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NPS and ANILCA
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Endnotes
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The National Park Service and the Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act of 1980: Administrative History Endnotes |
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Chapter
Five
1. Keith Trexler to Ted Swem, February 16, 1974, ARO Goals, Denali Keyman Files, Box 28, Alaska Task Force Files, RG 79, FARC, Seattle.
2. Al Henson to Ted Swem, March 5, 1974, Alaska Organization - NPS, Swem Papers; Alaska Task Force Organization, April 12, 1974, History of ATFO, Henson Papers, Mancos; 'Meeting Regarding Support Data for Alaska Areas," May 7, 1974, W-38, Box 20, Alaska Task Force Files, RG 79, FARC, Seattle; Al [Henson] to Ted [Swem], [February 1974], Box 3, Ibid.; ATFO Employees as of 2/1/75, NPS Personnel - ARO, Henson Papers, Mancos. Professionals were Project Leader (Henson), Management Assistant (Keith Trexler), Park Planner (John Kauffmann), Landscape Architect (Bailey Breedlove), Public Information Officer (Bob Belous), and Special Research Analyst (Amy Paige).
3. Al [Henson] to Ted [Swem], [February 1974], A-94, Box 3, Alaska Task Force Files, RG 79, FARC, Seattle; Interview of Al Henson and Theodor R. Swem, June 7, 1973; Ron Walker to Assistant Secretary, FWP, October 24, 1974, Alaska Organization, Swem Papers.
Henson's concerns were shared by a number of people. On March 7, 1974, for example, Celia Hunter wrote Theodor Swem, warning him that the Service's efforts to promote its proposals in Alaska were far inferior to other agencies, and would serve to convince people that it was not capable of managing the new areas. Celia Hunter to Theodor R. Swem, March 7, 1974, Alaska Organization, Swem Papers.
4. Gary Everhardt to Directorate, May 6, 1975, Alaska Task Force, A-94, Box 2, Alaska Task Force Files, RG 79, FARC, Seattle; Interview of William E. Brown, by Frank Williss, November 10, 1983; Interview of Donald Follows by Frank Williss, November 3, 1983; Organizational Chart - Alaska Task Force, [1975], History of ATFO, Henson Papers, Mancos; Donald S. Follows, "Conceptual Interpretive Plan for Proposed Park Lands in Alaska," May 10, 1977, D-18, Planning, Programs, and Master Plans, Box 6, Alaska Task Force Files, RG 79, FARC, Seattle; Goals - Yukon-Charley Keyman, [1976], AAO: Goals, etc., Denali Keyman Files, Box 28, Ibid. Originally other keyman were Fred Eubanks (Lake Clark), John Kauffmann (Gates of the Arctic), Mark Malic (Mount McKinley), Gerald Wright (Wrangell-St. Elias), Ralph Root (Katmai and Aniakchak), and Robert Nichols (Cape Krusenstern).
Additionally task force members, particularly Al Henson, Bob Belous and Stell Newman, along with people like Zorro Bradley and Ray Bane were called back to Washington from time to time to lend their expertise on various issues.
5. Sketch of organization of Alaska Task Force, [1975], History of ATF, Henson Papers, Mancos; Biographical Sketches - ATF, November 12, 1976, Box 1, NPS WASO Files, ANILCA Papers, USDI; Roy Sanborn to Project Leader, March 9, 1976, NPS Personnel - AK, Henson Papers, Mancos.
The Cooperative Park Studies Unit, which was directed by Zorro Bradley, is discussed on pp. 258-59.
6. The Fish and Wildlife Service (formerly BSF&W) employed the opposite approach in these years, using its existing Alaska office, supplemented by people detailed from the "Lower 48". That approach proved somewhat cumbersome, and that bureau later established a separate ANCSA office. Interview of William Reffalt, December 9, 1983.
7. Interview of John Cook, January 26, 1984; Interview of Stanley Albright, June 29, 1984; Interview of John Rutter, May 16, 1984; John Rutter to George B. Hartzog, Jr., June 19, 1972 and John C. Rumburg to John Rutter, June 29, 1972, ANCSA Implementation, April-December 1972, Swem Papers; John Rutter to Associate Director, Legislation [Richard Curry], June 21, 1974, Ibid.; Al Henson to Dr. Curry, June 26, 1974, ANCSA Implementation, 1974, Ibid; John Rutter to Deputy Director, October 7, 1974, Denali Keyman Files, Box 30, Alaska Task Force Files, RG 79, FARC, Seattle.
For a discussion of relationship between the Park Service and the Department of the Interior in the 1970s, see Ronald A. Foresta, America's National Parks and Their Keepers (Washington, D.C.: Resources for the Future, 1984), pp. 84-87.
8. Interview of John Rutter, May 16, 1984.
9. Franklin K. Lane to Stephen Mather, May 13, 1918. Quoted in Unrau and Williss, Expansion of the NPS, p. 27.
10. John Kauffmann, "Noatak," The Living Wilderness vol. 38 (Winter 1974-75), p. 18; Interview of John Rutter, May 16, 1984. See also, Foresta, America's National Parks and Their Keepers, pp. 112-15.
11. This view comes from a number of interviews with Alaska Task Force personnel, as well as former PWW Regional Director Rutter, former Alaska State Office Director Stanley Albright, and former Alaska Regional Director, John Cook. Cook, NPS Associate Director in the mid-1970s, recalls spending a considerable amount of time mediating disputes between the two offices.
12. In general the Advisory Board supported the Services's proposals, despite previous comments to the Alaska press that they would recommend that some of land earmarked for National Parks should be managed for other uses. Anchorage Daily News, June 21, 1975, A-16, Advisory Board, Box 1, Alaska Task Force Files, RG 79, FARC, Seattle.
13. Melvin M. Payne [Chairman, Advisory Board on National Parks] to Secretary of the Interior, April 24, 1974, Advisory Board, NPS WASO Files, ANILCA Papers, USDI.
14. Peter C. Murphy, Jr., Steven Rose, et. al. to Stanley K. Hathaway, confidential telegram, June 28, 1975, Advisory Board, Box 2, NPS WASO Files, ANILCA Papers, USDI.
16. J.L. Norwood to Director, December 4, 1975, Swem Correspondence, January 1975-December 1976, HFC; Gary Everhart to Assistant Secretary, FWP, December 15, 1975, Advisory Board, Box 2, NPS WASO Files, ANILCA Papers, USDI. Norwood's audit included a thorough examination, and subsequent dismissal, of board member Steven Rose's charge that a conflict of interest, or at least a compromise of position existed in the Task Force's acceptance of NANA Regional Corporation's offer of $5,000-10,000 in manpower and equipment toward a study of subsistence for the Kobuk Valley.
17. Al [Henson] to Ted [Swem], [February 1974], A-94, Box 3 Alaska Task Force Files, RG 79, FARC, Seattle; Interview of Henson, June 6, 1983.
18. Ron Walker to Assistant Secretary, FWP, October 25, 1974, Alaska Organization, NPS, Swem Papers; Comments on New Alaska Area Office Organization and Operation (Presented by members of Park Planning Staff,) May 10, 1975, Denali Keyman Files, Box 30, Alaska Task Force Files, RG 79, FARC, Seattle; "Statement for Gary Everhardt on changes in Alaska Organization", October 4, 1975, Advisory Board, Box 2, NPS WASO Files, ANILCA Papers, USDI; Alaska Area Office, Alaska Task Force - Permanent Personnel, 12/75, NPS Personnel-AK, Henson Papers, Mancos; Russell Dickinson to Bryan Harry, June 16, 1976, Proposed Areas, 1976-77, Park Files, Denali National Park/Preserve.
19. "Statement for Gary Everhardt on changes in Alaska Organization," October 4, 1975; Gary Everhardt to Steven L. Rose, December 17, 1975, Denali Keyman Files, Box 27, Alaska Task Force Files, RG 79, FARC, Seattle; Bob Utley to Bryan Harry, February 26, 1976, A-16, Advisory Council, Box 1, Ibid.; Interview of Bryan Harry by Frank Williss, November 14, 1983; Bailey Breedlove to All Task Force Personnel, October 7, 1975, Box B, Old Federal Building Warehouse, ARO.
20. Ted Swem to Gary Everhardt, October 4, 1975, and Special Assistant to the Director [Swem] to Director [Everhardt], October 28, 1975, October 28, 1975, Alaska Organization, Swem Papers; Al Henson to Gary [Everhardt], March 26, 1976, doc. no. 002178, ANILCA Papers, USDI; Director, NPS, to Assistant Secretary, FWP, May 25, 1976 [draft], doc. no. 002204, Ibid.; WASO Directorate to Acting Assistant to the Director for Alaska, July 1, 1966, A-58, Proposed Areas, ARO Central Files, Inactive, ARO.
21 . Bryan Harry, for example, felt that such an action would be unnecessarily expensive, and would make the Park Service in Alaska more vulnerable to political pressure. Interview, November 14, 1983.
22. [Roger J.] Contor, Discussion Paper—Future Administrative Plans for Alaska," March 9, 1978, Box 40, NPS WASO Files, ANILCA Papers, USDI; Juanita Alvarez, Notes, Alaska Planning Meeting, May 19, [1978], Box 18, Ibid.; Alaska Planning Meetings, May 11, 1978, Ibid.; Bryan Harry to Roger Contor, June 6, 1978, Box 1, Ibid.
23. Interview of John Cook, January 26, 1984; Interview of Douglas Warnock, August 6, 1984. Time and again, the political volatility of the Alaska situation had forced the NPS director to make decisions without consulting subordinates in the line organization. Evidence suggests that Director Whalen's decision was made without informing the Washington Office or Pacific Northwest Regional Office. See Assistant to the Director for Alaska, September 20, 1978, Box 89, NPS WASO Files, ANILCA Papers, USDI and Talking Paper for November 6 Meeting with Mr. Herbst, draft, Contor, 11/5/78, Ibid.
24. Interview of John Cook, Jan. 26, 1984; Interview of Douglas Warnock, August 15, 1984. Janet McCabe and Keith Shreiner became area directors for the Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service and Fish & Wildlife Service at the same time.
25. Secretary [Cecil Andrus] to Solicitor, et al, December 2, 1980 [ANILCA Implementation Directive], ANILCA Papers, USDI.
26. Interview of John Cook, January 26, 1984; "ARO: A Regional Office," Courier, The National Park Service Newsletter, vol. 4, no. 1, (January 1981), p. 2.
27. Albert G. Henson to Area Director, June 15, 1976, ANCSA Implementation, 1975-76, Swem Papers.
28. Biographical Sketches", November 12, 1976, Box 1, NPS WASO Files, ANILCA Papers, USDI; Summary of Interview of Gerald Wright by Michael Lappen, February 13, 1984, typescript in author's possession; R. Gerald Wright to Assistant to the Director, for Alaska, June 1, 1979, Box 16, NPS WASO Files, ANILCA Papers, USDI; R. Gerald Wright, "Sport Hunting in the Proposed Alaskan Parks - A Philosophical Discussion," June 22, 1977, L-58, ARO Central Files, Inactive, ARO. Both Gordon and Shaine were Alaska residents and familiar to residents of the Wrangell-Saint Elias area.
29. Interview of William E. Brown, November 10, 1983; Trip Reports - Yukon-Charley Keyman, August 28-September 2, 1976, September 6-9, 1976, September 9-14, etc., Box 46, Alaska Task Force Files, RG 79, FARC, Seattle; Goals - Yukon-Charley [1976], AAO: Goals, etc., Denali Keyman File, Box 28, Alaska Task Force Files, RG 79, FARC, Seattle; Quoted in Everhart, National Park Service (1982 edition), p. 140.
30. Interview of John Kauffmann, December 5, 1983; Goals - Keyman, Gates of the Arctic, AAO: Goals, etc., Box 28 Alaska Task Force Files, RG 79, FARC, Seattle. After 1973 when the Noatak proposal once again came under NPS auspices, Kauffmann assumed responsibility for that area.
31 . Al Henson to Jerome Trigg [Director, Bering Straits Native Corporation], October 3, 1975, Box 26, Alaska Task Force Files, RG 79, FARC, Seattle; Goals - Keyman - Chukchi-Imuruk [1976], AAO: Goals, etc., Denali Keyman Files, Box 28, Ibid.; T. Stell Newman, "Bering Land Bridge, Arctic Causeway to the New World," in Wilderness Parklands in Alaska, ed. by Connolly, p. 46. Dr. Newman left Alaska to become superintendent of the new War in the Pacific National Historical Park. He was killed in an automobile accident there.
32. National Park Service, Inventory of Reports and Publications Relating to Alaska, undated MS [ca. 1972], Breedlove Papers, HFC. The figure does not include the natural landmark studies. Some forty-six areas were studied as potential natural landmarks before 1972.
33. John Dennis to Al Henson, March 1, 1974, L-48, Wilderness, Alaska Task Force Files, RG 79, FARC, Seattle; Answers to Senator Steven's Questions, draft, February 1978, Box 18, NPS WASO Files, ANILCA Papers, USDI; National Park Service, "Natural, Historical, and Cultural Resource Studies in Alaska," January 1978, Library, Rocky Mountain Regional Office; "Task Force Research", undated MS [ca. 1976], Senmark Files, HFC; Al Henson to Roger J. Contor, undated MS [1977], ARO Files - Old Federal Building Warehouse, ARO; Dennis, "National Park Service's Research in Alaska - 1972-76," passim; USDI, NPS, Proceedings of the First Conference on Scientific Research in the National Parks, November 9-12, 1976 ed. by Robert M. Linn, (Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1976).
34. Report in Box 47, Alaska Task Force Files, RG 79, FARC, Seattle; Origin and Geologic Setting of the Maars Near Cape Espenberg, Alaska (1976); The Raven, Quarterly Newsletter of the Center for Northern Studies (July 1973); Dennis, "National Park Research in Alaska," 281-82. A similar multi-disciplinary resource study at Chukchi-Imuruk was produced.
35. John Kauffmann to Dan Strickland, February 24, 1977, Field Reports, Park Files, Gates of the Arctic National Park/Preserve; Interview of G. Ray Bane, July 15, 1983; Fairbanks Daily News-Miner, April 1, 1978, Belous Clipping Files, Special Collections Division, DPL. Bane, who is an anthropologist by training, later participated in subsistence studies of the Kobuk and Koyukuk. He joined the NPS and played a crucial role as the only NPS employee permanently in any of the new areas before 1980. After passage of ANILCA he coordinated subsistence at Gates of the Arctic and northwest areas and is today management assistant at the latter.
36. Gordon Watson to Al Henson, Bill Thomas, et. al., July 30, 1975, A-94, FWS, Box 4, Alaska Task Force Files, RG 79, FARC Seattle; Distribution and Density of Bald Eagle Nests, Katmai Area, Alaska (1974) and Distribution and Density of Brown Bear Denning, Katmai Area, Alaska (1974) in Box 2, NPS WASO Files, ANILCA Papers, USDI; William R. Powers, "North Alaska Range Early Man Survey," in USDI, NPS, Fourth Annual National Park Service Pacific Northwest Region Science/Management Conference ed. by Shirley A. Scott (1977), p. 41; Briefing Papers - Early Man Studies Program, November 1977, Box 17, NPS WASO Files, ANILCA Papers, USDI; Proposed Research Strategy for NPS-NGS Early Man Studies, draft, 3/12/79, Box 26, Ibid.; N.W. Ten Brink to D.H. Scovill, T. Dale Stewart, and E.W. Snider, October 12, 1979, Box 23, Ibid.; John F. Hoffecka, "A Report to the National Geographic Society and National Park Service. The Search for Early Man in Alaska: Results and Recommendations of the North Alaska Range Project," 1979, Ibid.
37. T. Stell Newman to Assistant to the Director for Alaska, April 13, 1977, Box 31, NPS WASO Files, ANILCA Papers, USDI; John Dennis to Al Henson, March 1, 1974, L-48, Wilderness, Box 17, Alaska Task Force Files, RG 79, FARC, Seattle.
38. "Subsistence Activities in Proposed National Parklands, undated MS [1977], 2850-Subsistence Policy and Comments, ARO Central Files, Inactive, ARO; T. Stell Newman to Assistant to the Director for Alaska, April 13, 1977, Box 31, NPS WASO Files, ANILCA Papers, USDI; Newman to Roger Contor, August 11, 1977 [Preliminary Reports on Subsistence Research], ARO Central Files, Inactive, ARO; Task Force Research, undated MS [1977], Stenmark Files, HFC; "Publications and Occasional Papers," Anthropology and Historic Preservation Cooperative Park Studies Unit, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, Alaska, undated MS, [1981], TIC, DSC; Richard K. Nelson, "Subsistence in Future Alaska Parklands: An Overview," July 1977, Subsistence, Box 1, NPS WASO Files, ANILCA Papers USDI.
The studies mentioned above were all published as occasional papers by the Cooperative Park Studies Unit: Merry Allyn Tuten, A Preliminary Study of Subsistence Activities on the Pacific Coast of the Proposed Aniakchak Caldera National Monument, Occasional Paper No. 4 (1977); Richard A. Caulfield, Subsistence in and Around the Proposed Yukon-Charley National Rivers, Occasional Paper No. 20 (1979); Richard K. Nelson, Kathleen Mautner and G. Ray Bane, Tracks in the Wildland: A Portrayal of Koyukon and Nunamiut Subsistence, Occasional Paper No. 9, (1978).
39. Interview of George B. Hartzog, Jr., December 7, 1983; Interview of Zorro Bradley, November 7, 1983; Earl E. Chase to K.M. Rae, August 28, 1972 [enclosed contract for $35,000 for establishment of CPSU and preparation of certain reports], S7215, University of Alaska, ARO Central Files, Inactive, ARO; Biology and Resource Management Unit, Final Report on the Establishment and First Year's Activities of Alaska Cooperative Park Studies Unit (Contract 4-9000-3-0041) (Fairbanks: University of Alaska, 1974) and Final Report on Calendar Year 1978 (Fairbanks: University of Alaska, 1979); David Libbey, "The Cooperative Park Studies. Its birth, death and distribution," undated MS [1983-84], typescript in Brown Files, ARO.
40. Contract 9000-3-0041, August 2, 1972, enclosure in Chase to Rae, August 28, 1972; Final Report on the Establishment and First Year's Activities of the Alaska Cooperative Park Studies Unit, p. 1; Alaska Studies, National Park Service, Publications Conference Papers, Reports and Thesis, undated MS, Brown Files, ARO.
41. "Cooperative Research Unit (Zorro Bradley's operation at Fairbanks), in "Background," May 10, 1975, File 27-ANCSA, Park Files, Kenai Fjords National Park, Seward, Alaska; Zorro Bradley to Dr. Harvey J. Carlson, December 11, 1973, Swem Correspondence, July-December 1973, HFC. "During the past two years," an obviously angry Bradley wrote, "there has been very little evidence of NPS support for this activity."
42. Proposed regulations regarding Native land selections published in 1973 indicated that 14(h) selections could also be made on lands withdrawn under sections 17-d-2. By 1975, however, questions had been raised within the Interior Department whether d-2 lands included in Secretary Morton's legislative proposals were available for selection. Despite eloquent appeals from people like Zorro Bradley—who wrote that exclusion of d-2 lands seemed "legally indefensible and morally reprehensible"—the department took the position that d-2 lands included in Secretary Morton's 1973 proposals were not available for cemetary and historic site selection. It did indicate, however, that "a withdrawal made pursuant to section 17(d)(1) of the Act which is not part of the Secretary's recommendation to Congress of December 18, 1973, on the four national systems shall not preclude a withdrawal pursuant to section 14(a) of the Act." Federal Register, Vol. 38 Part 2 (March 9, 1973), p. 6510; Zorro Bradley to Assistant Director, Park Historic Preservation, September 8, 1975, L-30 - Native Claims Regulations, Box 9, Alaska Task Force Files, RG 79, FARC, Seattle; Bradley to Assistant Director, Park Historic Preservation, Sept. 30, 1975 [encloses an Analysis of the Legislative Development and Intent Behind Sections 14(h)(1) and 17(d)(2) of the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act," that was primarily the work of Dr. Gary Stein], 14(h) Files, ARO; Deputy Solicitor to Secretary of the Interior, November 5, 1975, Cultural Resources, Katmai Keyman Files, Box 37, Alaska Task Force Files, RG 79, FARC, Seattle; Federal Register Vol. 40 (December 9, 1975), p. 57365 and Vol. 41 (April 7, 1976), p. 14737.
43. For example, William Schneider indicated that for the Inupiat, historic sites are not only the tangible physical remains left after settlement and use, but also included the "natural features that first attracted settlement activities and that today make the sites desirable for hunting, fishing, and trapping." "Activities and Opportunities for Cultural Anthropologists," CRM Bulletin, III, (September 1979), p. 5.
44. Roger C.B. Morton to Commissioner of Indian Affairs, Director, National Park Service, and Director, Bureau of Land Management, December 12, 1974, H3405-14(h), Selections Box 8, Alaska Task Force Files, RG 79, FARC, Seattle; Federal Register, vol. 4 (April 7, 1976), pp. 14734-14740; Theodor Swem to Gary Everhardt, January 16, 1976, Alaska Status Reports, Swem Papers; Zorro Bradley to State Director, October 19, 1977, H32 Historic and Cemetery Sites, ARO Central Files, Inactive, ARO; Grauman, "The ANCSA 14(h)(1) Program," p. 4. There is considerable evidence indicating that things did not go smoothly between the agencies. Roger Contor, memo to Files, October 2, 1978, Box 2, NPS WASO Files, ANILCA Papers, UDSI.
45. Al Henson to Theodore Swem, Jan. 6, 1975 [December 1974 Monthly Report], A-58, ARO Central Files, Inactive, ARO.
46. Earl E. Chase to A.B. Froi, June 23, 1975, 14(h) Files, ARO. The amount of the original contract was $99,000.
47. Zorro Bradley to State Director, October 18, 1977, H32 - Historic and Cemetery Sites, ARO Central Files, Inactive, ARO; Grauman, "The ANCSA 14(h)(1) Program," p. 4.
48. Bradley to State Director, October 19, 1977. In addition Bradley indicated that over 1,100 of the sites would be nominated to the National Register of Historic Places. Nominations would be submitted by the Corporations, but at their request, the 14(h) staff would prepare the necessary documentation.
49. Bradley to State Director, October 19, 1977; Grauman, "The ANCSA 14(h) Program," pp. 4-5; Wendy H. Arundel - "Report on Current Research," May 22, 1980, Box 1, NPS WASO Files, ANILCA Papers, USDI.
50. John Bligh to John Cook, March 24, 1982, 14(h) Files, ARO; Ira J. Hutchinson to Assistant Secretary, FWP, January 13, 1982, Ibid.; John Cook to Area Director, BIA, February 23, 1983; Ibid; J. Craig Potter [Acting Assistant Secretary, FWP] to Assistant Secretary for Indian Affairs, April 19, 1983, Ibid. Talk of having HCRS take over the Service's role surfaced in 1979. Nothing came of it, however. Paul C. Pritchard to Director, HCRS, August 6, 1979, HCRS Files, ANILCA Papers, USDI.
51 . Al Henson to Theodor Swem, January 6, 1975, A-58, ARO Central Files, Inactive, ARO; Swem to Gary Everhardt, January 16, 1976, Alaska Status reports, Swem Papers.
52. Bradley to State Director, October 19, 1977. Andrews' and Stein's Reports were published as Report on the Cultural Resources of Doyon Region: Central Alaska (1977) and Report on the Cultural Resources of the Aleut Region (1977).
53. USDI, APG, Final Environmental Statement, Proposed Yukon-Charley National Rivers, Alaska (Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1974), pp. 13-14; William Brown, Richard Caulfield and Robert Howell, "Plan Up-date - Revision Yukon-Charley National Rivers Proposal," undated MS [1976], Denali Keyman Files, Box 30, Alaska Task Force Files, RG 79, FARC, Seattle; Brown, "Yukon-Charley: Rivers to Yesteryear," in Wilderness Parklands in Alaska, p. 64. Apparently, the earlier statements regarding the potential for float trips on the Kandik and Nation Rivers were based on a report of a BOR reconnaissance survey made in 1972-73 (see pp. 127-28). Residents of the area disagreed with those recommendations.
54. Not all agreed that Alaska was all that different as to require new management approaches. This continues to be the subject of some debate within the Service today.
55. William E. Brown, This Last Treasure: Alaska National Parklands (Anchorage: Alaska Natural History Association, 1982), p. 6; John Kauffmann, in Position Papers and Reflections on GAAR by Keyman John Kauffmann, compiled from files by Bill Brown; Brown, Caulfield, and Howel, "Plan update - Revision Yukon-Charley National Rivers," [1976]; "Statement for Management Proposed Gates of the Arctic Wilderness National Park, Alaska," November 1977, GAAR Keyman Files, Box 32, Alaska Task Force Files, RG 79, FARC, Seattle.
56. This shift away from recreational development was certainly not confined to Alaska, but reflected a shift in NPS approaches elsewhere. The movement toward preservation was however, considerably more pronounced in Alaska.
57. Activity Reports No. 19 and 22, Assistant to the Director for Alaska, July 14 and November 2, 1977, Box 23, NPS WASO Files, ANILCA Papers, USDI; Richard J. Myshak to Directors, NPS, BOR, FWS, February 27, 1978, Box 12, Ibid.; [Roger] Contor, Discussion Paper - Future Administration Plans for Alaska, March 9, 1978, Boyle, Ibid.; John Kauffman to Area Director, April 6, 1978, GAAR Keyman Files, Box 35, Alaska Task Force Files, RG 79, FARC, Seattle; Implementation Tasks for New National Park Units in Alaska, May 4, 1978, Alaska Background, Box 23, NPS WASO Files, ANILCA Papers, USDI; Ira J . Hutchison to Regional Director, Pacific Northwest, et al., September 21, 1978, Box 40, Ibid.; Interview of William E. Brown, November 11, 1983.
A considerable amount of the Department of the Interior's effort was directed toward establishing some form of cooperative planning and management. Along these lines, Fish and Wildlife and Park Service staffs worked during 1978 and 1979 to develop an "Alaska Management Guide," described by one participant as a holistic approach to planning and management. The effort came to naught, however, when other assistant secretaries complained that the "covering was too broad and its implications were so comprehensive." Although the Park Service had been involved in cooperative planning efforts at Mount McKinley as early as 1973 and recognized, with their colleagues in the Fish and Wildlife Service, the importance of moving ahead to some coordinated fashion, they too objected to the guide as an effort to centralize decision-making power in an Interior Department Alaska office. John Reynolds to Ted Swem, May 25, 1973, Denali Keyman Files, Box 33, Alaska Task Force Files, RG 79, FARC, Seattle; Department of the Interior, "Cooperative Planning and Management in Alaska," November 28, 1979, A-40 - Alaska Cooperative Planning Group, ARO Central Files, Inactive, ARO; Richard Myshak to Undersecretary, September 5, 1973, Box 31, NPS WASO Files, ANILCA Papers, USDI; Robert Herbst to Directors, NPS, FWS, BOR, January 15, 1979; Box 17, Ibid.; Fish and Wildlife and Parks, Alaska Management Guide, draft, June 25, 1979, Ibid.; Robert Herbst to Asst. Secy-LW, et al., July 25, 1979, Ibid.; Guy Martin to Robert Herbst, April 11, 1978, L204 E Management, Box 17, Alaska Task Force Files, RG 79, FARC, Seattle; Interview of Hugh Mueller (October 3, 1983), Roger Contor (November 2, 1983), John Cook (January 26, 1984), and Bill Reffalt (December 9, 1983).
58. G. Bryan Harry to Regional Director, PNW, June 21, 1977, A6435 - Organization, ARO Central Files, Inactive, ARO; Activity Report, Assistant to the Director for Alaska, September 27, 1977, Box 23, NPS WASO Files, ANILCA Papers, USDI; Interview of Bill Brown, November 11, 1983. Henson's primary job was to assist service center staff in preparing for the anticipated special design and planning work load. However, in the two years before retiring he continued to be active in the Service's Alaska affairs, advising the director, participating in writing the supplemental environmental impact statements, preparing information for Department of Interior testimony at legislative hearings, and assisting in drafting national monument proclamations.
59. Task Force Leaders - FWS, BOR and NPS to Alaska Planning Group, December 4, 1974, L3014d, Permits, Surface d-2, Box 9, Alaska Task Force Files, RG 79, FARC, Seattle; Memorandum of Understanding Between the Bureau of Land Management and Department of Agriculture, United States Forest Service, and the Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Fish and Wildlife Service, Bureau of Outdoor Recreation, Regarding Interim Management of Four Systems Areas under the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act, July 30, 1975, Swem Correspondence, 1/75-12/76, HFC; Curt McVee to DM's, August 5, 1975, 2650-03, Authority and Directives - ANCSA FY '76, BLM Files, ANILCA Papers, USDI; Keith Trexler to Thomas Dean, October 25, 1974, L30146 - Permits, Box 9, Alaska Task Force Files, RG 79, FARC, Seattle; Carl D. Johnson to Al Henson, August 25, 1975; Ibid.; Roy Sanborn to M. Thomas Dean, December 12, 1975, Ibid.; Al Henson to M. Thomas Dean, June 27, 1974, Ibid; Ralph Root to Al Henson, July 24, 1975, L30236, Oil Wells - Kurupa, Box 12, Ibid.
60. William J. Whalen to Robert Herbst, November 9, 1978, doc. no. 003040, ANILCA Papers, USDI.
61. James A. Joseph [for Cecil Andrus] to Mike Gravel, December 3, 1979, Box 18, NPS WASO Files, ANILCA Papers, USDI; Secretary to James T. Mcintyre, Jr., January 2, 1979 [unsigned draft], Ibid.; NPS Alaska Framework - Proposed Level of Funding and Activity for Alaska under Executive Action, November 6, 1978, Planning, Box 3, ARO Files, Old Federal Building Warehouse, ARO. The Fish and Wildlife Service, on the other hand, assigned fourteen people to assist in the administration, planning, and enforcement in the monuments under its control.
62. Interview of John Cook, January 26, 1984; Interview of William E. Brown, November 11, 1984; Douglas Warnock, "Recollections of a First Trip to Eagle, Alaska," 1983; Temple A. Reynolds to Regional Director, PNW, February 28, 1979 [Critique of "Great Denali Trespass"], W3415, Great Denali Trespass, ARO Central Files, Inactive, ARO; Interview of Dave Mihalic by Frank Williss, May 17, 1983. In addition members of regional special events team flew to Seattle, where they waited should additional help be needed. These special events teams are groups of rangers within a region who are trained as a unit with an assigned leader and who are able to respond to any law-enforcement problem.
63. William J. Whalen to Assistant Secretary, FWP [Robert Herbst], November 9, 1979, doc. no. 003040, ANILCA Papers, USDI. Whalen wrote that a major conflict with monument regulations would come from sport hunting interests. If Congress acted to establish preserves, the problem would not exist.
64. Interview of John Cook, October 27, 1983 and January 26, 1984; Anchorage Daily News, October 21, 1979 [Interview of NPS Director William J. Whalen], ARO Clipping Files, Special Collections Division, DPL; W.T. Tanner to Alaska Area Director, October 18, 1979 [Operational Outline, Alaska Detail, June Through September 1979], W-34, Law Enforcement, ARO Central Files, Inactive, ARO. Tanner had recently spent three years in the Service's WASO office. For two of those years he was agency representative to the Federal Law Enforcement Center, and during the third year was staff Park Ranger in the Division of Ranger Activities.
65. W.T. Tanner to Alaska Area Director, October 18, 1979, and Rick Smith to John Cook, October 18, 1979, W-34, Law Enforcement, ARO Central Files, Inactive, ARO; Enforcement Plan for the 1979 Sport Hunting Season in Alaska, undated MS [June 1979], Box 19, NPS WASO Files, ANILCA Papers, USDI; Suggested Public Affairs Program for the National Park Service Sport Hunting Plan - July-August 1979, undated MS [1979], Ibid.; Douglas Warnock to Assistant to the Secretary for Alaska, September 10, 1979, Ibid.; Robert Herbst to Ted Stevens, August 20, 1979, Ibid.
66. Funds on monuments, September 11, 1979, Box 18, NPS WASO Files, ANILCA Papers, USDI; James A. Joseph for Cecil Andrus to Mike Gravel, December 3, 1979, Ibid.; Interview of John Cook, January 26, 1984; Interview of Bill Tanner, July 20, 1983. Home parks were given funds to hire seasonals to fill the slots of those detailed. Because the rangers in the 1978 task force came largely from high-visibility positions in the park, this did not prove satisfactory, and was one reason for change in personnel detailed in the summer of 1980.
67. Tanner to Cook, October 18, 1979; Rick Smith to Cook, October 18, 1979; Enforcement Plan for the 1979 Sport Hunting Season in Alaska, [June 1979], Box 18, NPS WASO Files, ANILCA Papers, USDI.
68. Tanner to Cook, October 18, 1979; Interview of Stuart Coleman by Frank Williss, January 26, 1984; Interview of Don Utterback by Frank Williss, January 26, 1984; Interview of Dave Mihalic, May 17, 1983; Interview of Mack Shaver by Frank Williss, November 11, 1983. The 1979 Task Force reported directly to the Area Director. In 1980, the task force became a part of the on-going regional operations division.
69. Tanner to Cook, October 18, 1979; Entry for August 21, 1979, Wrangell-St. Elias N.M. Record, Park Files, Wrangell-St. Elias National Park/Preserve. In addition the three Rangers assigned to Wrangell-St. Elias spent several short periods at Eagle, Circle and the Charley River in Yukon-Charley.
70. Interviews of John Cook (Jan. 26, 1984), Dave Mihalic (May 17, 1983), Stuart Coleman (Jan. 26, 1984), Don Utterback (Jan. 26, 1984), Mack Shaver, and Larry Van Slyke (November 2, 1983); J.W. Tanner to Alaska Area Director; Dave Mihalic to John Cook, October 9, 1979, Walt Dabney to Cook, December 10, 1979, WaIt Gale to Cook, October 18, 1979, Don Sholly to Cook, October 14, 1979, Roger Rudolph to Cook, October 9, 1979 [Final Reports of Visiting Task Force], Box A, ARO Files, Old Federal Building Warehouse, ARO. At Seward, for example, Mary J. Karracker became deeply involved in the community affairs—playing on a local softball team, and serving with a voluntary ambulance crew.
71. Interview of Dave Mihalic, May 17, 1983; Interview of Bill Tanner, July 20, 1983; Tanner to Cook, October 18, 1979; Copper Valley Views, August 8 and 22, 1979, ARO Clipping Files, Special Collections Division, DPL; Interview of Stuart Coleman, January 26, 1984. An embarrassed staff did make an appointment with another dentist for Coleman. In no condition to take chances, Coleman did not indicate that he worked for the National Park Service the next time.
72. Interview of Dave Mihalic (May 17, 1983), Bill Tanner (July 20, 1983), John Cook (January 26, 1984), and Don Utterback (January 26, 1984); Tanner to Cook, October 18, 1979; Dave Mihalic to John Cook, October 9, 1979, Box A, Old Federal Building Warehouse, ARO; Walt Dabney to Cook, Ibid.; Walt Gale to Cook, October 18, 1979, Ibid.; Ibid.; Don Sholly to Cook, Roger Rudolph to Cook, Ibid; Weekly Activity Report, NPS, September 10-14, 1979; Case Incident Report, October 22, 1979, Case Incident Reports, 1979-81, Law Enforcement File, Park Files, Gates of the Arctic National Park and Preserve. On October 22, after the task force rangers had returned to their permanent assignments, vandals inflicted approximately $2000 dollars damage on an NPS plane in Bettles.
73. While it would be too much to say that violence brought about a reversal in attitudes toward the monuments or NPS employees, it did convince many Alaskans that protests over the monument proclamations had gone too far. Even in the Wrangell area, which was a hotbed of opposition, signs warning rangers to stay away came down after the burning of the NPS plane. Tanner to Cook, October 18, 1979. Telephone discussion with William E. Brown, November 15, 1984.
74. Tanner to Cook, October 18, 1979; Douglas G. Warnock to Assistant to the Secretary for Alaska, September 10, 1979, Ranger Task Force, Box 19, NPS WASO Files, ANILCA Papers, USDI. The Rangers at Wrangell-St. Elias brought the body of a climber down from Mt. Sanford, an act that won considerable goodwill.
75. Anchorage Daily News, September 18, 1979, ARO Clipping Files, Special Collections Division, DPL; Interviews of Bill Tanner (July 20, 1983), John Cook (January 26, 1984), Don Utterback (January 26, 1984), and Dave Mihalic (May 17, 1983). The charge of excessive force came out of an investigation of possible illegal hunting in Gates of the Arctic. Citizens who took part in a camp-in in Wrangell-Saint Elias (Camp Tradition) claimed that rangers looked the other way to avoid issuing citations. Evidence does not substantiate either claim.
76. The 1980 Ranger Task Force differed from that in 1979 in that the fifteen rangers were generally lower-graded and generally younger, and had fewer years' experience. Although there were instances of violence (a NPS plane at Bettles was again vandalized) the 1980 group met less hostility and certainly less publicity. Ranger II Task Force to Sourdoughs of Yesteryear, July and August 1980, Secretary's files, Office of Associate Regional Director, Operations, ARO; Interviews with Bill Tanner (July 20, 1983), John Cook (January 26, 1983), and Don Utterback, (January 26, 1983).
Dave Mihalic, Mack Shaver, and Mike Tollefson, for example, all became superintendents. Mihalic went to Yukon Charley Rivers National Preserve, Shaver became superintendent of the northwest areas, and Tollefson is superintendent of Glacier Bay.
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