years, we've had come out of the post-war period novels of writing based on racial consideration. On the one hand, the beautiful novel and others to come by Harper Lee, that young woman in... Alabama isn't it? (00:34:11): That book, To Kill A Mockingbird, is as real, but it's looking at reality from a more pleasant side. It's as real as anything that has ever been written concerning the relationship of white man to black man. On the other hand, come out of these years is the writing of a man I think is pretty vile and bigoted himself, James... Yes, James Baldwin, of course, but those are two examples, one on one side of the street and one on the other, where people are working together. Writers are working with those people too to tell the story of what is happening and what should happen. (00:34:54): Significantly, the other preoccupation I have mentioned, atomic energy has produced no novel or any very significant books at all. It's not likely that we will see people writing against the atomic background unless were to become a survival novel for whoever's left after the bomb did fall, but except for that, except for this area of nuclear fiction, atomic energy and the like, each of these periods that I've mentioned has produced sometimes great literature and many times good literature. That indicates to me that, as we said yesterday, again, that the volcanoes, the earthquakes of life do have as one decent result, and the only decent result that I know of, is better writing a preoccupation with human values and with the need for change in our relationship with each other. (00:36:19): Now, finally, I'd like to tell you all of what I think is the responsibility and the problem because it is so difficult to meet that responsibility that a newspaper editor should think about his profession and himself as the editor. It's one to make men curious, to make men think, to make men ashamed, to make men proud and, lastly, to make men free... to help make them free. We can't do it all my ourselves. In that sense, it makes me think of my profession as almost a holy one. It can't rank with the men in the pulpit, but we certainly can rank with the teacher in the classroom. These are three great forces for change to the good in our nation, the editor's uneasy chair, the classroom and the novel. (00:37:38): I've got a cold coming on. Lastly, [inaudible 00:37:40] quoting one of the noblest men the South has ever produced, William Alexander Percy, who was a poet, philanthropist, had been a hero in World War I and a writer. He wrote this magnificent book that I referred to yesterday and I'd do it again because it is a classic. It is a spiritual classic and sheer poetry besides. William Alexander Percy's Lanterns on the Levee. He was my very dear friend. He brought us to Greenville or rather he sponsored us. The paper is ours, but he sponsored and backed us in every kind of way. He died the first year of the war. (00:38:23): I went to tell him goodbye. I was going to service with the Mississippi National Guard. That was about 13 months before Pearl Harbor. I went to tell him goodbye, and both of us were very unhappy over what was ahead. It was obvious by then that the world was going to set about again to try to destroy itself. I said just almost despairingly, "Well, what can we do? What can I do when I get back from the war?" He said, "You and I can't do anything on a grand scale. We can only try to live as men of good will in the community in which we do live because the sum total of the accomplishment in our community and the community like it, which will determine the nature of our government, the survival of democracy itself and a spiritual rebirth." (00:39:24): Because in the little towns, such as ours, you can reach people. I've seen this happen. You can live as a man of good will and help others live as men of good will under the stimulus of men like this... He was one of our great leaders... under the stimulus of the paper, the papers which work hand in glove with men like Will Percy and people who follow him. You get a sense of achievement that I don't believe any newspaper whose owners are thinking only in terms of the cash register or who are bigoted themselves or who are unconcerned or pretend to be unconcerned about social change and who only become dynamic when they're ready to denounce a proposal that a president has made or a senator has made or, back in the old days, Huey Long would have made. (00:40:16): We've got to change. The Southern newspapers have to change these attitudes, and they're doing it. I've seen a good many come around to reality and I'll say again that I'm proud that a newspaper, a small newspaper like mine has contributed to change and thus gone a few steps toward an eventual solution or if not solution, an amelioration of these terrible domestic clashes, differences that beset us today, fascist, differences, hatred that you may well be sure that the over two billion people in the world who are not watching very closely. (00:41:02): You all teach... I was a teacher once for a short time. You teach. Ordinarily, the English classroom is not a place to set people thinking about what's going on today. It makes people think and marvel at what man can do with his mind when we reach as far up as the first course in English literature, but the papers, the classroom, the pulpit, we three, have this responsibility, which cannot be assumed by the newspaper men alone. We have this responsibility to act as men of good will, to persuade others to do it, to endorse every decision, proposal made by a leadership for the public good. (00:41:55): Not enough newspapers do this today. I mentioned the financial instability of so many small papers, the overwhelming threat in small towns of organized antagonists to social change, who walk in and tell a small town merchant, "If you say something good about Medicare, about whatever it may be, we'll stop the advertising. You won't have any advertisement from us. That's that." (00:42:28): I'll end this and then I would like to have some discussion if we can. I apologize for my sore throat that's working up very nicely. But I'd rather live in a little town and try to be a man of good will than to live anywhere else. I'm doing that. I'm proud that my sons became newspaper men too. I'm proud that one of them is a Mississippi newspaper man who is trying to do his dead level best to help. (00:42:59): I think if we would use that slogan for if it's in the classroom or on the roster room or on my newspaper desk... If we try to do that, we can not only be happy, but we can very well change the moral face, the spiritual face of our country. I think newspapers are going to do that. Sorry about my voice. If anybody would like to ask something related to... Speaker 2 (00:43:30): Would you care to comment on your work with PM, the newspaper PM? Hodding Carter (00:43:38): Oh yeah. PM was the result of the meeting of two men at the suggestion of the psychiatrist they were both going to see, Marshall Field III, who was a multi, multimillionaire, and Ralph Ingersoll, a brilliant, fuzzy-thinking, but very persuasive journalist, who had been editor of the New Yorker and also of Life. He talked Marshall Field into putting about $9 million... You could probably take all the newspapers in Mississippi for that $9 million... to put $9 million up for the organization of a new newspaper that would be entirely different. (00:44:19): It would in fact be a daily magazine, no continuations, everything departmentalized, pictures more than text. The gimmick... He thought he was going to succeed. Of course, this broke him. It didn't break Marshall Field, but he'd invested $9 million, for which he got nothing back. The key to this whole thing is this newspaper would be free because it was not going to take advertising. I used to argue with that with him. I went to it after hearing him at Harvard one night... This was way back in 1940... tell about this plan. It entranced every newspaper man. Most of them are pretty romantic anyhow. (00:45:00): We said, "Work on a paper like that that's not fettered by advertisers." I'm glad the Democratic Times is fettered by advertisers. I wish we had more fetters than we do, but he said, "We can do it without advertising. We can be a crusading paper," and all that. In two years, that $9 million was gone, and PM had made no effect on the people of New York or the nation. The reason being... This is the thing if this happens to any newspaper man, that newspaper and himself is nearly dead in the eyes of the profession and in the eyes of democracy. (00:45:44): No newspaper should be allowed to continue to exist as a newspaper, to be allowed to be designated as a newspaper, if the kind of paper PM, which Marshall Fields spent $9 million on because a newspaper which just accepts money, money, money from outside sources, from whichever way it gets it, is a kept newspaper and has no value, has no place in this country. Yet, there's still some newspapers in Mississippi... I don't know about Louisiana anymore... who don't mind being kept. (00:46:22): That is an inner, inside the lodge problem of newspapers today, who try to clean out, weed out some way, through purchase or what not, those newspapers which do not live up to the responsibility of the press men, which does give us a special consideration among all of the enterprises in our nation. The freedom of the press shall not be abridged. You see these people distorting news, accepting subsidies or being influenced without people realizing it by other interests. Those kind of newspapers and the kind of men who edit them are a disgrace to American journalism. I only rejoice that there's so few of them. Speaker 3 (00:47:24): Mr. Carter, is this a [inaudible 00:47:24] of degree, a matter of degree- Hodding Carter (00:47:27): Just a minute. Speaker 3 (00:47:27): If it's a matter of degree, this doesn't stand. By virtue of the fact that both newspapers and magazines are a commercial operation, aren't they a necessity to that extent, depending upon the character of the people with whom they do business? [crosstalk 00:47:49] inhibited. Hodding Carter (00:47:50): Mrs. Roosevelt came up to Harvard when I was up there on this fellowship a long time ago, 25 years ago. I was the only one of the group... They pick 12 each year for a year's study there, whatever you want to do. I was the only one of the group that happened to own a newspaper. She found out very quickly. We had war talk. We had dinner at the house of the president. Of course, she was ribbing me in a way. She said to us all, "And especially you, Mr. Carter, because you're a publisher yourself, aren't you at the mercy of your advertising? Don't they help you out when you need help and aren't you indebted to them in return? Aren't you controlled by the advertisers?" (00:48:37): I said, "Mrs. Roosevelt, I respectfully want to tell you that I've been in this business... By that time it was 16 years. No, 10 years. I said, "I've never had a merchant [inaudible 00:48:53] a line of advertising for my paper. I've never had any of them try to influence me except in casual conversation, "This is what we think." I've never had a merchant come to me with an idea to which I was antagonistic. I've never either had the editorial written in his behalf or who took away his advertising because we didn't go along with him. No, I don't think... (00:49:20): After, on a practical matter, newspapers is three things. The editorial page is one thing that reflects opinion and may have influence on the body politic or whatever. Of course, news, but the third is a medium to bring the buyer and the seller together. Almost never in a large town... I know Greenville's a large town, but Mississippi, I've never had anybody try to pressure me. I've had politicians, but not merchants. I don't think they're going to do it because the merchant is simply looking for a way to offer his ware, you see. That's because we put out a good newspaper and have the circulation that he wants to reach whether he disagrees with every editorial that I write as long as we can bring results to him through our advertising column, he's not going to call that harsh, he couldn't afford to be. Speaker 3 (00:50:27): Isn't this in part, though, the character of Greenville? Isn't it in your knowledge, as it is within mine, somewhat different in many, many others [crosstalk 00:50:35]? Hodding Carter (00:50:35): Oh yeah, sure. Speaker 3 (00:50:35): You were talking about the character of the community. [inaudible 00:50:41] reputation for being different in this respect. Hodding Carter (00:50:46): It is different, but I don't think that in Columbus, Mississippi... Maybe not just Mississippi, a boycott against the paper would work, but I don't think of any other town in Mississippi larger than 35, 40,000 population, where the merchants are really going to try that. That's too patent. One man suggested to me he might take his ads away. I'd forgotten that. My first year in Greenville. He had a competing newspaper then that he took over. [inaudible 00:51:24]. He said he didn't like what I'd written. He said, "Put it this way, but I don't have to advertise with you. I just might do something about it." (00:51:34): It was only threats. I said, "I'll tell you what I will do for you. I'm not going to change this editorial policy in this matter, but I'm willing to give you one more helping hand. I'll give you a front-page space for the last request and threat to me. I'll write a free ad for you denouncing that threat and saying you're sorry." At the end of it, nobody else has ever tried to do it. Speaker 4 (00:51:34): Mr. Carter? Hodding Carter (00:51:34): Yes. Speaker 4 (00:52:15): In the Atlanta Constitution and in the New Orleans Tribune, and I suppose some other newspapers that I read, you occasionally come across the advertisements, [inaudible 00:52:19] in New Orleans and Mr. Maddox in Atlanta, which are editorials in an advertising section. What's your attitude on the ethics of this type of advertising? Hodding Carter (00:52:35): I think you see a lot of it, both supporting ideas that we don't like and others are supporting ideas or concepts that we do like. As long as it's made clear that this is an advertisement, then that advertiser can put anything in his ad he wants within the limits of decency, libel. He could put anything, so if this man wants to come out in an ad in my paper, let's say in favor of John Birch Society, as much as I dislike John Birch Society, I'd say I'd have to give him this space because otherwise, I'd be... For one reason, I would be in effect supporting the wrong kind of monopoly. We're a monopoly in Greenville, and the merchant has no other place to go. To tell him I will or I won't take his advertising on the basis that I do or do not like the copy, the story that you're trying to bring to the public yourself, if I did that, I think it'd be greatly unfair not to accept it. Speaker 5 (00:53:39): [inaudible 00:53:39]. Hodding Carter (00:53:39): Yes. Speaker 5 (00:53:54): What is the [inaudible 00:54:04] as a newspaper? What is the [inaudible 00:54:11] newspaper man that places them above the record [inaudible 00:54:16] leaving out preachers and doctors? Why should they be on the same level as a preacher, a doctor and a lawyer [inaudible 00:54:22]? Hodding Carter (00:54:28): I don't think we're on the same level with most of these. I think we're really above the level of a couple of them. I don't really know how to answer that though. A lot of this stuff we have to play by ear all the time. Somebody else? Yeah. Speaker 6 (00:54:50): How do your compare your particular concerns with those of P.D. East [inaudible 00:54:54] Mississippi? Hodding Carter (00:54:56): Yes. I know P.D. The principle indifference between us, professionally speaking, is PB never has shown a concern with putting out a newspaper. This little tract he would put actually with no ads, no local stories, no nothing. It was just what P.D. East thinks about everything, and he had some very fine thoughts. He was a brilliant writer, but he just didn't put out a newspaper. He could have gotten a great many subscribers scattered all over Mississippi, not in Petal, had he chosen another route, but he didn't. Now, he no longer has the Petal paper. It's closed down I think. Maybe somebody else has bought it. (00:55:37): He is a very brave man and though [inaudible 00:55:43]. I don't see how he survived as long as he did over there before he went to Texas. Sorry about this thing in my throat. It's really tripped me up this morning. I knew it was going to happen when I woke up. I enjoyed being with you again. Tonight, you might be interested to know that my wife is going to attend with me because she does the reading of small-print text. I lost the sight of one eye during the war, and then I had two retinal attachments two years ago. The doctors didn't think I'd ever be able to even get around with a seeing eye dog or a pole. (00:56:32): I can read, but not fine print or small print, so she'll be up there reading some of the letters that William Faulkner in his guise as Citizen wrote to the Oxford Eagle. [inaudible 00:56:47] delightful. It's so much more fascinating to hear what he had to say in respect to these issues that he dwelt on, to see how he wrote them than how an ordinary newspaper man would write them. It's like finding a diamond in 10 tons of slag or something. She will be doing, in case you wonder why before we get up with the... She will be with me. That's the only part of the talk I enjoy because I like to hear her reading. She does it to [inaudible 00:57:17] since I've had this eye difficulty. Speaker 7 (00:57:37): Are there any other questions? Speaker 8 (00:57:38): [inaudible 00:57:38] interpreting [inaudible 00:57:38]? Hodding Carter (00:57:37): Interpreting what he sees? It's a very difficult issue. Newspaper men are talking about it all the time. The news magazines, Time, Life, World Report, they do their own interpreting. Time is especially vulnerable, it seems to me, because Luce, the publisher, owner says very frankly, "This is my newspaper. Wherever it can be done, it's going to reflect my thinking. It's not going to be an objective... Time is something short of being objective in a good many fields. (00:58:12): It's very hard. One device if you have a large enough staff... You get your story about the Geneva Conference. What you get, that it was held, it was a failure and [inaudible 00:58:27]. Then the New York Times will have what they call a side bar. That's just newspaper slang. It'll be an interpretive story. "This is what's going on behind the scenes," or, "This is what it's really all about." I think it was a perfectly legitimate way to handle controversial matters, play them straight in the news column. [inaudible 00:58:49] people want to know what's going on. What's the reason for this? You write then in the side bar to the best of your ability, or to the best of the ability of whatever staff member is doing it, you try to tell the truth. (00:59:08): Huey Long used to call... Once he had a tax pass to get Louisiana newspapers, he called it a sinner lie tax, which would in fact license American newspapers. It wouldn't have stood up in court in any event. In fact, it didn't. It was thrown out by the United States Supreme Court, but that was licensed on the first side and Huey, furious because of [inaudible 00:59:36] articles that were written about him. (00:59:39): I wanted to tell you all one newspaper. Sorry, I'm trying to remember the details of it. Oh, have you got a few minutes just to listen to this story? It's a true one and it's funny in a way. I was editor of Stars and Stripes in Cairo. There's a headquarters in Tel Aviv. I hadn't gotten the staff together because they had to be all military. I hadn't the staff together and almost no place to print it, but a broken down shop in Cairo owned by an Italian, who had leased it to me. I guess we confiscated it. The military did. (01:00:30): The General Command of the American Force was there, General Brereton. Generals are very jealous of each other. He knew that over in North West Africa, General Eisenhower and his men had a Stars and Stripes because they had five times as many men as we had in the Middle East. He said, "I want a Stars and Stripes," just like a little baby asking for some candy or something. He said, "I want a Stars and Stripes. They've got one over in the North African theater." He says, "Put it out." (01:00:59): I said, "It'll take a few days." We did not have a news services, nowhere to get Associated Press, United Press or anything. We had combat correspondents on the staff wandering around on the various fronts, but the soldiers knew all about that and they were sick of war because they were in one. What they want is some news from home, and we didn't have any. The day before we were to go to press, it was going to be a pretty bad newspaper because there was no news. (01:01:28): The Egyptian Daily Mail, which is an English-language newspaper in Cairo, had a front-page story about four lines that said, "San Francisco, Floyd Hamilton, America's public enemy number one, was shot to death in San Francisco Bay in an escape attempt. Two companions were recaptured." I said, "This is what we need. This is what these GIs want to hear." I had two of my yank staffers, who'd just come in from somewhere, whip me... They were both newspaper men in civilian life. I said, "Let's put out a real killer [inaudible 01:02:03] of a news story because it's the only local story we'll have from the United States." (01:02:09): One of the newspaper men had mean... They looked like tiger eyes, and I can snarl like anything you ever saw. So we took his eyes and my snarl, and we put them together. Underneath it... We didn't say this was Floyd Hamilton, but we said... The eyes and the snarl...

Hodding Center speaks with Memories about Newspaper and publishing work.

33. Heardie Rivers

Transcript

Jim Collie (00:01): In case you've just joined us, this is the Memories program. Today we're going to be visiting with Mrs. Heardie Rivers. I'm Jim Collie. Mrs. Rivers welcome to the program. We're glad you're here. Heardie Rivers (00:01): You are so welcome. Jim Collie (00:15): You were born where Ms. Rivers? Heardie Rivers (00:17): Clarence. Jim Collie (00:17): About when was that? Do you remember? Heardie Rivers (00:22): I don't remember the year. Jim Collie (00:22): Well how old are you? Heardie Rivers (00:22): 72. Jim Collie (00:24): 72 years old. Well, you were probably born in 1904. Sounds about right. Heardie Rivers (00:33): Yeah. Jim Collie (00:33): Your family lived in Clarence? Heardie Rivers (00:35): We lived in Clarence, and from Clarence to Campton. From Campton to Alexandria, too. From Alexandria, my Papa want to go back way home on the farm. And my mother didn't want to. So she come on and [inaudible 00:00:52] she had started working for Ms. Royston. So she bought the place in Grady Town. And Papa seen, finally he come. And he stayed and he went on to Campton got his old job where he had left. And he worked in Campton and come every two weeks home. Jim Collie (01:13): So you moved around a lot? Heardie Rivers (01:15): Yes sir. Jim Collie (01:15): And your mother lived in town cause she liked city life and didn't like farming and [crosstalk 00:01:20]. Heardie Rivers (01:20): She got tired of farming. Jim Collie (01:23): Farming was pretty hard work. Heardie Rivers (01:24): Yes sir. Jim Collie (01:25): It sure was. We were talking just a few minutes ago about the kind of home medicine people used to have. Heardie Rivers (01:33): And... Sassafrass tea, pine tea, and bitterweed tea. Jim Collie (01:46): What was bitterweed tea for? Heardie Rivers (01:49): Fever. Jim Collie (01:50): How did you make it? Heardie Rivers (01:51): We'd boil it. Jim Collie (01:52): Just get some bitterweed leaves? Heardie Rivers (01:54): No, the flower. Jim Collie (01:55): The flower? Heardie Rivers (01:56): Yeah, the flower. Jim Collie (01:58): And you boil that? Heardie Rivers (01:58): Boil that for tea, for fever. Jim Collie (02:02): What was pine tea for? Heardie Rivers (02:03): Purify your lungs. Jim Collie (02:07): Purifies your lungs? Heardie Rivers (02:08): Yes sir. You know when you had TB they'd take you to the pine dome. Jim Collie (02:08): Mm-hmm (affirmative). Heardie Rivers (02:08): Yes sir. Jim Collie (02:13): How would you make pine tea? Heardie Rivers (02:15): Boil it. Jim Collie (02:16): Boil the pine needles? Heardie Rivers (02:18): Tea leaf, the needles. Jim Collie (02:19): Uh huh. (02:21): What is? You were mentioning, horehound candy. What's that your mother used to make? Heardie Rivers (02:26): It's something's weed is gray. I wouldn't know it now if I would see it. I've been looking for it, but I wouldn't know it. And that's what's for cold tea. Jim Collie (02:35): Mm-hmm (affirmative). Was it a sweet candy? Heardie Rivers (02:38): Well, she put a little... Make it up with honey and stuff, you see. Jim Collie (02:42): So children liked it when they were sick? Heardie Rivers (02:42): Oh yeah. They liked it. Jim Collie (02:45): What is blue maize? Heardie Rivers (02:49): That's for babies with colic and worms. Jim Collie (02:55): How would you make that? I take it that some kind of... Heardie Rivers (03:00): Yes. It come in a little block, like a thick piece of gum. You know, little square, four corners. Something like that. And you just take a little piece over and put in a little water if you had the stomach ache and drink it. Jim Collie (03:16): That helps, huh? Heardie Rivers (03:17): That helps. Jim Collie (03:17): What's calimer? Heardie Rivers (03:20): Oh, that's medicine that clean you out, too. But you can't get it now. And I used to take it twice a year, in the spring and in fall. Jim Collie (03:31): Getting ready for the warm weather and getting ready for the cold. Heardie Rivers (03:34): You have to keep your inside cleaned out, just like the out. Jim Collie (03:38): You have to do that? Heardie Rivers (03:39): You can't... You'll kill yourself with too much in medicine. Jim Collie (03:43): So you don't try to take very much? You were telling me about the time when you went to work. Heardie Rivers (03:51): Yes sir. That was in 1942. I was sitting at the table. We was at the table eating dinner and my heart got full. You always feels trouble, but you don't know what it is. And I start to cry. And Papa asked me what was the trouble, which I told him the truth. I didn't know what this... What I seen. I say, Papa, tomorrow I'm going to seek, go out and seek for me a job. And he told me, no, you're not healthy and neither strong. And I told him these words. I say, Papa, if you and mama would die, both of y'all are died. I say, I would have to work health to know health. And so he consent for me to go. (04:51): So I went. Ms. Carrie obliged. Y'all, I hate it. I didn't visit like I should. She had old frightened cat. That's what kept me from going. The girl, forgive me that, though. She was nice to me. And she fixed me nice little lunch. I take it to school. Yeah, I wouldn't take time to fixing it. Wasn't a need to fix a lunch for school age and working. And she'd fix me a nice lunch. I'd taken it to school, and all my little school mates, when lunchtime, here would be all around. I had to divide. I'd give them a little tease. And so after my mother fell sick in the mind. (05:40): And so she stayed away a little while and she come back. And one day I've come from work, she was gone. And that was it. And my little sister was left next door. So I take my little sister and brother home. All three of us to eat in the house. Three months, not afraid. Jim Collie (06:05): Ms. Rivers. We're going to have to stop right now and hear this word from People's Bank and Trust. But we'll be right back after this word from our sponsors. (06:15): This is Jim Collie on Memories. And we're visiting with Mrs. Heardie Rivers. Ms. Rivers, when was the first time you ever left Natchitoches? Do you remember? Heardie Rivers (06:15): 1953. Jim Collie (06:29): Where did you go then? Heardie Rivers (06:30): I went to Monroe, to a church concert. Jim Collie (06:33): Uh huh. Heardie Rivers (06:37): And 1957 flew from Shreveport to Houston on the airplane. That was my first trip. Jim Collie (06:47): What was that first airplane trip like? Heardie Rivers (06:48): Oh, that first airplane trip was wonderful. I thought I was going to heaven. Jim Collie (06:54): It didn't scare you at all? Heardie Rivers (06:55): No sir. It didn't scare me. Jim Collie (06:58): You just went out on that plane. Heardie Rivers (07:00): I went out on that plane. I enjoyed it. Jim Collie (07:02): Did they serve you a meal? Heardie Rivers (07:03): Yes sir. Jim Collie (07:04): So you've been traveling ever since? Heardie Rivers (07:06): Ever since. Jim Collie (07:08): How many places have you been to now? Heardie Rivers (07:10): The last place is Cleveland and I hope someday I can get enough money to go across before I get too young. Jim Collie (07:23): You're not growing old. You're growing young. Heardie Rivers (07:23): Yeah. Jim Collie (07:24): Is that what you're trying to tell me? Heardie Rivers (07:27): I'm growing young on my second foot. Jim Collie (07:29): I see. Well, we sure appreciated visiting with you on our show today and we're glad you're here.

Jim Collie speaks with Mrs. Heardie Rivers about growing up in Natchitoches Parish and her experience with home remedies.

32. Haywood Wallace

Transcript

Jim Collie (00:01): Mr. Wallace, welcome to The Memories Program. We're glad to be visiting with you. We hope you're having a good morning. You were telling me that you grew up in Natchitoches Parish. Mr. Haywood Wallace (00:10): That's right. Jim Collie (00:10): When were you born? Mr. Haywood Wallace (00:15): In nineteen-four. Jim Collie (00:15): Nineteen-four. Mr. Haywood Wallace (00:16): Mm-hmm (affirmative). Jim Collie (00:17): Did you ever spend much time out of the parish? Mr. Haywood Wallace (00:20): Not over 18 or 20 days. I never have stayed out of it over 18 or 20 days. I drove trucks after I got up in truck days, and cars. Traveled over about seven or eight different states, but always be back. Jim Collie (00:37): Always back. Mr. Haywood Wallace (00:38): Always back less than 30 days. Jim Collie (00:39): So you've traveled widely, but you never spent much time. Mr. Haywood Wallace (00:42): Not that much time. Jim Collie (00:44): You were born on '04. Mr. Haywood Wallace (00:46): Mm-hmm (affirmative). Jim Collie (00:47): Where were you born? Mr. Haywood Wallace (00:49): Marthaville, Louisiana. Jim Collie (00:50): Was that an old family home there? Mr. Haywood Wallace (00:52): That was the old family home, about five miles out of town on Route 2. Jim Collie (00:58): Route 2 out there. Mr. Haywood Wallace (00:59): Mm-hmm (affirmative). Jim Collie (01:00): How large was your family when you were growing up? Mr. Haywood Wallace (01:03): Well, it was 17 children. Jim Collie (01:07): Oh, no. Mr. Haywood Wallace (01:07): That's right. 17 of us. Jim Collie (01:09): Boys and girls? Mr. Haywood Wallace (01:10): Boys and girls. Jim Collie (01:10): Were you the oldest? Mr. Haywood Wallace (01:13): No, I was the third one. Third child. Jim Collie (01:19): I bet they kept you busy. Mr. Haywood Wallace (01:20): Oh, we stayed busy all the time. All the time. Stayed busy. Jim Collie (01:26): What was it like growing up in a large family? Mr. Haywood Wallace (01:29): Well, it was awful good because time was rough back in them days, you know, and a person had to work for a living. They couldn't mess around. They had to work to get a living. Wasn't much money. Jim Collie (01:43): What kind of chores did the kids do then? Mr. Haywood Wallace (01:47): What do you mean? Jim Collie (01:49): Just on the farm. Mr. Haywood Wallace (01:50): On the farm? Jim Collie (01:51): Yeah. Mr. Haywood Wallace (01:52): They hoed and picked cotton. Cleaned up land ain't much. Girls and boys cleaned up fresh land, new ground they called it. Jim Collie (02:01): Everybody had to work. Mr. Haywood Wallace (02:01): Everybody had to work that was large enough, old enough. Jim Collie (02:04): What'd you do for fun? Did you have any games you used to play? Mr. Haywood Wallace (02:08): Well, we used to play ball and go fishing. When everybody got their crops rounded up, I'd say laid by, about July, some of them got it laid by by July the 15th, and on like that, well then the whole family, it was a pretty large family out there at them times, we'd pretty settle the wagons and buggies and horse-backers and foots would go on what they call a hole break. Jim Collie (02:43): On a what? Mr. Haywood Wallace (02:44): What they call a hole break. Fishing, you see. As they catch the fish they'd fry them and eat them out on the creek. Maybe stay ... I don't think we ever stayed all night with no whole group like that, but they'd stay all day. Do their cooking and eating and fishing out there. Jim Collie (03:06): So, those festivals at the end of the harvest season were pretty good for you. Mr. Haywood Wallace (03:10): That's right. That's right. As I went to say, we all stayed out on the creek and fished all day and cooked and eat out there. Everybody was happy, and everybody looked like get along fine, and lovely, and agreeable, and accommodating. In other words, they lived what they call a Christian life then. See? Jim Collie (03:39): Those were good times back then. Mr. Haywood Wallace (03:40): Good times. That's right. Good times. Jim Collie (03:42): Were there any other times big families got together like at Christmas or at Easter? Mr. Haywood Wallace (03:46): Oh, yeah. They got together lots on Christmas and Easter. Egg hunting and such as that. They got together. They had a real nice time, all of us. We all enjoyed it. Grew up to get mens and womens. Everybody got along fine. Jim Collie (04:09): We were talking before the show began about some of those big sicknesses that hit. We were talking about the big flu epidemic during the 1st World War. What do you remember about that? Mr. Haywood Wallace (04:19): Well, I can remember when the boys was drafted in there. I believe the first that was drafted in there must've been about ... war broke out in 1917, must've been about in the latter part of 1917 or the first of 1918. Jim Collie (04:40): You were about 13 years old then. Mr. Haywood Wallace (04:41): About 13 years old when she broke out. I reckon about '18, the latter part when the flu broke out, when it hit here. It was overseas. A lot of boys died over there. I believe it was 1919 when they all came back home, but a lot of them wasn't able to get back. See, they died over there. Jim Collie (05:14): What was it like here? Was everybody sick? Mr. Haywood Wallace (05:17): Oh, yeah. There was lots of sickness here. Lots of sickness. As I told you, up there where I was raised at, I don't know nary a family that didn't have it, some in their family or all of them in their family. Jim Collie (05:30): Did all the families lose somebody during that epidemic? Mr. Haywood Wallace (05:33): Well, yeah. It was a few died in that time up there, but most of them recovered. Jim Collie (05:39): Did you come down sick? Mr. Haywood Wallace (05:41): No, I never did. It was just two large-size boys in the community I could remember that didn't come down, and that was me and one of my cousins, would be a-carrying. We rode horseback every day carrying them milk, and going to the store, getting medicine, and getting wood, and assisting them in different ways. Any way we could, I'd say it that way. Jim Collie (06:10): What did you do for the flu? Just keep inside and try to keep your strength up, or was there a medicine that seemed to work? Mr. Haywood Wallace (06:17): Well now, best I can tell the biggest thing they could do was keep inside and keep warm, used that home remedy as much as they could because doctors were scarce. They didn't have no doctors much like they have now. He got around to all of them he could and done what he could, but- Jim Collie (06:41): Do you remember who the doctor was then? Mr. Haywood Wallace (06:42): Dr. Patterson. Dr. Patterson and Dr. Glass. We had two doctors pretty close. Dr. Glass lived at Robeline. Jim Collie (06:54): So, they tried to see everybody. Mr. Haywood Wallace (06:55): They tried all they could to see everybody, but in the horse days and buggies and service, a lot of them you'd have to go get them to see Dr. Jordan now. We never did use him for our doctor, but different ones all around said Morris Bray. They used him and they had to go get him, see. He was pretty old and couldn't use his own transportation, and you had to go pick him up and bring him and carry him back. Jim Collie (07:28): Carry him to. Mr. Haywood Wallace (07:28): Mm-hmm (affirmative). And then a lot of places, the road was so bad until you'd have to take a horse and go out and meet him on the road as far as he could go and let him ride in to the home. Jim Collie (07:43): It's hard to believe those were times like that, but- Mr. Haywood Wallace (07:45): That's right. Jim Collie (07:46): ... we sure don't have that kind of thing now. Mr. Haywood Wallace (07:48): That's right. Jim Collie (07:49): With roads, cars, and stuff. Mr. Haywood Wallace (07:52): No, we have good roads now. But back in them times, we had some bad roads and rough roads. Other words, the creeks would get under and water be standing for half a mile over the highways, back in them times. Jim Collie (08:08): We're going to have to take a break right now for our sponsors, but we'll be back in just a minute after this word from People's Bank and Trust. This is The Memories Program, and this morning we're visiting with Mr. Haywood Wallace. This is Jim [Collie 00:08:25]. Mr. Wallace, we were talking about grist mills during this last commercial break. You said you remember a time before they had grist mills. What was that? Mr. Haywood Wallace (08:35): Oh, yeah. I was raised up in the house with my mother and father and my grandmother ever since I could remember. She lived with us until I was grown and married she was still in the house with us. She had what they called a gritter. She could make them. Take a piece of tin and punch nails in them. Take a nail and punch holes in it. Before the corn got hard enough to carry to the mill, she could make two or three of them. Have us kids out there you see, gritting meal. Turn that thing over, bottom up, put your hole one way and turn it over, and get that corn before it was hard enough to carry to the mill and shell, and just grit that ... Jim Collie (09:24): So, you were a grist mill. Mr. Haywood Wallace (09:24): Grist mill. Jim Collie (09:26): That's right. They didn't have to carry it. Mr. Haywood Wallace (09:28): That's right. That's right. We gritted many meals of bread to make cornbread out of. Jim Collie (09:35): I think a lot of country folk made do on their own real well before mills and stores and things developed. Mr. Haywood Wallace (09:42): That's right. Then she, on up when the corn got hard, we'd go to the mill. She would make lye corn. Jim Collie (09:54): How do you do that? Mr. Haywood Wallace (09:56): Well now, she would grip her ... I don't know. Take ashes in a big barrel and sit it under the leak of the house. She burnt wood. Had plenty of ashes, and she'd put it in a barrel and let that rain drip in there. Well, somehow or another them ashes would get strong enough that they called it lye. Just concentrated lye what they buy in the store. It'd be strong. She'd take that in some way, and put it in that corn and all that husk would come off of it. Course you can by lye corn now, but it wasn't no such as lye corn as what they made. Jim Collie (10:38): Now do I call that hominy? Mr. Haywood Wallace (10:38): Hominy. That was the best to be sure in them times. Jim Collie (10:44): I bet you that was quite a treat. Mr. Haywood Wallace (10:45): That's right. Sure it was. Sure it was. Then on up when we left that, we had peas and corn and stuff to pick. We used to beat them out with a paddle. Put them in a sack and beat the peas out. But my daddy got hold of one of them big pea thrashers, and we'd thrash them out by the bushel. Jim Collie (11:15): Now what would that do? That'd just bring the pea out of the pod? Mr. Haywood Wallace (11:18): Yeah. You put them peas in there whole and all, you see, and it threw the hulls one way and the peas go another way. When they come out there, they'd be clean. See? We'd thrash them that-a-way by the 100 bushels because we raised plenty of them, you see. Jim Collie (11:36): Then take those in to sell them? Mr. Haywood Wallace (11:38): Well, they sold some of them, and then we'd eat them. You see, back in them times, didn't have no boxes to put them in like we do now, freeze them or bags or nothing. Just you shelled them dried peas, and they was good. See? Jim Collie (11:54): I bet good old fresh peas you can't get much anymore. Mr. Haywood Wallace (11:56): That's right. Jim Collie (11:57): Where would you go to sell those if you were going to sell some? Mr. Haywood Wallace (12:00): Well, they'd sell them to different stores. People would buy them for seed and for eating, too. They'd sell them in different stores. You'd have to be your own marketer for it. Jim Collie (12:17): We just got just a little time left. I want to see if you can remember your first trip into Natchitoches. Mr. Haywood Wallace (12:23): My first trip into Natchitoches? Jim Collie (12:25): I bet you were very young. Mr. Haywood Wallace (12:26): Well, let me see now if I can remember that. I believe I can. It must've been in about 1915, I believe, when my daddy brought me down on a horse, behind him on a horse. I used to travel a lot with him on a horse. Ride behind him or in front of him. When I grew up and got old enough to rein one, well, he bought me a horse and saddle. I used to go around with him to most everywhere he went. I'd say it that way, most everywhere he went, I'd be with him on my own horse. But I'll tell you, I was about 10 years old I'd say when- Jim Collie (13:10): I bet that was an exciting trip for a little boy. Mr. Haywood Wallace (13:12): It sure was. It sure was. Jim Collie (13:13): You'd always heard about it and never seen it. Mr. Haywood Wallace (13:16): That's right. That's right. It was an exciting trip. It would make you mighty tired and sore- Jim Collie (13:27): I bet it would. Mr. Haywood Wallace (13:28): ... to ride a horse that distance. A fellow didn't want too much of it too often. It have been better if he'd have took it all pretty regular. Jim Collie (13:36): Right. Mr. Haywood Wallace (13:36): He could've stood it better. Jim Collie (13:38): Mr. Wallace, we're out of time, but I sure have enjoyed visiting with you this morning. People's Bank and Trust wants to thank you for sharing your memories with us.

Jim Collie speaks with Haywood Wallace about growing up in Natchitoches Parish with a large family, including holidays, and an epidemic.

31. Frank Jones

Transcript

Interviewer (00:00): Good morning. This morning, Mr. Frank Jones and myself are going to be talking about Natchitoches. Now, you were born in Natchitoches. Frank (00:12): Born in Natchitoches. Raised here. Interviewer (00:14): When did you see your first car? Frank (00:18): Oh, well, I say around about 15 or 20 years. Interviewer (00:25): You were about 15 years old? Frank (00:29): Yes, sir. Interviewer (00:29): Okay. Did it cause some kind of big disturbance when people saw a car? Frank (00:35): No, sir. Interviewer (00:36): They had heard about them, huh? Frank (00:37): We'd heard about them. Interviewer (00:37): I see. Was old Model T? Frank (00:42): Old Model T. Interviewer (00:47): Growing up in Natchitoches as a boy, what was it like? Frank (00:52): Well, there was nothing much. I'd have a good time. Plenty to eat, plenty good places to sleep. Go when I get ready, come back when I get ready. Have fun. Interviewer (01:07): Well, Mr. Jones, tell me about the riverboats coming to Natchitoches, when they used to come. Frank (01:13): Well, it's been so long, I can't tell you the right answer on that, when they used to come there, because I can't remember good. But I know they come there. Interviewer (01:27): Well, what did they bring to Natchitoches? Frank (01:30): Well, they'd call and tell them what to bring, and they'd bring it. Interviewer (01:35): Uh-huh (affirmative). Flour and beans? Frank (01:37): That's right. Meat. Interviewer (01:41): All kinds of good things. Frank (01:42): Rice. Peas. Yeah. They bring everything they told them to bring. Interviewer (01:51): Well, did the people get excited when the riverboat came? Frank (01:56): They were excited. They were glad, to me. "Oh, we got something coming. I don't know what it is, but it's coming." Interviewer (02:04): Well, did you ever used to ride on the riverboat? Frank (02:06): Oh, I didn't. I sure didn't. But I would see it a lot. I seen it good. But getting on it, I never get on it because I was scared of the water. Interviewer (02:16): Oh. You never did learn to swim. Frank (02:19): Well, no, sir. I tell you the truth, I never did try to swim. Interviewer (02:27): Mm-hmm (affirmative). What were big days? Celebrations? Can you remember anything about that? Like the 4th of July? Frank (02:36): Well, 4th of July, we enjoy that good. 19th of June, always like that. Interviewer (02:43): 19th of June, now, what is that? Frank (02:45): Well, that's your birthday. It come on a birthday. See, I was born in June. The 19th of June. Interviewer (02:56): So that's your special day? Frank (02:57): Yes, sir. Interviewer (02:58): What did you used to do on your birthday? Frank (03:01): Well, I didn't drink nothing much, but we eat and laugh and talk. Sometimes tell them, I say, "Well, y'all ain't eating much. I'll finish eating y'all." They laughed. [crosstalk 00:03:15]. They laughed, going on, say, "Well, I'll order you something else." I said, "No, I'm just playing. I got [inaudible 00:03:23]." Interviewer (03:22): Now, did you go out to eat, or did they cook at home for you? Frank (03:26): They cook at home for me. Then I'd go out someplace and eat. Interviewer (03:32): Sounds like a big day. Frank (03:33): That's right. Interviewer (03:35): When did you quit having birthday parties? Your family put birthday parties on for you? Frank (03:40): It's been a long time ago. Interviewer (03:42): Long time. (03:43): Yes, sir. Frank (03:47): Can you remember one special birthday that you had, where something happened that didn't happen again? (03:54): I sure can't remember that. Lord knows I can't. Interviewer (04:00): What about Christmas time? Frank (04:02): Oh, Christmas time. We had a good time for Christmas. Interviewer (04:06): How did you used to decorate a tree? Frank (04:08): Well, sometime, I'd like to get up a tree. Cut limbs down. Get them down and get out, and saw that big tree down. They'd say, "Frank," say, "You better move since that tree going to hit you." Says, "Not going to hit me, because when it start to coming down, I'm going to start running." They laughed. They laughed. Started to coming down, I seen it coming down. I said, "I'll run." Great big old tree. See, I'd run. You won't catch me. Interviewer (04:41): How did y'all decorate the Christmas tree? Frank (04:44): Well, we get [inaudible 00:04:47]. We get up there and get on them limbs. Cut some of them limbs down. Some of them are down, they fix them, make courses or get things and slice them up, make beards and things, all like that. Interviewer (05:03): Did you put candles on the tree? Frank (05:07): Yeah, I put candles on the tree. I remember that. Interviewer (05:12): Everybody get together and strung popcorn, and put popcorn on the tree? Frank (05:17): Popcorn? I don't remember that. No. Interviewer (05:19): Oh, okay. Frank (05:22): I might have had, but I can't remember. Interviewer (05:25): What about Thanksgiving? Frank (05:27): Thanksgiving day? We had a good time because, yeah, Thanksgiving day we have a big dinner. Everything. They'd drink the stuff they drink, but I know they drink that. I eat. I was a big eater. But eat don't set on me. If it did, I'd be bigger than a bed. Interviewer (05:55): You must have some secret, then. Because I know a lot of people, if they ate like you eat, would certainly be fat. Frank (06:03): That's the truth. Interviewer (06:03): But not you. Frank (06:09): Not me. Because I eat. God knows, I eat. Sometimes I keep a sandwich in my room, my house, right now. Because about 12 or 1:00, I get kind of hungry. I remember that we had a ice box that we kept ice in there. [crosstalk 00:06:30]. Interviewer (06:30): One of those old wooden ice box? Frank (06:32): Yeah. Interviewer (06:33): And where'd you buy the ice at? Frank (06:35): Well, we'd go and get the ice. You'd call them and tell them to bring you some ice. They bring it. They bring the ice to you. You want to go get ice, how much you want to go get, you go get it. Interviewer (06:55): I see. How long did a block of ice last? Frank (07:00): Oh, that'd last us... I think there was four of us, two boys and two girls. A block would last us two weeks or more. I would guess at two weeks. Interviewer (07:17): Now, how much did the block of ice cost then? Do you remember? Frank (07:22): Well, exactly I can't... what it cost. It cost... I don't know. I can make a guess on it. A block of ice, big old ice, a block of ice, it cost about... in them days, it's cheap. Round about four or five dollars, them days. Interviewer (07:52): Now, that'd last you for two weeks. Frank (07:54): Two weeks. Two weeks. Interviewer (07:58): I think electricity is better. Frank (08:00): It is better. It's better. You're right about that. Interviewer (08:07): We need to take a break right now, and we'll be back in just a minute. (08:16): If you've just joined us, we're visiting with Mr. Frank Jones. And he's told me he's never been in trouble in his life, but there was one time when he had a mix-up with the law. Now what about the time you got thrown in jail, Mr. Jones? Frank (08:32): It's been a good while ago. There's these two young police, they carried me to the... They say, "Well, I'll take you home." Instead of carrying me home, they put me in jail. I was maybe about- Interviewer (08:44): What for? Frank (08:45): Nothing. Interviewer (08:46): Just doing something. Frank (08:46): They just got onto the force. They thought that they would do something big. And the big boss come in there. He looked at them like that. He said, "Frank." I said, "Yes." Well, they standing [inaudible 00:09:01] that door for me. I said, "Them police, they put me in jail. They told me they going to get me home." He said, "I wish I'd have been there." He said, "Come on. Let him go." So they brought me on out there. There was the big boss man. And [inaudible 00:09:08] going on, he gave me $5. He said, "You can do what you want with it, because you all right. Anybody come in here like you did, they'd waste them." He said, "Here's $5." Interviewer (09:36): Well, now. You used to farm a little bit. Frank (09:41): Farm a whole lot. Interviewer (09:44): For how long did you farm? Frank (09:47): Oh, four, five, or six years. Seven years. Something like that. I know how to farm. Interviewer (09:52): What did you raise? Frank (09:57): Cotton. Corn. Any little thing we could raise on the farm. Raised cotton and corn. Interviewer (10:07): Did you own this land? Frank (10:08): No, sir. We were renting it. Interviewer (10:09): Who did you rent it from? Frank (10:13): The big boss. I forget his name. It's been too long. I just forget his name, but I know him when I see him. He could come in here right now, I'd know him. And he'd know me. He'd start to laugh and going on, but what is his name? I can't recall his name, right now. But I'd know him if I see him. Interviewer (10:32): Well now, how much money did you pay for this land that you rented? Frank (10:32): Five or six dollars a acre. Yes, sir. Interviewer (10:40): And you did this for six, seven years. Frank (10:43): Six, seven years. Interviewer (10:45): What'd you do after that? Frank (10:47): Started to drive a truck. Interviewer (10:49): Who'd you drive a truck for? Frank (10:50): For the company. The man's name was [Carl Ezra 00:10:55]. He died. He's a big man. I drove a truck for him. That's all I ever did do, was a big truck. I hauled everything. See, Natchitoches was dry, then. Interviewer (11:09): Dry. Frank (11:10): Dry with whisky. Interviewer (11:12): Oh, okay. Dry with whiskey. All right. Frank (11:30): So [inaudible 00:11:30] told me, "I bet you he'll call you, to carry you somewhere. But please remember us. Bring us some whiskey." All right. The boss carried me out. He said, "You stay here a while and just play [inaudible 00:11:50]." I said, "Oh, what for?" He said, "I'm going run and see can I get me Coke or something." Wasn't no Coke. It that whisky he got. Yeah. He said, "All right. You can get the Coke over there. Anything you want." I said, "Anything I want." He said, "I don't know what I'm going to get like that, myself." Interviewer (11:58): But most of the time you were hauling furniture. Frank (12:02): Furniture. Groceries. Just whatever they wanted, they allowed, I would haul that. They make a list out, and it's like, they would say, "You can have this into your place, and I'll give it to them." And load it up and bring it on. They'd load it for you. They'd bring it on here, and I'd bring it. I brought whisky for them. They'd say, "Here come Frank. Frank got something for us." I said, "No, I didn't have enough money." I said, "Well, 12:00 come, we eat." Interviewer (12:50): And you used to hunt. Frank (12:51): I used to hunt. Interviewer (12:53): You ever hunt deer? Frank (12:54): Anything I could see to kill. Deer or possum or rabbit. Interviewer (13:03): Now didn't you tell me that once you thought you'd shot one deer, and you shot two deer instead? Frank (13:08): That's right. Interviewer (13:10): Tell me about that. Frank (13:14): Well, I shot one, but I didn't know I'd shot the other. But I shot two. Interviewer (13:19): You shot it with one bullet or two? Frank (13:20): Two bullets. (13:21): Uh-huh (affirmative). Interviewer (13:25): I remember that good, I did it too long. (13:27): What was your reaction when you got there and found out that you'd shot two deer? Frank (13:33): Just glad, that's all. Interviewer (13:33): Just glad? Frank (13:33): Glad. Interviewer (13:36): Well, we need to go right now. Frank (13:37): Okay. Interviewer (13:39): It has been a pleasure visiting with you.

Memories host speaks with Frank Jones about growing up in Natchitoches, holiday celebrations, and farming

30. Francis Metoyer

Transcript

Speaker 1 (00:02): Good morning. On the Memories program today, we have a lovely lady. Born in Natchitoches Parish, raised there for a small period of her life and then has traveled greatly and has returned again. May I introduce to you Mrs. Francis Metoyer. Good morning. Francis Metoyer (00:20): Good morning. Francis Metoyer speaking. Well, I want to tell somebody my experience after I was 65 years old. I left Natchitoches and I went to Chicago. And from Chicago, I went to Indianapolis. And from Indianapolis, I went to Wisconsin. And from Wisconsin, I'm back to Natchitoches. But I learned a lot of my experience about crocheting and other craft works that I make, quilts and spreads. I make that sitting at the house and also I go to craft houses and also at the old folks home, help them out some. (01:03): And by doing my traveling time, I had a lot of experience because I went through a tornado. And the tornado was so bad that it looked like everybody in the bus was going to die. But I told them, let's pray. And instead of praying we sing songs. And I'll never forget a little red car passed on top of the bus with a man and his wife in it, and passed and fell on the other side of the bus and both of them got killed. Speaker 1 (01:31): Oh that's terrible. Francis Metoyer (01:35): On the next morning, we read the paper and the little red car was on the newspaper and they had just gotten married about 24 hours. Speaker 1 (01:46): It just sailed right over the top of the bus. Francis Metoyer (01:47): And they sailed on top of the bus and they fell in the ditch and both of them got killed in a little red car. I don't know the numbers of cars or what kind of car, but I knew the car passed on top of the bus. I'll never forget this car long as I live. Speaker 1 (02:01): You talked about that you crochet. How did you learn to crochet? Francis Metoyer (02:08): I learned how to crochet looking through a crack at my mother and a lady, a young girl was showing my mother how to crochet. And I didn't have no crochet needle so I took a cypress splinter and I made my crochet needle and I went on crocheting with that until I learned how to crochet. No one learned me how to crochet. Right now I can crochet most anything that a person can crochet, but I learned it on a cypress splinter that I made myself. The one [inaudible 00:02:47] I crocheted with a cypress splinter. Speaker 1 (02:49): What did you use for material to crochet? Francis Metoyer (02:52): I'd rip up flour sacks and take them strings and that's what I'd crochet with. I even made sweaters with them. Speaker 1 (03:01): Sweaters? Francis Metoyer (03:02): With string that I get off of the flour and meal sacks. Speaker 1 (03:10): My goodness. And you also do quilt work, right? Francis Metoyer (03:15): And I do quilt work but I didn't start that until I was 65 years old. But crocheting, I've been crocheting since I was nine years old and that's where I learnt. I never been to school in my life. Speaker 1 (03:30): In your travels, you mentioned Chicago. Francis Metoyer (03:34): I went to Chicago, I lived in Chicago for several years. Speaker 1 (03:39): What's the difference, what is the thing you remember most about Chicago? Francis Metoyer (03:43): Well, I like the parks in Chicago and different places you go to eat and have good times. I loved them places in Chicago. Speaker 1 (03:55): That's what you remember about it? Francis Metoyer (03:57): And I remember that nice about Chicago. Speaker 1 (03:59): What were the bad things about it? Francis Metoyer (04:01): Well, that's when the riot, that's what they called it I believe, when the whole lot of people just fighting for one part of Chicago. Well that was bad. Speaker 1 (04:10): That's the riots. Francis Metoyer (04:11): Yeah. Speaker 1 (04:12): What part of Chicago did you live in? Francis Metoyer (04:14): I live the North part of Chicago, that's where I live most time. I live in the East part of Chicago just a short while. But it was the North part of Chicago. And that's why they had that riots. Speaker 1 (04:29): You were there when all the riots were going on. Francis Metoyer (04:31): Were going on, I seen them kill a little girl and put her behind a motorcycle and all this. Airplanes coming down on top of the house hollering to people to stay in they house. I saw all that. Speaker 1 (04:47): That must have been terrible. Francis Metoyer (04:48): Well I sawed some bad things and good things in Chicago. But I left Chicago. But I wouldn't want to live there anymore. I stayed there three months that last year, I had a wonderful time. I went to a wedding, we sing and dance and I had a wonderful time at that wedding. And I got pictures that I took and 'course in Chicago they shoot it on television. Speaker 1 (05:19): Of course. Francis Metoyer (05:20): While we was dancing and singing because the film went on all the time the wedding that was two hours long. Speaker 1 (05:30): And you showed that on the news? Francis Metoyer (05:32): Yeah, they showed in for fifteen minutes on television. Speaker 1 (05:37): We have to take a break right now and we'll be right back in just a moment. Francis Metoyer (05:37): All right. Speaker 1 (05:47): If you've just joined us, we're visiting with Mrs. Metoyer and we're about to talk about sharecropping. Francis Metoyer (05:54): Well, my sharecropping that was the first year after I got married. We went on Mr. Jim Watlow's place and we work what they call on half. We given half of our bales of cotton, we made 19 bales of cotton that year, and we give him half. And we paid him what bought on credit all the year at the Watlow store and at the end of the year we paid him with our share of cotton and he got the other share and we got [inaudible 00:06:32] amount of money off of our crop. But from them, we left Mr. Watlow and went and worked with some other folks and, well the next year we didn't meet anything, it all went to what we had bought during the year. Speaker 1 (06:51): Did he furnish the plows and the mules? Francis Metoyer (06:55): The plow, the mule, and... Speaker 1 (06:58): The house? Francis Metoyer (06:59): ... and the house. And we plowed, we worked the land. My husband plowed, we hoed, but by the end of the year we had a lot of sickness so at the end of the year it took all what we had made, we didn't have anything. So we moved back with Mr. Watlow in Montgomery, Louisiana. And we worked on half that with him until we caught up again. And then we moved back in Natchitoches Parish. And after Natchitoches Parish, well, we shared crop. We shared crop all the way until he died in 1948. Speaker 1 (07:49): Okay. You were talking a little earlier about sickness. What kind of home remedies did y'all use? Medicines. Francis Metoyer (07:56): Well, we had what you'd call a tea. We use some kind of tea what we used to boil and then some roots, we call it just whatever roots we'd dig up, any kind of roots that would make a tea would make it. I used to know how to make cough syrup and I'd make that out of cherry roots. You know what is a cherry tree? Speaker 1 (08:34): Yes ma'am. Francis Metoyer (08:35): Well, we'd dig them cherry tree roots and also what they call a file roots where they go in the woods and get this file, you know? Speaker 1 (08:50): What kind of? No, I don't know. Francis Metoyer (08:56): You know what this is, I don't know what they call this kind of thing, but you get the leaves and you mash them and make file. Speaker 1 (09:02): Ah, file gumbo. Francis Metoyer (09:02): The gumbo. Speaker 1 (09:03): Oh, okay. Francis Metoyer (09:04): Yeah, that's right. Well, we take them roots, boil all that together and we pour syrup in there and make a cough syrup. Speaker 1 (09:13): Did it work? Francis Metoyer (09:15): Well, it worked in my time. Speaker 1 (09:19): Well, it might work now. Francis Metoyer (09:20): I wouldn't know. But in my time raising my children, I raised 14 children, and nobody hardly got no doctors with a cold it had. I'd always make the cough syrup for them to drink. Speaker 1 (09:34): What about if someone was real bad sick? Francis Metoyer (09:36): Well, when they was real bad sick we'd get the doctor. Speaker 1 (09:36): Get a doctor. Francis Metoyer (09:39): Get a doctor. But for the small children when they'd have a cold, we'd always fix some kind of little remedy thing for them. Then we'd do mustard seed, we'd boil it in mustard seed, for syrup we'd mash in mustard seed and make a poultice with it and put it on there while they say they be hurting. For pneumonia, because some of my children had pneumonia we never got the doctor for them. Speaker 1 (09:39): And it always worked? Francis Metoyer (10:11): It always did work but I wouldn't try it now anymore. Speaker 1 (10:13): Why? Francis Metoyer (10:14): I don't know that but I wouldn't try that. There's a lot of things that we did in our time that I wouldn't try it anymore. Speaker 1 (10:22): Oh I see. You must have a lot of recipes in your head about how to make different things. Do you know how to make boudain? Francis Metoyer (10:22): Yes, I does. Speaker 1 (10:29): How do you make it? Tell me about it. Francis Metoyer (10:34): Well, you got to first butcher the hog and get the blood be coming out the hog and you pour plenty salt on it as it coming out, you pour plenty salt. And then you set it and when you open the hog and get all the hot fat in there, put that in that blood and stir it up good. And then you cut lot of onion, plenty red pepper, black pepper, and also garlic you put in there. And then you stuff them up and put them to boil, let them boil awhile and that blood all come thick in there and you cut it and it look just like sausage when you cut it. Speaker 1 (11:16): Now do you put rice in there? Francis Metoyer (11:18): Some people put rices in it. You cook your rice and then stir it up into that blood. Speaker 1 (11:24): But you always made red boudain? Francis Metoyer (11:28): I always made mine just pure red with a whole lot of garlic, no lot of onion, and red, red pepper. Speaker 1 (11:33): Mm, sounds good. That's the green onion now. Francis Metoyer (11:37): Green onions and garlic you put in it and you boil it up there and it just comes so nice and pretty and you just could cut it just like if it is sausage. Speaker 1 (11:54): And you make hogs head cheese? Francis Metoyer (11:54): Yeah, I made hog head cheese too, lot of it. And well that's something you got to boil the head and the feet and the ears, mash it up good, and put a lot of season in that too. And that's real good. Can't everybody make them right because I believe mine about the best I ever knew though. Speaker 1 (12:13): Well, you better. Francis Metoyer (12:16): So I have made them because I got people what living today can tell you how they come for my hog head cheese. Speaker 1 (12:25): Sounds good. We've enjoyed visiting with you this morning. Francis Metoyer (12:32): [inaudible 00:12:32] is stayed with y'all today. Bon soir in my white little car.

Memories host speaks with Mrs. Francis Metoyer about growing up in Natchitoches and sharecropping.

29. Occie Stafford

Transcript

David Dollar (00:01): Hello, once again, this is David Dollar. We're visiting in the home of Mr. and Ms. Dave Stafford. Occie Stafford we're going to talk to today, Ms. Stafford. And you might hear some background noises on this tape and think that things are wrong at the radio station, but it's not because we're out on a nice screened-in porch and it's fixing to rain. The storm clouds are coming in. So whatever you hear is what we’re hearing right now. And we're not going to make any bones about that because I'm loving it. Ms. Stafford, let's start things off this morning by you telling us a little about your family. Where you were born and things. Mrs. Occie Stafford (00:39): Well, I was born and raised about three miles from here and I was born in 1902, September 1902. And I had three sisters, one brother and my mother was sick lots when my brother [inaudible 00:00:54]. David Dollar (00:55): Where were you born? Excuse me, let me interrupt you. Where were you born? Mrs. Occie Stafford (00:59): Here in Marthaville. [crosstalk 00:00:59]. David Dollar (00:59): I missed that. Mrs. Occie Stafford (01:05): And so I learned to sew when I was very small to make clothes for my two baby sisters. I stood in a rawhide bottom chair and ironed with a big old, Tommy raw iron on the dining table because mom and poppa thought I'd drop the iron on my feet, made me break my foot or ankle. David Dollar (01:25): I bet you would too. I've seen some of those big old things. Mrs. Occie Stafford (01:26): And he cut a block and put in front of the wood stove for me to get up on, to tend to my vittles and cooking and frying on top of the stove. David Dollar (01:35): How old were you when you were doing these kinds of things? Mrs. Occie Stafford (01:40): Well I was, I guess I was about seven or eight years old. I can remember washing out baby clothes the day I was six years old. David Dollar (01:48): My goodness. You just kind of had all kind of chores on your hands. Didn't you? At a very early age. Mrs. Occie Stafford (01:53): I've always enjoyed working. My mother and daddy never did tell me to have to do a thing. They never laid the weight of their hands on me. I rolled down that bed and made a fire when I was little, too little to put on a back stick on the fireplace. My daddy put on one at night and I always got up and cooked breakfast. I carried my daddy coffee to the bed and- David Dollar (02:15): Things had to be done and you were the one that did it, uh? Mrs. Occie Stafford (02:17): I was oldest and I always take the lead and the help I could see the things needed to be done and should be done. David Dollar (02:25): That's right. Mrs. Occie Stafford (02:26): And I think that's where people is doing wrong today is raising their children not to work. David Dollar (02:26): Not to work. Mrs. Occie Stafford (02:31): Not the love to work David Dollar (02:31): Mm-hmm (affirmative). Mrs. Occie Stafford (02:33): Plan to work. I think they get more out of life. I have enjoyed my whole life. David Dollar (02:33): I see. Mrs. Occie Stafford (02:39): I have got pleasure out of my work. I love to work. David Dollar (02:42): Wait and how did you learn if your mother was kind of sick? Was she able to show you these things? How did you learn to say to cook and iron? I know. Mrs. Occie Stafford (02:50): Well... David Dollar (02:50): I can't do stuff like that now. Mrs. Occie Stafford (02:51): When I was tinier, I seen her doing it and I learned to do it. And I tell you one time, my cornbread smelt funny, and I didn't want to bother mama with nothing because she was sick. David Dollar (03:05): Right. Mrs. Occie Stafford (03:06): And the house had a big old hall in it. The kitchen way down there. I didn't have to bother. David Dollar (03:10): Right. Mrs. Occie Stafford (03:10): Miss Allie Boward came from her field where she was working at her lunch out. And I met her at the hall steps and I said, "Miss Allie, I am so proud you come." I says, "My cornbread smells funny." She come on in there and she says, "Honey, tasted it. You ain't put no salt in it. You forgot to put your salt." David Dollar (03:32): And you were young and just learning how to cook. Mrs. Occie Stafford (03:34): Yeah. And then another thing Miss Allie Boward helped me put my first quilt in the frame. David Dollar (03:39): Oh, yeah? Mrs. Occie Stafford (03:39): To quilt. David Dollar (03:40): I noticed when we were coming in, you got another one in the works out there now. Mrs. Occie Stafford (03:43): Oh, yeah. There's several of them. I've been quilting ever since. Piecing. I crochet. I embroidery. I [inaudible 00:03:50]. When I sit down, I've got something in my hands doing it. I love to work, stay busy. I think we all should stay busy. I think if people would stay busy, I think they'd hold their mind longer. David Dollar (04:05): Wouldn't have time to get in a bunch of trouble that way would we? Mrs. Occie Stafford (04:05): That's true. David Dollar (04:05): We stay busy. Mrs. Occie Stafford (04:11): And I want to stay busy as long as I live and I expect to, and I expect to keep my old self going. And I I milk cows and I churn. I plowed a horse. I had a horse to ride. I had a saddle and always raised chickens. We raised our meat. We raised our cane and made our syrup. I skim syrup, made syrup on any day. I could make a syrup just as good as anybody. David Dollar (04:11): You were right in the middle of all that stuff going on. Mrs. Occie Stafford (04:40): Yes, sir. I've had a full life. David Dollar (04:42): Let me stop you right here. We need to take a short commercial. We'll pick up here in just a second. Mrs. Occie Stafford (04:46): Okay. David Dollar (04:47): David Dollar visiting with Ms. Occie Stafford down in Marthaville. We'd be right back after this message from our sponsor, People's Bank and Trust Company. (05:00): Hello, once again. In case you're just joining us. David Dollar and Ms. Occie Stafford down in Marthaville. We visited with Mr. Stafford last time and talked to him some. We're talking to Mrs. Stafford now and she's telling us about more work than I've heard about in quite a while. You, I'm kind of getting tired, sitting here, listening to everything you've been talking about. Let's go back to when you were a little girl and and you said your mom was sick. All this work that you did, you really had to do. It wasn't a... Mrs. Occie Stafford (05:00): It was a necessity because there wasn't nobody to hire them days. It didn't do that. David Dollar (05:00): Right. Mrs. Occie Stafford (05:36): And nobody had no money to hire. David Dollar (05:38): So? Mrs. Occie Stafford (05:38): And we washed on a rug board. We hung our clothes out on a picket fence. And so we live. Now, people call it the bad times back in old times, but it was the good times. It was a lot of better times. There was more pleasure with children, young folks, old folks, people come spend Sunday and eat dinner with you. And they was more in life back then there are now. David Dollar (06:03): Let me ask you this. You talk about pleasurable times when you finally finished all this work that you were doing, what did you do to have a good time? I know you enjoyed working. Mrs. Occie Stafford (06:14): We went to church and went to Sunday school. David Dollar (06:16): What all went on in church when you were a little girl? What do you remember about that? Mrs. Occie Stafford (06:20): Well we had Sunday school. We had league. We belonged to the Methodist Church. We had the children's league and the church and the preachers them days would come spend the night with you because they didn't have cars. David Dollar (06:20): Right. Right. Mrs. Occie Stafford (06:26): And enjoy cooking and fixing for the ministers you know. And we had a wagon to go and come to church in. David Dollar (06:42): Did y'all ever do much dancing or anything like that? Mrs. Occie Stafford (06:44): No, I never did dance. David Dollar (06:46): That's kind of not accepted too much there, uh?. Mrs. Occie Stafford (06:50): No, we wasn't. Mr. Dave Stafford (06:51): I did it. [crosstalk 00:06:51]. David Dollar (06:51): You did? Oh, now Mr. Stafford something's been going on here. One of them dancing and one of them isn't. Who were you dancing with? You don't have to answer that. I'm just kidding. Don't answer. Might get y'all in trouble here. [crosstalk 00:07:02] Mrs. Occie Stafford (07:04): But we met up and we married in 1929. David Dollar (07:07): I see. Mrs. Occie Stafford (07:09): He was 29 years old and I was 26. David Dollar (07:13): When did y'all marry here in Marthaville? Mrs. Occie Stafford (07:13): In Natchitoches. David Dollar (07:13): In Natchitoches? Mrs. Occie Stafford (07:16): Right down there where that Live Oak store is at, in front of the new drug store. David Dollar (07:22): Right. Mrs. Occie Stafford (07:22): That store. There was a different building then. That's where we married. [inaudible 00:07:28] David Dollar (07:30): And y'all moved back over in this area? Mrs. Occie Stafford (07:31): Yeah, we come back to Marthaville and lived in Marthaville. He was still saw milling. David Dollar (07:31): Saw milling and you were still busy doing things at home. Mrs. Occie Stafford (07:43): Yes, sir. I always carried on to work at home and I've always had a garden every year. And so he just... My life has been full. David Dollar (07:52): Have y'all had any children? Mrs. Occie Stafford (07:53): No, we don't have any children. David Dollar (07:55): I was just wondering if you were able to pass on all these things to... Mrs. Occie Stafford (07:59): No, I don't have no children. David Dollar (08:00): I see. Mrs. Occie Stafford (08:00): But my sister's children, I guess feel about like my grandchildren. Now my brothers got a boy down here. Only child he's got and he's the nearest thing to both of us. David Dollar (08:00): Right. Mrs. Occie Stafford (08:21): And they've got two little children and a little boy and little girl and we... David Dollar (08:21): Let me ask you this, have you been able to interest them in cooking or doing some quilting or anything like that? Mrs. Occie Stafford (08:28): I taught his wife. I learned her how to crochet and... David Dollar (08:28): Oh, really? Mrs. Occie Stafford (08:29): And to sew and to do a lot of things that she didn't do. Fancy work and she has really enjoyed it and made life out of it. David Dollar (08:39): Great. Great. Well, Ms. Stafford we certainly enjoyed you visiting with us today. Mr. Stafford thank you for, even though it might have got you in trouble, but in there about dancing, you better watch stuff like that. Those lady folks will get you, if they find out you've been out dancing on them. Mr. Dave Stafford (08:39): I know. David Dollar (08:39): Okay. Mrs. Occie Stafford (08:55): Before we married, he drank a little but he quit it before we married. David Dollar (08:56): Quit that too. Oh, that's good. Mrs. Occie Stafford (09:01): So I wanna tell y'all one thing. Is the tape still on? David Dollar (09:02): It's still on. I'll tell you what, we'll finish it. If it's kind of secret, let me finish up the show. Mrs. Occie Stafford (09:02): I want to tell y'all one thing but I didn't want it on tape. David Dollar (09:12): All right. [crosstalk 00:09:12]. (09:12): I tell you what, I'm fixing to end this show up and I'm going to find something out that y'all, ain't going to find out because I got to turn the tape off. We thank you for joining us this far though. David Dollar visiting with the Staffords down in Marthaville and it's just about raining and thundering on the series. I'm sure you can hear.

David Dollar speaks with Occie Stafford in Marthaville about growing up doing chores and how that translated into working.

28. Mary Jacobs

Transcript

Jim Colley (00:00): ... this morning on The Memory Show we'll be talking with Mrs. Mary Jacobs at her home here in Natchitoches. This is Jim [Colley 00:00:06]. Welcome to The Memory Show, Mrs. Jacobs. We're glad to see you. Mary Jacobs (00:09): Glad to see you. Jim Colley (00:11): We were talking about, before the show began, where you grew up. You grew up right around this area didn't you? Mary Jacobs (00:18): Grew up in Cypress. Jim Colley (00:19): Where's Cypress? Mary Jacobs (00:20): 12 miles from here. Jim Colley (00:22): So have you ever been out of this parish? Mary Jacobs (00:24): Sure. Jim Colley (00:24): You travelled around a lot? Mary Jacobs (00:26): Not too much, but I have been out of [inaudible 00:00:28] like Mississippi and New York, and that's it. Jim Colley (00:35): I've always wondered where the name Cypress came from. Do you know? Mary Jacobs (00:40): No, I wouldn't know. Jim Colley (00:41): Were there any Cypress trees around there? Mary Jacobs (00:44): A few. Jim Colley (00:44): Just a few. Not very many, though. Mary Jacobs (00:44): Not too many. Jim Colley (00:47): Well, I've always wondered about that. How large was your family? Mary Jacobs (00:52): Five kids, mother and daddy. Jim Colley (00:55): You were what? The next to last? Is that what you told me? Mary Jacobs (01:00): Next to the last. Jim Colley (01:01): Next to the last. Mary Jacobs (01:01): That's right. Jim Colley (01:02): Were you spoiled? Mary Jacobs (01:04): Yes, I was. Jim Colley (01:04): What was it like being a spoiled fourth child? Mary Jacobs (01:09): I loved it. I wasn't a [inaudible 00:01:13]. Yes I am. Jim Colley (01:18): Growing up down in Cypress and living down there, was that a saw mill town or was it basically a farming town? Mary Jacobs (01:26): Basically a farming town. Jim Colley (01:28): Your dad worked for who down there? Mary Jacobs (01:29): Mr. Jim Salters. Jim Colley (01:29): What was it like growing up around there? What did the kids have to do? Mary Jacobs (01:36): Well, we didn't have too much to do. We'd do swimming, build us a diving board down at the river. And we went to school, now. We went to school in a small church house. Now I never did get no further than the fourth grade. But it was a small church house, went to schooling down there. But we had a good time down there. We was raised... Now my daddy used to cut cordwood. And we burned cordwood, we burned wood , and we also cooked on wood, y’know we had a heater. That's what we was raised by, a heater. We didn't have a fireplace like people does y’know . So that's where we lived. My daddy used to kill hog, kill meat. Jim Colley (02:13): And you all have put that up? Mary Jacobs (02:15): And then we'd raise chicken. Jim Colley (02:16): Would you make all that stuff, smoke it? And you remember much about that? Mary Jacobs (02:21): I mean, I remember some of it. He would salt the meat down. I remember about the salt. But I don't remember no smoked meat, but we never did. I didn't see him do it. He just salt the meat down. Jim Colley (02:34): The way families grew up back then, they were a lot closer. And I think one of the reasons why, the houses weren't very big. What kind of house do you remember growing up in? Mary Jacobs (02:43): I grew up a three room frame building. Jim Colley (02:46): So everybody just lived right there together? Mary Jacobs (02:48): That's right. Three rooms, that's right. Jim Colley (02:51): And the heat came... You said you grew up around a heater. Didn't have a fireplace. Mary Jacobs (02:54): Yeah, it had a heater. We didn't have a fireplace. We had a heater to burn wood, and also a cookstove to burn wood in it. Jim Colley (03:01): But it didn't ever get too cold down there? Mary Jacobs (03:04): Not too bad. Jim Colley (03:06): What kind of games did you play as a child? Do you remember any? Mary Jacobs (03:09): Yeah, played stick dolls, and we played like these ring around the roses. [inaudible 00:03:19] play? Jim Colley (03:21): How would you make those stick dolls? Did you make them to play with, or did somebody make them for you? Mary Jacobs (03:25): We made them ourselves. [inaudible 00:03:26] on a stick piece of wood and cut it and split it. Put some arms on it, sewed a rag around the arm and make a little round knot and make the head. And make little dresses and put them on. Now you couldn't see the feet. Jim Colley (03:40): So you had a real good doll. Mary Jacobs (03:41): A real good doll. Jim Colley (03:43): After you finished with that. Mary Jacobs (03:44): Sure did. Take a matchbox and make them little trunks to put the clothes in. Jim Colley (03:49): So you could play house almost. Mary Jacobs (03:56): Yeah. Like my doll, going to visit somebody, I would stick them under the house [inaudible 00:03:56]. Jim Colley (03:58): That's a good way of doing it. As you grew up and got to be a teenager, did you have many dates? Or did y'all date or did you just go out in crowds together? Mary Jacobs (04:11): We usually went out in crowd together. When I did started dating, I eventually got married. Jim Colley (04:16): It just led right into it didn't it? Mary Jacobs (04:18): That's right. Jim Colley (04:19): What kind of things did a teenage crowd do? We were talking about dances. Mary Jacobs (04:23): That was it. Our teenage, we'd go to each other houses or they'd invite us to their house and we'd play dance. This dance, seven of eight and circle right. Jim Colley (04:34): Now what's that? Seven of eight. Mary Jacobs (04:35): Seven of eight of us. And then it says circle right, and you'd go back left and we'd go back right and swing each other. Jim Colley (04:44): Yeah? And then you'd go through the same dance again or was there something else you'd do? Mary Jacobs (04:47): Oh, we'd play old house. Tear it down. [inaudible 00:04:50]. We could dance by that. Jim Colley (04:51): Well, tell me what old house tear it down is. Mary Jacobs (04:54): Well, that's all I knew. It just was a song and we would dance by it. Jim Colley (04:57): So everybody'd sing it and dance at the same time. Mary Jacobs (04:59): Dance by it. Be singing it. Old house, tear it down. Old house, tear it... Then go on. You got to hand me and build [inaudible 00:05:07] and all that stuff. Jim Colley (05:08): Oh, so it had a lot of motion kind of things to it. Mary Jacobs (05:13): That's right, that's right. And little Sally Walker sitting in a saucer. Ride Sally ride like that. Jim Colley (05:13): Now what? Mary Jacobs (05:18): Little Sally Walker sitting in a saucer weeping and a crying. Ride Sally ride. And we'd ride and choose my partner and swing them going around. Jim Colley (05:27): Those were good times. Mary Jacobs (05:28): It sure were. That's kind of time we had. Jim Colley (05:30): Yeah. Mary Jacobs (05:31): Oh, like now we didn't have nothing like that. Jim Colley (05:34): You had to make do with your own stuff, and somehow that was pretty good stuff I guess. Mary Jacobs (05:38): That's right. Jim Colley (05:39): What about picnics? Did y'all have many picnics? Mary Jacobs (05:44): Right at the house. Jim Colley (05:45): Right at the house. Mary Jacobs (05:46): We lived on a river bank. We'd have it right up behind the bank. Damn kids get under there and have a picnic. Sometimes mama would be with us, if not, just us. Fish a lot. Jim Colley (05:54): Did you ever have any of those box lunch kind of parties? Mary Jacobs (05:58): Sure. I just said, told you about these boxes we had. We take a shoebox, dress it up, by this paper you know , and make it fancy. Jim Colley (06:08): How would you dress it up? What would one look like? You tell me what one would look like. Mary Jacobs (06:12): Oh, we'd take a shoe box and take this crepe paper and make little tucks around it you know . Put a big bow on top of it and apple, candy, fried chicken in there like that. And then sell the box. Boy buy it, your box. Boy buy the next girl box. Jim Colley (06:29): And so everybody bid on your box, right? Whoever they wanted to eat with- Mary Jacobs (06:29): That's the box they'd buy. Jim Colley (06:29): ... they bid on the box. Mary Jacobs (06:35): That's right. Jim Colley (06:37): Whose box always sold for the most money? Mary Jacobs (06:42): I don't know. Jim Colley (06:42): Was it yours? Mary Jacobs (06:43): I don't know. Jim Colley (06:44): You can't remember, huh? Mary Jacobs (06:45): I can't remember that because the lady didn't tell us. Jim Colley (06:50): Oh. Now that was what happened to the money? Mary Jacobs (06:53): She'd take it to the church. Jim Colley (06:54): Ah, it was a church kind of event. Mary Jacobs (06:58): That's right. Jim Colley (06:58): I guess the church was a place where everybody met and it was just a good social kind of center. Mary Jacobs (07:01): That's right. A little small church, and that's where I went to school, this little small church. Jim Colley (07:06): I wanted to ask you about the school, but let's take a break right now for People's Bank & Trust. And when we come back together, we're going to start off talking about that school you were in, okay? (07:18): If you've just joined this , is The Memory Show. And we're talking with Mrs. Mary Jacobs in her home here in Natchitoches. Ms. Jacobs, we were just talking about growing up in Cypress and what it was like commuting between Cypress on the train. Do you remember much about those train rides? Mary Jacobs (07:36): Yeah, I remember a lot about the train ride because that's the only way we could get to going anyplace. But when we got on the train, we came up here one time, you know and my daddy [inaudible 00:07:44] we just... I don't know nothing about no town. Just walking along just looking. And then he just pulled and bumped my head. I [inaudible 00:07:54]. Jim Colley (07:56): You should have been looking where you were going. Mary Jacobs (07:59): That's right. [inaudible 00:07:59] I went to cry. And he said, "I told you I was ready to go on it." But it wasn't just the [inaudible 00:08:04] train. We used to go up to Shreveport on the train. And they had a little train called Doodle Dump. Jim Colley (08:08): The Doodle Dump train? Mary Jacobs (08:10): Yeah. And we slipped in this caboose you know and ride from here, up from Cypress up here. [inaudible 00:08:15] my mother had a auntie up here you know and we'd come to visit her, stay all day, and catch the little Doodle Dump and go back home. Jim Colley (08:22): And so that's what everybody called the train was Doodle Dump. Mary Jacobs (08:22): That's right. Jim Colley (08:25): I didn't know that there was such a thing. Mary Jacobs (08:27): Well, this was a caboose. I mean, an engine and a [inaudible 00:08:30] and one coach and a caboose. You know [inaudible 00:08:33] caboose? Jim Colley (08:33): Yeah? Mary Jacobs (08:33): Yeah. Jim Colley (08:35): There wasn't much room on there. Mary Jacobs (08:36): Not much room on it. We'd sit up there and [inaudible 00:08:39] like that. Jim Colley (08:40): What was it like for a little girl to be riding on that train? Mary Jacobs (08:42): Oh, it be fun. I want to get up and just run all over the place, but they'd make me sit down. I did. I really enjoyed it- Jim Colley (08:48): I'll bet. Mary Jacobs (08:48): ... at that time you know . Jim Colley (08:50): How old were you when you first started riding the train? Mary Jacobs (08:52): About five years old. Jim Colley (08:54): Did you ever have to ride it by yourself? Mary Jacobs (08:57): Oh, not at five. I never did. Around about 10, 11 I could come up here and see my auntie and go back. Jim Colley (09:05): You said you would go from Cypress up to Natchitoches and Shreveport and where? Mary Jacobs (09:09): In Waskom, Texas. Jim Colley (09:11): How long would it take to ride? Do you remember? All day to go from Cypress- Mary Jacobs (09:17): No. Not all day. To Natchitoches? Jim Colley (09:20): No, to Waskom. I guess you'd what? Go go up to Shreveport and change trains up there. Mary Jacobs (09:25): Yes. No, we didn't change trains. Jim Colley (09:25): Same train. Mary Jacobs (09:28): It was a long train, then, when you rode going up that way. But just from Natchitoches back to Cypress was just a little caboose you know . The engine and this caboose you know . But this was a train. I'd just get on a train and ride up there. But I'd stay all night and come back. But it wouldn't take all day. If I catched the morning train I'd get up there by 12:00. [crosstalk 00:09:51]. Jim Colley (09:50): Now we I wish we had trains like that now, because- Mary Jacobs (09:54): So do I. Jim Colley (09:54): It sure would be a lot easier. Mary Jacobs (09:56): It would. Jim Colley (09:57): But trains were quite an adventure for little kids. All that noise- Mary Jacobs (10:01): Yes, it was. Jim Colley (10:01): ... and big engines and lots of people. Mary Jacobs (10:03): That's right. Get out on it. And we lived right in front of it, right in front of the track. And we'd just get out there and pick up rocks and things, throw it at the trains as it passed by, go out there and try to catch the train you know . A little long train pass, I'd run out there and try to swing one of them. Jim Colley (10:20): Now what do you mean, swing one of them? Mary Jacobs (10:21): You know, catch it by the... You see all those brakeman catch a train? Jim Colley (10:24): Yeah? Mary Jacobs (10:25): Well, I'd try that. Jim Colley (10:27): Well, what happened if you caught it? Mary Jacobs (10:29): Ride a little piece and jump off. Jim Colley (10:30): Ooh. I bet your mother didn't like you doing that. Mary Jacobs (10:34): No, she didn't like it, but we always did. Jim Colley (10:38): Wasn't much she had to say about it. Mary Jacobs (10:40): She didn't say too much. She would just say it was dangerous. Jim Colley (10:43): Yeah. Right before we took that break a few minutes ago, we were talking about going to school. What do you remember about that school? You said you never finished... Well, you got up to the fourth grade. Do you remember much about school? Were there a lot of children there? Mary Jacobs (10:59): It was about 50, something like that in this small church right there. It was kind of crowded. And she was a nice teacher, too. Jim Colley (11:08): Who was your teacher? Mary Jacobs (11:09): Clara Turner. Jim Colley (11:14): She never had to sit you up on a stool with a dunce cap on? Did you ever get a- Mary Jacobs (11:19): She whipped you in your hands. A strap. Jim Colley (11:22): Did she ever whip you? What'd you done wrong? Mary Jacobs (11:25): Jumped on another girl. Jim Colley (11:25): Ooh. Mary Jacobs (11:25): It was about my food. Jim Colley (11:31): She was after your- Mary Jacobs (11:32): She wanted it. I had a ham bone in it, and that girl [inaudible 00:11:36] wanted the ham bone. I didn't want her to have it. Jim Colley (11:32): And that was that. Mary Jacobs (11:32): That was that. Jim Colley (11:41): And you jumped her and you got your hands slapped on there. Mary Jacobs (11:44): I sure did. And stayed in, no recess. Jim Colley (11:47): Uh-oh. And that was punishment, too. Mary Jacobs (11:49): Mm-hmm (affirmative). Jim Colley (11:51): Well, Ms. Jacobs, we've enjoyed talking with you this morning. We're glad that you let us come in and remind ourselves of some of your memories. I'm sure a lot of us out there in the listening audience remember train rides and schools and growing up games and some of those old songs that we used to sing to dance together. Mary Jacobs (12:09): That's right.

Jim Colley speaks with Mary Jacobs about activities growing up in Natchitoches from dances to riding trains.

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