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Endnotes
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The National Park Service and the Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act of 1980: Administrative History Endnotes |
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Chapter
Four
1. Hearings on S. 1687, et. al., 1975, p. 240; Interview of Al Henson, June 6, 1983; Cahn, Wild Alaska, p. 15. Secretary Morton's proposals were introduced in 1975 as S. 1687 (Jackson and Fannin, May 8, 1975), H.R. 7990 (Haley, et. al., June 13, 1975), and H.R. 6089 (Sullivan, April 1975). H.R. 9585 (Taylor, [November] 1975) did not include provisions for refuges and forests, but was similar in all respects regarding the proposed national parks. Richard Curry to Legislative Counsel, November 25, 1975, fiche 005, H.R. 2063, 94th Cong., 1st sess., Office of Legislation, WASO.
2. S.1688 (Jackson and Fannin, May, 1975), HR. 2063 (UdaIl, January 23, 1975), and H.R. 9346 (Udall, [1975]); S.2676 (Stevens, November 14, 1975); H.R. 6848 (Young, May 8, 1975); JFSLUPC, News Release, October 25, 1975, Box 34, NPS WASO Files, ANILCA Papers, USDI; David S. Jackman to Jay S. Hammond, April 15, 1975 [Recommendations on Developing a State "National Interest" Lands Bill], State d-2 Bill, Box 40, Ibid.; State of Alaska, "A Preliminary Proposal Pertaining to National Interest ("D-2") Lands in Alaska under the Alaska Native Claims Settlement," [1975], Ibid.; Kirk Marckwald to Mike Lambe, May 21, 1975, fiche 004, H.R. 2063, 94th Cong., 1st sess, Office of Legislation, WASO; "Comparison of Four Alaska Land Bills, July 7, 1975, doc. 002671, ANILCA papers, USDI; Steve Silver to the Commission, September 3, 1975, Land Use Planning Commission, Swem Papers; University of Alaska, Cooperative Extension Service, Alaska's National Interest Lands (d-2) A Summary of Current Proposals [Fairbanks: U. of Alaska, 1975]; T. Stell Newman to Al Henson, December 3, 1975, A-22, NANA, Alaska Task Force Files, RG 79, FARC, Seattle.
3. Figures here are from a compilation prepared by the NPS. They differ, slightly, from those given elsewhere. Kirk Marckwald to Mike Lambe, May 21, 1975, fiche 004, H.R. 2063, 94th Cong., 1st sess., Office of Legislation, WASO.
4. Ibid. National Park System units were Gates of the Arctic N.P. (3,240,000 acres), Kobuk Valley N.M. (150,000 acres), Cape Krusenstern (440,000 acres), Mount Mckinley N.P. additions (1,400,000 acres), and Wrangell-Saint Elias N.P. (8,640,000 acres).
5. Statement of Don Young in Hearings on S. 1687, et. al., 1975, p. 236; "State Introduces D(2) Proposal," [November] 1975, State's position, Swem Papers. Governor Hammond defended the state's version—called the "Alaska Resource Lands."
The Stevens-Young proposal would have created an "independent establishment" in the executive branch to administer the areas. The "Alaska Scenic Reserve Service" would be administered by co-directors, one appointed by the president with advice and consent of the senate, the other by the governor of Alaska.
6. "Alaska Trip—Parks and Recreation Subcommittee Itinerary August 1975," Breedlove Papers, HFC; Swem, "Outline History," p. 12, Cahn, Wild Alaska, p. 15. Additionally Congressmen Allen Steelman and William Alexander were along part of the time.
7. "Background," May 10, 1975, Material for meeting with Director, Henson Papers, Mancos, Colo. Chapter five is a description of the Service's activities in Alaska from 1974 to 1980. What follows here is only a brief summary to illustrate actions taken in preparation for the legislative struggle over Alaska's national interest lands.
8. Al [Henson] to Ted [Swem], November 9, 1973, Breedlove Papers, HFC; Theodor Swem to APG, June 12, 1974, L-58, Environmental matters, Box 17, Alaska Task Force Files, RG 79, FARC, Seattle; "National Park Service, Objectives and Goals for Alaska," October 18, 1974, D-18, Planning, Programs, and Master Plans, Box 6, Ibid; "Alaska Planning Group, Goals," October 31, 1974, ANCSA, 1974, Swem Papers; Organization chart—Alaska Task Force, [1974] Box 2, Alaska Task Force Files, RG 79, FARC, Seattle; "Procedures Leading to the Morton Proposals of 1973 and the September 15, 1977 Andrus Report on H.R. 39," undated MS, Box 38, NPS, WASO Files, ANILCA Papers, USDI; Ted Swem to Ron Walker, October 22, 1974, Alaska Status Reports, Swem Papers.
9. "Background," May 10, 1975, Material for meeting with Director, Henson Papers, Mancos; Al [Henson] to Ted [Swem] November 9, 1973, Breedlove Papers, HFC; "National Park Service Objectives and Goals for Alaska," October 18, 1974, D-18, Planning, Programs, and Master Plans, Box 6, Alaska Task Force Files, RG 79, FARC, Seattle; Interview of John Kauffmann, December 5, 1983.
10. Interview of Curtis E. Bohlen, III, October 10, 1983; Al Henson to Ted Swem, March 15, 1973; NPS Recommendations Regarding ANCSA, Box 5, Alaska Task Force Files, RG 79, FARC, Seattle; National Park Service's Objectives and Goals for Alaska, October 15, 1974, D-18, Planning, Programs, and Master Plans, Box 6, Ibid.; Russ Dickinson to John Rutter, April 19, 1974, Alaska Organization, NPS, Swem Papers; Ted Stevens to William J. Whalen, June 22, 1977, Senator Stevens—Costs for Lectures on ANCSA, Breedlove Papers, HFC; Cecil D. Andrus to Don Young, December 1977, Anti-lobbying, NPS WASO Files, ANILCA Papers, USDI; G. Bryan Harry to Roger Contor, July 1, 1977, Ibid.
Federal Agencies may conduct educational campaigns. They may not, by law, lobby. It is believed that the Park Service, and Interior Department, generally observed the spirit as well as the intent of the law in this case. In 1978, however; the Senate appropriations committee deleted a House increase of $356,000 for Department of Interior public affairs, limiting that activity to $454,000. The committee indicated that it had been done to emphasize the distinction between attempting to inform and attempting to influence opinion.
11. Interview of Curtis E. Bohlen, III, October 10, 1983; National Park Service Objectives and Goals for Alaska, October 18, 1974, D-18, Planning, Programs, and Master Plans, Box 6, Alaska Task Force Files, RG 79, FARC, Seattle; Ted Stevens to William J. Whalen, June 22, 1977, Senator Stevens—Costs for Lectures on ANCSA, Breedlove Papers, HFC; Interview of A. Durand Jones, May 15, 1983; John Kauffmann to Area Director, July 1, 1977, GAAR Keyman Files, Box 33, Alaska Task Force Files, RG 79, FARC, Seattle; John Kauffmann, "Noatak," The Living Wilderness (Winter 1974-75), pp. 17-33; Eugenia Horstman Connally, ed., Wilderness Parklands of Alaska (Washington, D.C. : National Parks and Conservation Association, 1975).
An important example of the combined efforts of the Service and private sector was "Alaska the Greatland," a collection of NPS color photographs shown in different cities by the Squibb Company in 1975.
12. Swem, "Outline History," p. 11; Ted Swem to Gary Everhardt, January 16, 1976, Alaska Status Reports, Swem Papers; Interview of Curtis E. Bohlen, III and Theodor R. Swem, January 24, 1984; Interview of A. Durand Jones, May 15, 1983.
13. Harrison Loesch and Nathanial P. Reed to George Miller, Jr. and Larry M. Oskoloff, December 15; 1972, Doc. no. 002595, ANILCA Papers, USDI; Royston Hughes to Lee Metcalf, February 10, 1975, ANCSA-1975, Swem Papers; Michael C.T. Smith to Guy Martin, December 6, 1975, doc. no. 002768, ANILCA Papers, USDI; "Chronology of State Selections Within Cook Inlet Region," Cook Inlet Lawsuit Files, ANILCA Papers, USDI; John Luzader, "Cook Inlet Region, et. al. vs. Rogers C. B. Morton," 1984. The latter is a distillation of the case prepared for the author s use by Mr. Luzader.
14. Luzader, "Cook Inlet Region vs. Morton"; "Presentation Before Department of the Interior—Cook Inlet," December 12, 1972, doc. no. 002700, ANILCA Papers, USDI; USDI, APG, NPS, Lake Clark National Park A Master Plan (Washington, D.C. : NPS, 1973), p. 73. Cook Inlet claimed on December 17, 1972 that Secretary Morton had withdrawn 3,894,000 acres. This figure, according to Mr. Luzader, more closely correspondents to the amount required for withdrawal, not the amount the Secretary actually withdrew.
15. Luzader, "Cook Inlet Region vs. Morton"; Loesch and Reed to Miller and Oskoloff, December 15, 1972; "Presentation before Department of Interior—Cook Inlet," December 12, 1972.
16. "ANCSA Related Cases—Pending," Regulations—ANCSA, BLM Records, ANILCA Papers, USDI; Douglas Wheeler to Mr. Johnson, December 3, 1973, doc. 002704, Ibid.; Paul Kirton to Members, ANCSA Task Force, March 15, 1973, doc. 002712, Ibid.
Apparently, the Cook Inlet Region filed for summary judgement when the Interior Department rejected a proposal to release areas within Kenai National Moose Range. A suit brought by Bristol Bay Regional Corporation against Cook Inlet Regional Corporation also played a role.
17. Ted Swem to Ron Walker, July 3, 1974, Alaska Status Reports, Swem Papers; Status - Cook Inlet Law Suit, March 17, 1974, doc. 002707, ANILCA Papers, USDI; Michael C.T. Smith to Guy Martin, December 6, 1975, doc. 002768, Ibid.
18. Luzader, "Cook Inlet vs. Morton;" Michael C.T. Smith to Guy Martin, December 6, 1975, doc. 002768, ANILCA Papers, USDI; Cook Inlet Region, et. al. v. Rogers C.B. Morton, Memorandum of Decision, doc. 002729, Ibid.
19. Interview of Curtis E. Bohlen, III, October 10, 1983; Interview of A. Durand Jones, May 15, 1984; Michael C. T. Smith to Guy Martin December 6, 1975, doc. 002768, ANILCA Papers, USDI; Roy Huhndorf to Lloyd Meeds, September 29, 1975, doc. 002749, Ibid.; Terms and Conditions for Land Consolidation and Management in the Cook Inlet Area, December 10, 1975, doc. 002772, Ibid.; Federal-state Land Use Planning Commission for Alaska, Cook Inlet Report (Anchorage, 1976); U.S., Congress, House, Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, Legislative History P.L. 94-204, 94th Cong., 1st sess., 1975. House Report No. 94-729; U.S., Congress, Senate, A Bill to Provide Under or by Amendment of the Alaska Natives Claims Settlement Act, for the Late Enrollment of Certain Natives, to Establishment of an Escrow Account for the Proceeds of Certain Lands, the Treatment of Certain Payments and Grants, and the Consolidation of Existing Regional Corporations, and for other purposes, 94th Cong., 2nd sess., 1976, S.1469.
20. Interview of Curtis E. Bohlen, III, October 10, 1983; Interview of A. Durand Jones, May 15, 1984; Memorandum of Agreement Between the Secretary of the Interior and Cook Inlet Region, Inc., September 29, 1975, doc. 002750, ANILCA Papers, USDI; Roy Huhndorf to Roy Taylor, April 1, 1976, doc. 002196; A. Durand Jones to Deputy Director, April 15, 1976, Legislation, Stenmark Files, HFC; Ted Swem to Gary Everhardt, January 16, 1976, Alaska Status Reports, Swem Papers.
21. Ben Thompson to Regional Directors, September 15, 1958, L-58, Box 001221, RG 79, FARC, San Bruno; untitled MS by Richard Gordon, March 12, 1969, ARO Central Files - Inactive, ARO.
22. Jack Hession to Bob Weedon and Jim Kowalsky (with copy to the Alaska Task Force), November 15, 1974, "To do eventually" file, Henson Papers, Mancos.
24. USDI, NPS, Alaska Area Office, "Lake Clark National Park Alternative Study," January 20, 1976, pp. 1,S, Lake Clark misc., Lake Clark Keyman Files, Box 43, Alaska Task Force Files, RG 79, FARC, Seattle. Mining in the listed areas was guaranteed by the proposed 1976 legislation. New mining entries would not be allowed.
25. Ibid., Interview of John Kauffmann, December 5, 1983; G. Bryan Harry to Special Assistant to the Director, January 20, 1976, Lake Clark misc., Lake Clark Keyman Files, RG 79, FARC, Seattle; John Kauffmann to Area Director, January 31, 1977, doc. 002665, ANILCA Papers, USDI. Al Henson agreed with Harry regarding subsistence.
26. Interview of Curtis E. Bohlen, III and Theodor R. Swem, January 24, 1984. Byron, it will be recalled, was one of the Congressmen who traveled to Alaska with Congressman John Seiberling the previous summer.
It has not been possible to determine the exact date that WASO accepted the recommendations, nor the date Swem and Bohlen approached Byron. The latter occurred, however, only a short time before Swem retired on the last day of February 1976.
27. Richard C. Curry to Legislative Counsel, March 29, 1976, Legislative Support Data Books, Aniakchak Caldera National Monument, ARO; "A Bill to Establish the Lake Clark National Park and Preserve, Aniakchak Caldera National Monument and Preserve and Harding Icefield-Kenai Fjords National Monument and other purposes," draft, March 18, 1976, Ibid.; "Acreage with indefinite status on remaining NPS Proposals," September 14, 1973, ANCSA Implementation, January-September 1973, Swem Papers.
In all areas, land problems had only recently been solved. At Aniakchak, PL 94-204 had resolved the 300,000-acre dual withdrawal (NPS and Koniag Corporation). At Kenai Fjords the Chugach Natives had decided not to select the acreage reserved for that purpose. The land between the three separate units of the proposed monument, as a result, became available. The proposal here was for a 1,000,000-acre monument.
28. Representative William Alexander introduced a similar bill the next year, providing for a 7,500,000-acre Lake Clark National Park. In 1977 Congressman John Seiberling and Senator Abourezk introduced bills providing for the establishment of Admiralty Island National Preserve (H.R. 5605, March 24, 1977 and S.1546 May 17, 1977). The Carter administration first raised the possibility of using the preserve category in Alaska when Secretary of the Interior Cecil D. Andrus and Curtis Bohlen appeared before the House Subcommittee on General Oversight and Alaska Lands on April 25, 1977. As late as September 1977, long debates regarding the utility of the preserve went on in the administration. Hearings on H.R. 39, et. al., 1977, II: 152; Interview of Curtis E. Bohlen, III, October 10, 1983; Interview of Roger Contor by Frank Williss, November 2, 1983; John D. Hough to Secretary [Andrus], July 8, 1977, Box 23, NPS WASO Files, ANILCA Papers, USDI; Daily Log—Assistant to the Director for Alaska [Roger Contor], December 6, 1976, Office of the Regional Director, ARO; James A. Joseph to APG members, July 26, 1977, doc. no. 000569, ANILCA Papers, USDI.
29. Deputy Assistant Secretary Bohlen took over Swem's job as chairman of the APG. In May James M. Lambe of the Service's Office of Legislation became NPS representative on the APG until a new assistant to the director for Alaska could be named. Interview of Theodor R. Swem, June 8, 1983; Interview of William C. Everhart, June 29, 1984; Interview of James M. Lambe, December 8, 1983; Nathaniel P. Reed to Directors, NPS, BOR, FWS, March 3, 1976, ANCSA Implementation 1975-76, Swem Papers; WASO Directorate to Acting Assistant to the Director for Alaska, July 1, 1976, A-58, Proposed Areas, ARO Central Files-Inactive, ARO.
30. See for example, Bob Utley to Bryan Harry, February 26, 1976, A-16, Advisory Council, Box 1, Alaska Task Force Files, RG 79, FARC, Seattle; Interview of John Rutter, May 16, 1984; Interview of John Cook, January 26, 1984; Interview of Stanley T. Albright June 29, 1984. This problem is discussed in chapter V.
31. WASO Directorate to Acting Assistant to the Director for Alaska, July 1, 1976, AK-58, Proposed Areas, ARO Central Files-Inactive, ARO; Gary Everhardt to All Employees, November 26, 1976, Ibid.; Interview of Roger J. Contor, November 2, 1983; Activity Report No. 22, Assistant to the Director for Alaska, November 2, 1977 [Alaska Program 1978 Goals], Box 23, NPS WASO Files, ANILCA Papers, USDI.
32. FWP Weekly Report, June 20, 1979, Box 14, NPS WASO Files, ANILCA Papers, USDI; Interview of Roger J. Contor, November 2, 1983.
33. Bob Belous to Al Henson, November 18, 1976, Box 38, NPS WASO Files, ANILCA Papers, USDI.
34. Federal-state Land Use Planning Commission for Alaska, Tentative Recommendations for National Interest Lands (D-2) in Alaska (Anchorage: FSLUPC, April 21, 1976) p. 3. The twelve park system units recommended included an Alatna National Preserve (470,000 acres), Chitina National Preserve (1,090,000 acres), and a 30,000-acre addition to Glacier Bay. Noatak, Chukchi-Imuruk, and Harding Icefield-Kenai Fjords were not included.
35. The wilderness study areas were included as part of the 31,300,000 acres of National Land Reserves.
36. Harry B. Crandell to Stewart Brandborg, December 7, 1974, Conservationists Involvement in Alaska-TWS thru 1975, Swem Papers; Rich Gordon to Conservationists, February 23, 1975, Box 1, Alaska Task Force Files, RG 79, FARC, Seattle; A Report of the Second Alaska Coalition Meeting on the National Interest Lands, McKinley Park Hotel, Mckinley Park Alaska, May 15-16, 1976, Alternative Proposals, Yukon-Charley Keyman Files, Box 46, Alaska Task Force Files, RG 79, FARC, Seattle; Swem Diary, January 15, 1976; Saving Our Alaska Heritage, The Wilderness Society's Action Plan, April 18, 1977, Box 19, Alaska Coalition Papers; Cahn, Wild Alaska, pp. 13-14.
37. Cahn, Wild Alaska, p. 15; Lappen, "Whose Promised Land?" pp. 128-29; Interview of Harry Crandell, December 7, 1983. President Carter reaffirmed this position in his first message on the environment when he said "No conservative action of the 95th congress could have a more lasting value than this." U.S. Congress, House, Message From the President of the United States Transmitting Proposals for Dealing with a Variety of Environmental Issues, House Doc. 95-160, 95th Cong., 1st sess. May 23, 1977. House Doc. no. 95-160.
39. Daily Log, Assistant to the Director for Alaska, April 4, 1977; Interview of Cynthia Wilson by Frank Williss, December 6, 1983; Interview of Curtis E. Bohlen, III, October 10, 1979; Interview of Theodor R. Swem, June 8, 1983; Interview of A. Durand Jones, May 15, 1983; Interview of Al Henson, June 6, 1983; Jack Hession, Ted Whitesell and David Finklestein to Alaska Coalition, October 26, 1976 [Resource data supporting conservationists' proposals], Box 12, Alaska Task Force Files, RG 79, FARC, Seattle.
40. Cahn, Wild Alaska, P. 15; Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act, The Conservationists' Alaska Coalition Bill, January 1977, Lake Clark—Conservationists' proposals, Park Files, Headquarters, Lake Clark National Park and Preserve, Anchorage.
41. U.S. Congress, House, A Bill to designate certain lands in the state of Alaska as units of the National Park, National Wildlife Refuge, Wild and Scenic Rivers, and National Wilderness Preservation System, and for other purposes H.R. 39, 95th Cong., 1st sess., 1977; Congressional Record, House, January 4, 1977, p. 261; Cahn, Wild Alaska, p. 16. The large number of co-sponsors was a result, largely, of the work of the Alaska Coalition. The conservationists hoped to convince Congress of broad support for a strong Alaska lands bill by the large number of co-sponsors. Some believe that this tactic is a mistake that telegraphs the support for a bill.
42. S.1500 (Metcalf, May 12, 1977); S.500 (Jackson and Hansen, January 28, 1977). Also H.R. 2876 (Udall, et. al., February 1, 1977), H.R. 1974 (Udall, January 17, 1977), and H.R. 5505 (Quillan, March 23, 1977); Robert Cahn, "The Race to Save Wild Alaska," Living Wilderness, (July-Sept 1977), p. 16. Senator Metcalf's bill went beyond H.R. 39, to propose establishment of four additional wilderness units, and protection of other areas until studied.
43. Both Katmai and Glacier Bay would be re-designated national parks.
44. Evidence suggests that the preserves outlined in H.R. 39 differed from those already in existence in the "Lower 48"—Big Thicket and Big Cypress. The latter were areas set aside for preservation of the natural values they contained, while allowing for other uses as long as those uses did not affect these values. In H.R. 39, preserves, with the possible exception of Noatak, seem to have been essentially national parks that allowed sport hunting.
45. Included in forest wilderness areas were Nellie Juan (1,000,000) Yakutat Foreland (300,000), West Chichagof-Yakobi (400,000), Admiralty Island (1,000,000), Stikine-Le Conte (300,000), and Misty Fjords (2,400,000).
Wilderness studies had been conducted at existing NPS areas, although these studies did not include all lands within those parks designated for wilderness in H.R. 39. Bryan Harry to Chief, Office of Legislation, March 3, 1977, ANCSA-1977, Swem Papers.
46. Congressional Record, House, January 4, 1977, E261; Morris Udall to Bob Georgine and Executive Council, November 15, 1977, AK-5, Crandell Papers .
47. This is not to suggest that Alaskan conservationists were of one mind. Quite the contrary is true. A number professed shock at the scale of the bill. Dale Bondurant, of the Anchorage Izaak Walton League spoke out forcibly against the protection of hunting for what he called a "special group" [Native subsistence].
48. Tundra Times, April 20, 1977, Belous Clipping Files, Special Collections Division, DPL.
49. Cahn, Wild Alaska, p. 19; Fairbanks Daily News-Miner, October 17, 1978, Belous Clipping Files, Special Collections Division, DPL; "Statement of Policy for Citizens for Management of Alaska Lands," undated MS, A-94, CMAL, Box 3, Alaska Task Force Files, RG 79, FARC, Seattle.
50. Statement by U.S. Senator Ted Stevens, June 30, 1977, Congressional and committee membership and governors, Box 21, Alaska Task Force Files, RG 79, FARC, Seattle; Tentative 17(d)(2) Lands Proposal presented by: Governor Jay Hammond, Senator Ted Stevens, Congressman Don Young, March 1977, Belous Files, ANILCA Papers, USDI; Senator Mike Gravel, who called it a "Republican d-2 bill" refused to co-sponsor. According to Senator Stevens, however, Senator Gravel favored the co-management approach embodied in the bill. S.E. Alaskan Empire, June 30, 1977, AK-7, Ibid.
51. U. S. Congress, Senate, A Bill Relating to the Classification of Certain Lands within the state of Alaska and for other Purposes, S.1787, 95th Cong., 1st. sess., 1977; Statement of U.S. Senator Ted Stevens, June 30, 1977, Congressional and Committee membership and Senators, Box 21, Alaska Task Force Files, RG 79, FARC, Seattle; Summary of Tentative d-2 Position, presented by Governor Jay Hammond, et. al, March 26, 1977, AK-5, Crandell Papers; Federal State Land Use Planning Commission, Area Maps of Proposals Affecting National Interest Lands (d-2) in Alaska, January 1978, Belous Files, ANILCA Papers, USDI. The core park areas, as well as those of other agencies were to be designated, but not formally dedicated, until the year 2000. The delay would allow for uses not allowed under traditional management.
52. NPS-managed federal cooperative lands would be Katmai (1,590,000), Gates of the Arctic (3,550,000), Mt. McKinley (1,960,000), Wrangell-St. Elias (8, 740,000), Lake Clark (3,490,000) and Charley River (900,000).
53. J. Fred Eubanks to Bryan Harry, February 23, 1977, doc. no., 003340, ANILCA Papers, USDI; Marcus P. Malik to Bryan Harry, Feb. 18, 1977, doc. 003347, Ibid.; Bob Belous to Bryan Harry, Feb. 18, 1977, doc. 003346, Ibid.; Interview of Robert Belous by Frank Williss August 6, 1984; Bryan Harry to Chief, Office of Legislation, March 3, 1977, ANCSA—1977, Swem Papers; Interview of Roger Contor, November 2, 1983.
54. Statement of Cecil B. Andrus, Secretary of the Interior to the House Subcommittee on General Oversight and Alaska Lands, April 25, 1977, Belous Files, ANILCA Papers, USDI; Hearings on H. R. 39, et. al., 1977, II:152; ANCSA (d-2) Proposals, 5/20/77, Box 38, NPS WASO Files, ANILCA Papers, USDI. The Morton Proposals had been reintroduced as S.499 (Jackson, January, 28, 1977), H.R. 6564 (Murphy, April 22, 1977). Additionally, Representative John Dingall had introduced H.R. 1652, a bill proposing to set aside some 68,000,000 acres in wildlife refuges in Alaska.
55. Interview of Curtis E. Bohlen, III, October 10, 1983; Interview of Harry Crandell, December 7, 1983; Swem, "Outline History," p. 13; Daily Log—Assistant to the Director for Alaska [Roger Contor], Office of the Regional Director, ARO. By Sept. 1, Crandell indicated Secretary Andrus was "shooting for 95 million acres. "
56. James A. Joseph to Solicitor, et. al., May 4, 1977, doc. no. 000540 ANILCA Papers, USDI; Chris Farrand to Curtis Bohlen and Heather Ross, March 3, 1977, Box 38, NPS WASO Files, Ibid.; Richard A. Baenen to Cecil D. Andrus, March 21, 1977, doc. no. 000530, Ibid.; Raymond Butler to Cecil D. Andrus, February 25, 1977, doc. no. 000488, Ibid.; USDI, News Release, April 22, 1977, ANCSA Implementation—1977, Swem Papers; Harry Crandell to John Seiberling, May 23, 1977, AK-5, Crandell Papers; Interview of Curtis E. Bohlen, III, October 10, 1983; Interview of James M. Lambe, December 8, 1983.
The scope of the activities of the APG was considerably reduced by April. Originally, Andrus indicated that its jurisdiction would go beyond d-2. Nevertheless, one indication of the importance of the decision to control the Interior's d-2 effort at the departmental level, came when James M. Lambe, a long-time NPS official and presently chief of the NPS's WASO Division of Legislation, temporarily left the Service to become Bohlen's assistant. Lambe took the job, recognizing that the most significant activities would take place at the departmental level.
57. "Efforts by Assistant Secretary Herbst and staff on behalf of the National Interest in Alaska Natural Resources, " undated MS [after October 2, 1980], Box 38, NPS WASO Files, ANILCA Papers, USDI; Curtis Bohlen to Director, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, March 30, 1977, doc. 000753, Ibid.; Bohlen to Assistant Secretary of Agriculture for Conservation, Research, and Education [with identical letters to Bureau of Mines, Geological Survey, Bureau of Land Management, and Bureau of Indian Affairs], May 20, 1977, doc. no. 000752, Ibid.
58. M. Rupert Cutler to Curtis Bohlen June 8, 1977, doc. 000543, ANILCA Papers, USDI; Daily Log—Assistant to the Director for Alaska [Roger Contor], Office of the Regional Director, ARO. One reason for this approach was to avoid the lengthy formal review process required by OMB. The Department did conduct briefings for OMB.
59. "Management of Federal Lands in Alaska," January 24, 1977, 2650-Alaska Native Selections, BLM Files, ANILCA Papers, USDI; "Summary Alaska Conservation Areas," March 18, 1977, Box 21, Alaska Task Force Files, RG 79, FARC, Seattle; "Criteria for Federal Land Use Determinations in Alaska," March 11, 1977, Ibid. National Park System areas proposed were: Gates of the Arctic (5,400,000 acres), Kobuk Valley (140,000 acres), Cape Krusenstern (200,000 acres), Wrangell-Kluane (10,000,000 acres), Lake Clark (3,500,000 acres), Aniakchak Caldera (400,000), and Marsh Fort-Chamberlain [portion of Arctic National Wildlife Range] (1,100,000 acres).
60. Chris Carlson to the Secretary [Cecil Andrus], March 24, 1977, doc. no. 000535, ANILCA Papers, USDI; Interview of Curtis E. Bohlen, III, October 10, 1983; Interview of A. Durand Jones, May 15, 1984; "BLM Plan Draws Ire," Fairbanks Daily News Miner, March 28, 1977; Legislation 1977, Box 21, Alaska Task Force Files, RG 79, FARC, Seattle; "End Run by BLM on D-2," Anchorage Daily News, March 26, 1977, Ibid; "BLM details its d-2 Land Plan," Fairbanks Daily News Miner, March 25, 1977, Ibid. The premature release of the BLM's plan was not accidental.
61. Daily Log—Assistant to the Director for Alaska, December 1-3, 1976, Office of the Regional Director, ARO; Interview of Roger Contor, November 2, 1983; Interview of James Pepper, November 8, 1983. "Keyman" was the title of the NPS planner responsible for a given area. They had been hired during late spring 1975. See pp. 246-48; 256-58.
62. Stell Newman to Roger Contor, April 4, 1977, 0060-Boundaries, Box 25, Alaska Task Force Files, RG 79, FARC, Seattle; WEB [William E. Brown], Ideal Boundary for YUCL Proposal, February 16, 1977, Resources, Cape Krusenstern (1977), and Gates of the Arctic, (1977), Breedlove Papers, HFC. Similar maps were prepared for all areas.
63. Interview of Al Henson, June 6, 1983; Interview of A. Durand Jones, May 15, 1984; Interview of James Pepper, November 8, 1983; Activity Report No. 20, Assistant to the Director for Alaska, September 27, 1977. Roger Contor, Assistant to the Director for Alaska, was traveling in Alaska when the presentations were made to Director Whalen, and had no opportunity to participate in the decision making.
64. William J. Whalen to Assistant Secretary, FWP [Herbst], August 12, 1977, Breedlove Papers, HFC. Two reports were forwarded to Herbst on August 12. One addressed an Alaska d-2 Issue Paper drafted by the Special Assistant to the Secretary for Alaska [Curtis Bohlen]. The second was a report on H.R. 39.
The Service recommended that Mount McKinley National Park be renamed Denali National Park" (as did H . R 39), a Native name for the mountain, and the park name first suggested by Charles Sheldon. Bering Land Bridge had been previously Chukchi-Imuruk. The name change, which was suggested by T. Stell Newman, keyman for the area, was designed to better describe park values in the area. At the same time, it is unlikely that Newman could have missed the fact that the name "Bering Land Bridge" had a public relations appeal that Chukchi-Imuruk would never have.
65. Theodor R. Swem to Curtis Bohlen, November 5, 1973 [Policy issues relative to Alaska proposals], Swem Correspondence, July 1973-December 1973, HFC; Robert Belous, "Subsistence Use of New Parklands in Alaska (An Interim Report)," November 10, 1973, L3505-Subsistence, Box 16, Alaska Task Force Files, RG 79, FARC, Seattle.
>66. See, for example, Theodor R. Swem to Curtis Bohlen, November 5, 1973, Swem Correspondence, July-December 1973, HFC; Robert Belous, "Subsistence Use of New Parklands in Alaska (An Interim Report)," November 10, 1973, L3505-subsistence, Box 16 Alaska Task Force Files, RG 79, FARC, Seattle; Robert Belous to Planners and Professional Staff, ATO [position working paper on subsistence policy], September 9, 1975, Ibid; T. Stell Newman to Roger Contor, April 13, 1977, Box 1, NPS WASO Files, ANILCA Papers, USDI.
67. Interview of Roger Contor, November 2, 1983; Interview of Bill Reffalt, December 9, 1983.
68. Interview of Roger Contor, November 2, 1983; Interview of Bill Reffalt, December 9, 1983; Interview of Curtis E. Bohlen, III and Theodor R. Swem, January 24, 1984; Interview of James Pepper, November 8, 1983; Interview of A. Durand Jones, May 15, 1984; Harvey K. Nelson to Deputy Director, et. al., April 22, 1977, Box 38, NPS WASO Files, ANILCA Papers, USDI.
In addition, a February 27, 1976 amendment to the National Wildlife Refuge Administration Act, included a provision that ruled out joint administration of wildlife refuge lands. This brought into question the joint management proposals in the Morton recommendations. Interview of Christine Enright by Frank Williss, August 17, 1983.
69. Interview of Roger Contor, November 2, 1983; Interview of Bill Reffalt December 9, 1983; Interview of A. Durand Jones, May 15, 1984; Interview of James Pepper, November 8, 1983; Daily Log-Assistant to the Director for Alaska, August 17, 1977; Bill Reffalt to Harvey, Gene, and Mike, September 22, 1977, Box 39, NPS WASO Files, ANILCA Papers, USDI; Reffalt to Clay Hardy, July 13, 1977, Ibid; [ ] Nadeau to Bill [Reffalt], July 6, 1977, Ibid; Bob Herbst's Blackboard Decisions, August 18, 1977, Jones Files; Richard Myshak to Directors, NPS, BOR, FWS, August 7, 1977; Ibid. It has not been possible to locate the Fish and Wildlife Service's August 1977 recommendations. However, estimates of the total acreage vary between 69,000,000 and 79,000,000 acres.
At one point in the process of reevaluating management systems, moreover, the FWS had considered a boundary of Iliamna that included nearly half of the proposed Lake Clark National Park.
70. Interviews of Contor, Reffalt, Pepper, and Jones; Bob Herbst's Blackboard Decisions, August 18, 1977; Myshak to Directors, NPS FWS, August 19, 1977; Daily Log, Assistant to the Director for Alaska, August 17, 1971. On August 17, the Park Service had agreed to give up the Noatak. This decision was reversed.
71. Robert L. Herbst to Secretary Andrus, et. al., August 23, 1971, doc. no. 000584, ANILCA Papers, USDI. Herbst recommended setting aside 49,619,000 acres for inclusion in the National Wildlife Refuge System, and 2,000,000 acres in the Wild and Scenic Rivers System. No final recommendation was presented for Admiralty Island (813,000 acres), although three options were listed: 1) Management by the NPS as a National Preserve, 2) Wildlife Refuge, 3) Forest Service Wilderness area. The options were listed in priority order, subject to discussions with the Secretary of Agriculture.
72. "Efforts by Assistant Secretary Herbst and staff on behalf of (the National Interest) in Alaska Natural Resources," undated MS [after October 10, 1980], Box 38, NPS WASO Files, ANILCA Papers, USDI; Guy Martin to Cynthia Wilson, August 26, 1977, doc. no. 000591, Ibid.; "FWP Rebuttal to 8/2S LW Comments," undated MS, doc. no. 000594, Ibid; USDI, Alaska Policy Group, Decision meeting, Alaska D-2," August 26, 1977, doc. no. 000604, Ibid; Cynthia Wilson to Solicitor, et. al., August 29, 1977, Box 12, NPS WASO Files, Ibid.; Ronald K. Peterson to Federal-State Land Use Planning Commission, Departments of Interior, Transportation, Justice, et. al., September 9, 1977, doc. no. 000685, Ibid.; Commissioner of Natural Resources, State of Alaska to Alaska Planning Group, August 25, 1977 [state comments on Herbst proposal], doc. 000596, Ibid.; "Department of the Interior Recommended Amendments to H.R. 39, Proposed Alaska National Interest Lands Act," September 13, 1977, Box S, NPS WASO Files, Ibid.; USDI, News Release, September 15, 1977, doc. no. 000709, Ibid; Cecil D. Andrus to Undersecretary, et. al., Box 12, NPS WASO Files, Ibid.
73. USDI, News Release, September 15, 1977; Summary Sheet National Park Service Proposals for Alaska, September 15, 1977, doc. no. 000709, ANILCA Papers, USDI; "Administration Recommendations for National Wildlife Refuges, Parks, Forests, and Wild and Scenic Rivers, in Response to H.R. 39, September 15, 1977", (Illustration 12), map in Technical Information Center, Denver Service Center.
74. Department of the Interior Recommended Amendments to H.R. 39, proposed "Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act," September 20, 1977, Box 38, NPS WASO Files, ANILCA Papers, USDI; "Analysis of Andrus D-2 Package," undated MS, AK-5, Crandell Papers; Interview of James M. Lambe, December 8, 1983.
75. See Cahn, Wild Alaska, p. 20.
76. Governor Hammond called the plan a "centerpiece upon which those seeking a responsible solution to d-2 can focus, " and the JFSLUPC gave its "general backing." On the other hand, the U.S. Chamber of Commerce, urged on by the Citizens for the Management of Alaska's Land, sought unsuccessfully to prevent the Department from testifying on H.R. 39 without completing additional environmental impact statements. Anchorage Daily News, October 14, 1977, ARO Clipping Files, Special Collections, DPL; Fairbanks Daily News-Miner, November 18, 1977, ARO Clipping Files, Ibid.; Activity Report no. 20, Assistant to the Director for Alaska, September 27, 1977, Box 39, ANILCA papers, USDI.
77. Presidential Option Paper, September 10, 1977, doc. no. 000707, ANILCA Papers, USDI; Department of the Interior, Proposed Additions to the National Park System, September 12, 1977, Box 3, d-2 Legislation, NPS WASO Files; Department of the Interior, Proposed Additions to the National Park System, September 13, 1977, Briefing Book-1977, Box 4, Ibid; Interview of Roger Contor, November 2, 1983; Interview of James Pepper, November 8, 1983.
The Interior Department had unsuccessfully negotiated with the Agriculture on this matter, and had proposed the same compromise during meetings with OMB on September 10. The Department of Agriculture refused the proposed compromise. The issue was one of several carried to President Carter, who decided in favor of Secretary Andrus on September 14.
78. Comments by John F. Seiberling, Congressional Record, House, December 15, 1977; Hearings on H.R. 39, V:21, XII:15 and XIII:221-22. See also Cahn, Wild Alaska, pp. 18-19; Lappen, "Whose Promised Land?" pp. 143-44.
79. Hearings on H.R. 39, et. al., 1977, passim; Cahn, "Fight to Save Wild Alaska," p. 19; "Juneau D-2 Testimony Balanced Between Pro and Anti-Wilderness," S.E. Alaska Empire, July 8, 1977, AK-5, Crandell Papers; "Mixed views on d-2," Anchorage Daily News, August 22, 1977, Ibid; "A d-2 field Journal," Alaska Advocate, August 25, 1977, Ibid. In Anchorage, some fifty-one percent generally favored the general principles in H.R. 39, while in Fairbanks two-thirds opposed. Activity report No. 20, Assistant to the Director for Alaska, September 27, 1977, Box 23, ANILCA Papers, USDI.
80. Interview of Harry Crandell, December 7, 1983; Seiberling Plans D2 Amendments," Anchorage Times, July 8, 1977, AK-5, Crandell Papers; Seiberling will Amend law to allow wilderness mining," Ketchikan Daily News, July 8, 1977, Ibid.; "Udall 'we probably chewed off too much instant wilderness,'" Fairbanks Daily News-Miner, August 20, 1977, Ibid.; "D2 Hearing Ended; Udall Says Bill to be Scaled Down," Anchorage Times, August 22, 1977, Ibid.
81. Cynthia Wilson to Alaska Working Group, October 14, 1977, doc. no. 000808, ANILCA Papers, USDI; Cynthia Wilson to Undersecretary, et. al., October 25, 1977, doc. no. 000764, Ibid.; H. R. 39 [Committee Print, October 12, 1977]; H.R. 39 [Committee Print], October 18, 1977; [Alaska National Interest Lands Print no. 2, October 28, 1977]; Comparison of the House Interior Print Neptune for H.R. 39 with the Administration Position of September 15, 1977, Legislation, Box 4, NPS WASO Files, ANILCA Papers, USDI; U.S., Congress, House, Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act of 1978, Report of the Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, . . . together with Additional, Dissenting, and Supplemental Views and Additional Comments to Accompany H.R. 39, 95th Cong., 1st sess., 1978, part 1, p. 77.
82. Don Young to Members, Subcommittee on General Oversight and Alaska Lands, October 17, 1977, Legislation, September-October 1977, Box 4, NPS WASO Files, ANILCA Papers, USDI; John F. Seiberling, Teno Roncalio, and Philip Burton, "Supplemental Views—Wrangell-St. Elias Park/Perserve in Report to Accompany H.R. 39, April 7, 1978, part 1, pp. 389-89; Statement of John F. Seiberling, Congressional Record, House, December 15, 1977, reproduced in John F. Seiberling to "Dear Colleague," January 12, 1978, Crandell Papers.
83. Other interest groups—conservationists, Natives, state, and JFSLUPC—also had input. See, for example, Deborah von Hoffman to James Joseph, February 6, 1976, Doc. no. 000261, ANILCA Papers, USDI.
84. Cecil B. Andrus to John F. Seiberling, January 13, 1978, Crandell Papers; H.R. 39 [Committee Print No. 2] October 28, 1977.
85. Activity Report No. 23, Assistant to the Secretary for Alaska, November 22, 1971, Box 23, NPS WASO Files, ANILCA Papers, USDI; Report on H.R. 39, April 7, 1978, part 1, p. 77; John F. Seiberling to "Dear Colleague," January 12, 1977, Crandell Papers; Cynthia Wilson to Under-secretary, et. al., February 13, 1978, doc. no. 000775, ANILCA Papers, USDI; National Park System Proposals, Summary of Subcommittee Recommendations, January 25, 1978, Box 18, Alaska Task Force Files, RG 79, FARC, Seattle; H. R. 39, [Subcommittee Print showing the substitute adopted by the Subcommittee on General Oversight and Alaska Lands], February 10, 1978.
86. Meeds 'd-2' Proposal," undated MS, NPS WASO Files, ANILCA Papers, USDI; "An Alaskan Brawl Envelops Meeds," Seattle Post-Intelligencer, December 24, 1977, Ibid.; "Young Loses on d-2 vote," Fairbanks Daily News-Miner, January 18, 1978 and "Panel Rejects Meeds' Proposal." Anchorage Times, January 18, 1978, Crandell Papers; Alaska Briefing Papers-Alaska Lands Legislative History, undated MS, [1979], Belous Files, ANILCA Papers, USDI; Interview of James Pepper, November 8, 1983. Meeds proposal, which was written in close cooperation with the staff of the JFSLUPC, would be subsequently introduced as H.R. 10467 (January 19, 1978), H.R. 10888 (February 9, 1978), and H.R. 12703 (May 12, 1978). It was intended as a compromise between the Alaska congressional delegation's position and H.R. 39. In addition to establishing a "national wildlands category, Meeds attempted to reduce "instant wilderness" to 10,000,000 acres, give the Secretary of the Interior discretionary authority to allow transportation corridors, and allow the "carefully controlled" exploration and extraction of oil and gas on all lands except parks, monuments and wilderness areas.
87. Congressional Record, House, May 18, 1978, p. 4234-235.
88. Briefing Papers-Alaska Lands Legislation Legislative History, undated MS, [1979], Belous Files, ANILCA Papers, USDI; Congressional Record, House, May 18, 1978, p. 4237.
89. Report on H.R. 39, April 7, 1978, pp. 388-89. Cecil Andrus to Morris Udall, March 2, 1978, ANILCA Papers, USDI. The committee did place Kantishna Hills in Denali National Preserve rather than in the park, and transferred 1,000,000 acres from park to preserve status in the Wrangells, opening, according to John Seiberling, Teno Roncalio, and Phillip Burton, most of the usable, accessible area to sport hunting and possibly other incompatible uses.
90. Morris K. Udall to James J. Delaney, April 16, 1978, Crandell Papers; Report to Accompany on H.R. 39, pp. 253-55. The total acreage recommended for preserves was some 2,500,000 acres more than that recommended by the administration
91. Report to Accompany H.R. 39, April 7, 1978, part 1, pp. 137, 146, and passim; Interview of Harry Crandell, December 7, 1983.
92. U.S. Congress, House, Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries, Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act of 1978: Report Together with Additional, Dissenting, and Supplemental Views and Additional Comments to Accompany H.R. 39, 95th Cong., 2d sess., 1978, H.R. 96-1045, Part II, pp. 31-34; John Seiberling and Morris Udall to Thomas P. O'Neil, Jr., February 9, 1978, AK-S Crandell Papers. The 1973 Morton proposals had been jointly referred to the two committees.
93. Report to Accompany H.R. 39, May 4, 1978, Part II, pp. 3-5, 35. Included among the refuges were a 22,500,000-acre North Slope National Wildlife Refuge (National Petroleum Reserve-Alaska), and Copper River National Wildlife Refuge, an area the Interior Department had recommended be managed by the Forest Service.
94. U.S. Congress, House, A Bill to Designate Certain Lands in the State of Alaska as Units of the National Park, National Wildlife Refuge, Wild and Scenic Rivers and National Wilderness Preservation Systems, and for other Purposes, H.R. 12625, 95th Cong., 2nd sess., 1978; speech of Morris Udall, Congressional Record, House, May 17, 1978, p. 4090. Substitutes are often given the number of the original bill, depending upon a ruling from the chair. Because H.R. 39 was identified around the nation with the Alaska lands issue, it was particularly important to supporters to maintain that number.
95. Congressional Record, House, May 17, 1978, p. 4088; Cahn, Wild Alaska, pp. 19-21; Interview with James Pepper, November 9, 1983.
96. Congressional Record, House, May 18, 1978, pp. 4235-4256. Among deletions in the Young amendment, which failed by a vote of 251-141, were 200,000 acres in Gates of the Arctic, 150,000 in Lake Clark, and 150,000 in Noatak.
97. Congressional Record, House, May 19,
1978; pp. 4238-4239.
98. Additionally, lands adjacent to the proposed Noatak National Preserve east of the main channel of the Noatak River would automatically become part of that proposal if not conveyed to the village of Noatak.
99. The figures given for additions to the refuge system are approximate, and involved a north slope wildlife refuge (National Petroleum Reserve-Alaska) that totalled some 23,300,000 acres.
100. U.S., Congress, House, An Act to Designate Certain Lands in the State of Alaska as Units of the National Park<, . . . and for other Purposes, H.R. 39, 95th Cong., 2nd sess., May 19, 1978; Richard O. Curry to Director, May 24, 1978, Secretary of the Interior, Denali Keyman Files, Box 28, Alaska Task Force Files, RG 79, FARC, Seattle.
103. U.S., Congress, Senate, A Bill to designate certain lands in the State of Alaska as units of the National Park, . . . to establish a Federal-state Land Use Planning Commission, to establish procedures for the management of fish and wildlife on public lands in Alaska, and for other purposes, S.2944, 95th Cong., 2nd sess., April 19,1978; Anchorage Daily News, May 11, 1978, Crandell Papers; Fairbanks Daily News-Miner, June 28, 1978, ARO Clipping File, Special Collections Division, DPL: Fairbanks Daily News-Miner July 12, 1978, Ibid.; The Washington Post, May 20, 1978, Crandell Papers.
104. "Stevens sees no rush on new federal parks," Anchorage Daily News, August 9, 1977 and the Washington Post, May 20, 1978, Crandell Papers.
105. Anchorage Daily News, May 11, 1978, Ibid. ; Fairbanks Daily News Miner, June 6, 1978, ARO Clipping Files, Special Collections Division, DPL; Anchorage Times, September 8, 1978, Box 1, Alaska Coalition Papers.
106. Hearings on S.1787, . . . et. al., 1975; U.S. Congress, Senate, Alaska Natural Resource Issues and Alaska National Interest Lands Legislative Hearings on S. 499 . . , et. al., 95th Cong., 2nd sess, 1978; U.S., Congress, Senate, Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, Alaska National Interest Lands Workshops, 95th Cong., 2nd sess., 1978.
107. Report to Accompany H.R. 39, 1978, p. 112.
108. U.S., Congress, Senate, Designating Certain Lands in the State of Alaska as Units of the National Park, National Wildlife Refuge, National Wild and Scenic Rivers, and National Wilderness Preservation Systems, and for other purposes, Report together with Minority, Additional and Supplemental Views to Accompany H.R. 39, 95th Cong., 2nd sess., 197 S. Rept. 95-1300, p. 112. In addition to H.R. 39, other bills before the Senate were S.499, S.500 (Jackson, January 28, 1977), S.1500 (Metcalf, May 12, 1977), Amendment no. 2176 to S. 1500 (Durkin, May 16, 1978), 5. 1783 (Stevens, June 30, 1977), S.2944 (Gravel, April 15, 1978), and S. 2465 (Jackson, January 31, 1978 [proposals of the Carter Administration]). Related bills were S.1546 (Abourezk), S.3016 (Gravel and Stevens), and S.3303 [proposed by the Administration, containing provisions to improve implementation of ANCSA].
109. Ibid.; Fairbanks Daily News-Miner, June 28, 1978, ARO Clipping Files, Special Collections Division, DPL.
110. Cahn, Wild Alaska, p. 21. The privilege, which is often given senators whose state is affected by pending legislation, did not extend to voting on the committee.
111. In fact Senator Gravel actually made the work of the committee more difficult. Invoking a rule that forbade a committee from meeting while the full Senate is in session, Gravel forced the committee to hold meetings in early morning and in the evening in order to complete work before adjournment. The tactic certainly did not endear him to committee members. Interview with James Pepper, November 8, 1983.
112. Report to Accompany H.R. 39, October 9, 1978, passim; Alaska d-2 Lands Senate Briefing #3, Summary of Key Issues, FWP Weekly Report, October 11, 1978, Box 8, NPS WASO Files, ANILCA Papers, USDI.
113. Ibid. Additionally the committee recommended a 386,000-acre National Recreation Area in the Kelly River watershed in the Noatak.
114. Cahn, Wild Alaska, p. 22; Cecil Andrus and Bob Bergland To Walter Mondale, November 19, 1978, doc. no. 001787, ANILCA Papers, USDI; "Deadline near for Alaska Lands Bill," Washington Post, September 17, 1978, Crandell Papers; John Sieberling to Henry Jackson, August 1, 1978, Box 34, NPS WASO Files, ANILCA Papers, USDI [letter stating House position on H. R. 39] .
115. So sure were Interior Department staff that nothing more would be done, Secretary Andrus had left for vacation. Jim Pepper, an NPS employee then working as Cynthia Wilson s assistant had taken a plane to New York City. When he arrived a message waited directing him to return to Washington to work on a possible compromise. Interview of Pepper, November 8, 1983.
116. Interview of Harry Crandell, December 7, 1983.
117. Briefing Paper-Alaska Lands Legislation, Legislative History, undated MS [1979], Belous Files, Box 38, NPS WASO Files, ANILCA Papers, USDI; "Ad Hoc Negotiations, '78," Box 32, Ibid.; "Alaska Lands Legislation, What Happened. What Next?" FWP Weekly Report, October 18, 1978, Box 6, Ibid. ; Interviews of Harry Crandell, Cynthia Wilson, Jim Pepper, Richard Stenmark.
118. "Here's Gravel's Account of the D2 Meetings," and " 'I kept my word to Stevens,' " Anchorage Times, October 15 and 20, 1978, ARO Clipping Files, Special Collections Division, DPL. On the 12th, Interior Department officials met with Senator Stevens to discuss possible areas of compromise. Bob [Herbst] to Secretary Andrus, October 12, 1978, Ad Hoc Negotiations, '78, Box 32, NPS WASO Files, ANILCA Papers, USDI.
119. Bill Horn, Briefing Paper, H.R. 39 Legislative History: 95th Congress, January 23, 1978, Box 31, NPS WASO Files, ANILCA Papers, USDI; Interview of Cynthia Wilson, December 1983; Interview of James Pepper, November 8, 1983. Representative Young also participated, and after the 12th, Senator Clifford Hansen, minority leader of the Senate Energy Committee attended.
The presence of Secretary Andrus and his assistant, Cynthia Wilson, as full partners in a congressional conference was most extraordinary.
120. D. Michael Harvey to Cynthia Wilson, January 1979, Pepper Files, Gates of the Arctic National Park and Preserve.
121 . Cahn, Wild Alaska, p. 22; "Ad Hoc Negotiations 78," Box 32, NPS WASO Files, ANILCA Papers, USDI; Senator Mike Gravel Reports to Alaskans, November 1978, Belous Files, ANILCA Papers, USDI.
Interestingly, the transportation corridors Gravel listed, save that across the Stikine River, had been identified by the Interior Department in 1974. Secretary. Morton shelved the plan at that time, following outcry from conservationists and Natives. See, USDI, Multimodel Transportation and Utility Corridor Systems in Alaska. Generalized Description of the 40 Primary Corridors: Locations, Modes, Identifying Agencies, Purposes, Environmental Impacts, and Status of Lands Crossed (Washington, D.C.: USDI, November 1974); Arnold, Native Land Claims, pp. 270-71.
122. "Ad hoc" bill, undated [October 14, 1978], Xerox copy provided the author by Cynthia Wilson; "Ad Hoc Compromise," October 14, 1978, Box 35, NPS WASO Files, USDI; "Compromise D-2 Bill Summary Outline," Ibid.
123. D. Michael Harvey to Cynthia Wilson, January 1979, Pepper Files, Gates of the Arctic National Park/Preserve; John F. Seiberling to Bruce Vento, January 29, 1979, in U.S. Congress, House, Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act of 1979: Report together with Dissenting Supplemental and Separate Views to Accompany H.R. 39, 96th Cong., 1st sess., H. Report 96-97, part 1, pp. 609-10; Congressional Record, House, May 8, 1979, p. 2851; Statement of . . . Cecil Andrus Before the House Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs on H.R. 39, . . . February 13, 1979, Box 23, NPS WASO Files, USDI; Interviews of Harry Crandell, Cynthia Wilson, James Pepper and Dick Stenmark.
Senator Stevens and Representative Young, on the other hand, believed that an agreement had been reached. Fairbanks Daily News-Miner, May 10, 1979, ARO Clipping Files, Special Collections Division, DPL; Bill Horn, Briefing Papers-H. R. 39, Legislative History: 95th Congress, January 23, 1979, Box 31, NPS WASO Files, ANILCA Papers, USDI.
124. Cahn, Wild Alaska, p. 23; Interviews of Crandell, Wilson, Pepper, and Stenmark; Congressional Record, House, October 14, 1978, p. 12978; Congressional Record, Senate, October 14, 1978, pp. 19135-141
As a sidelight, John Seiberling, fearful that Gravel might attempt to curtail the President's authority to act under the Antiquities Act, stayed on the floor of the House to examine every piece of legislation from Saturday afternoon until 7:00 p.m. Sunday night, a stretch of thirty-one hours. The importance of preventing such an action follows.
125. "Here's Gravels's Account of the D2 Meeting," Anchorage Times, October 15, 1978, ARO Clippings Files, Special Collections Division, DPL.
126. Interview of Harry Crandell, December 7, 1983 and Chuck Clusen, December 6, 1983.
Even had the bill gone forward a series of strengthening amendments had been introduced in the Senate, and were lying on the table. This suggests that reaching a successful conclusion in the few remaining hours would have been difficult in any case. For example, U.S. Congress, Senate, To Extend statutory protection under the 1964 Wilderness Act to critical lands in Alaska, Amdt. No. 4523, Calendar No. 1215, 95th Cong., 2nd sess., October 10, 1978.
127. As late as September 15, for example, Secretary Andrus had promised "to make sure that the National Treasures of Alaskan Wilds are protected. . . . We have no intention of letting Alaska become a private preserve for a handful of rape, ruin and run developers." USDI, News Release, September 15, 1978.
128. Richard C. Curry to Assistant Director, Planning and Development, July 15, 1978, Box 39, NPS WASO Files, ANILCA Papers, USDI.
129. Sue Kemnitzer to Alaska Policy Group, July 7, 1978, Box 32, NPS WASO Files, ANILCA Papers, USDI; John D. Leshy to Kemnitzer, July 14, 1978, Ibid.; Bill Reffalt to Kemnitzer, July 14, 1978, Ibid., Robert Herbst to Kemnitzer, July 20, 1978, Ibid.; James Moorman to Kay A. Oberly and Jacques B. Gelin, August 1, 1978, Ibid.; Moorman to Kathy Fletcher, August 8, 1978, Ibid. ; Guy Martin to Secretary Andrus, November 27, 1978, Box 14, NPS WASO Files, Ibid.; Cynthia Wilson to Secretary Andrus, November 27, 1978, doc. 001162, Ibid.
130. Task Directive, Alaska Administrative Alternatives Analysis, undated [1978] MS, material in possession of Jon Haman, Denver Service Center; Terry Carlstrom to Sue Kemnitzer, September 21, 1975, Ibid.; Robert Herbst to Director, NPS, September 12, 1978, Ibid.; Alaska D2 Administrative Alternative Action Task Force responsibilities, undated MS [1978], Ibid. The NPS was the lead agency in this undertaking, and Terry Carlstrom, of the NPS's Denver Service Center, served as task force leader.
131. FWP Weekly Report, September 13, 1978, Box 6, NPS WASO Files, ANILCA Papers, USDI; USDI, Draft Environment Supplement, Alternative Administrative Actions Alaska National Interest Lands (Washington, D.C. . 1978); Cynthia Wilson to Dear Reviewer, October 25, 1978, Box 28, NPS WASO Files, ANILCA Papers; USDI, Final Environmental Supplement Alternative Actions Alaska National Interest Lands (Washington, D.C.: USDI, 1978).
132. William J. Whalen to Assistant Secretary for Fish and Wildlife and Parks, November 9, 1978 and November 20, 1978, doc. no. 003040, ANILCA Papers, USDI.
133. Ibid. ; Cynthia Wilson to Dear Reviewer, October 25, 1978, Box 38, NPS WASO Files, ANILCA Papers, USDI; Draft Environmental Supplement, p. 1-4; Harry Crandell to Cynthia Wilson, September 25, 1978, Crandell Papers.
134. "Andrus vows he will 'protect' Alaska land," Fairbanks Daily News-Miner, August 1 , 1978, ARO Clipping File, Special Collections Division, DPL; "Carter may issue edict on parks," Anchorage Daily News, August 19, 1978, Ibid.; "Andrus set to Invoke 1906 Act," Anchorage Times, October 17, 1978; Ibid.; John Seiberling to Cecil D. Andrus, August 17, 1978, Box 13, NPS WASO Files, ANILCA Papers, USDI; John M. Murphy, et. al. to President Carter, November 15, 1978, AK-5, Crandell Papers [letter from over 100 congressmen encouraging the President to take comprehensive action to protect Alaska lands]; Lawrence Rockefeller et. al. to President Carter, November 30, 1978, Ibid; Alaska Coalition, Special Report on: Presidential Action to Protect Alaska's Wilderness, December 6, 1978, Ibid.
135. William J. Whalen to Assistant Secretary for Fish Wildlife and Parks, July 18, 1978 and November 9, 1978, doc. no. 003040, ANILCA Papers, USDI.
136. Interview of Cynthia Wilson, December 6, 1983.
137. "State selections within 1979 Administration Proposals for Parks," February 22, 1979, Breedlove Papers, HFC; USDI, Report for Alaska Land Withdrawals, Section 204(e) of PL 94-587 (Washington, D.C. : USDI, November 16, 1978) p. vi. Calculations of the amount of state selection land within conservation areas differs. The latter indicates the figure was in excess of 14,000,000 acres.
138. USDI, News Release, November 16, 1978; Anchorage Times, November 16, 1978, ARO Clipping Files, Special Collections Division, DPL; Alaska National Interest Lands Administrative Withdrawals, undated MS, Box 24, NPS WASO Files, ANILCA Papers USDI; USDI, USGS, "Alaska Administrative FLPMA Withdrawals," January 1, 1979, map in ARO. NPS acreage amounted to 44,030,000 acres, while refuges totaled 63,140,000, and wild and scenic rivers, 3,580,000 acres.
139. USDI, News Release, December 1, 1978, Box 38, NPS WASO Files, ANILCA Papers, USDI; Office of the White House Press Secretary, Statement by the President, December 1, 1978, Ibid.; Monuments, February 1, 1979, Box 17, Ibid [comparison of the administration's 1978 recommendations and monument boundaries]. Illustration 13 is a map of the monuments.
140. Statement of the President, December 1, 1978, Box 38, NPS WASO Files, ANILCA Papers, USDI; Roger Contor to Files, January 16, 1979, L3215, Public land (204(e)) withdrawals, ARO Central Files, Inactive, ARO; "Withdrawals," draft by Roger Contor, January 26, 1979, Box 26, NPS WASO Files, ANILCA Papers, USDI.
141. State of Alaska vs. Carter, et. al., Civ. no. A 78-291, October 30, 1978; Luzader, "Litigation"; Statement of Cecil Andrus, Secretary of the Interior before the Senate Energy National Resources Committee, Concerning S.1176, A Bill to Amend the 1906 Antiquities Act and Federal Land Policy Management Act, 1976, September 13, 1979, doc. no. 001189, ANILCA Papers, USDI. The state's suit was only one of a number that challenged executive actions in Alaska. Anaconda Copper Company, CMAL, Bristol Bay Native Corporation, Alaskans for Independence, Cominsco, Inc. , and several hunters who faced prosecution for illegal hunting in the national monuments also challenged the withdrawals.
142. "Our View: The real root of the freeze," Anchorage Daily News, December, 1978, ARO Clipping Files, Special Collections Division, DPL; December 12, 1978, January 13, 1979, Ibid. ; Fairbanks Daily News-Miner, February 1, 1979 and March 13, 1979, Ibid.; David F. McAllister, Case Report, January 11, 1979, L-58, Great Denali Trespass, Park Files, Denali National Park/Preserve. Zorro Bradley, who directed the Park Service's Cooperative Park Studies Unit at the University of Alaska at Fairbanks, could not get the road to his home plowed. Interview, December 7, 1983.
143. Resolution of City of Eagle, December 11, 1978, Box 18, NPS WASO Files, ANILCA Papers, USDI. For a fascinating description of Eagle and the Alaska Bush, see McPhee, Coming into the Country, pp. 183-438.
144. Douglas Warnock, "Recollections of First Trip to Eagle, Alaska," 1983, Xerox copy given author by Mr. Warnock; Interview of John Cook, January 25, 1984; Interview of Douglas Warnock, August, 6, 1984; Interview of William E. Brown, March 15, 1983; Personal Observation, July 1983. Mr. Cook's visit to Eagle was one of several trips to areas where resentment of the monuments and NPS ran particularly high.
This particular sign, which was attached to a building on the only road into Eagle, was still there in the summer of 1983. This is not to imply that it then reflected anything more than the views of the individual who owned the building to which it was attached.
145. Jerry Gilliand to Robert Herbst, February 26, 1979, Box 18, NPS WASO Files, ANILCA Papers, USDI.
146. Roger Contor to Regional Director, Pacific Northwest Region, November 30, 1978, Box 18, NPS WASO Files, ANILCA Papers, USDI; Interview of G. Ray Bane by Frank Williss, July 15, 1983. Bane, a NPS anthropologist, lived for years in bush Alaska before joining the Service. He experienced first-hand the problems when some long-standing acquaintances would no longer speak to him or his wife, Barbara, after designation of the monuments.
147. Contor to R.D., PNW, November 30, 1978; David A. Watts to Juanita Alvarez, December 5, 1978, Box 23, NPS WASO Files, ANILCA Papers, USDI.
148. Federal Register, vol. 44, June 28, 1979, part II, pp. 37732-37751; Part III, pp. 37784-37785; Robert Herbst to Cecil Andrus, June 8, 1979, Monument Regulations, Box 2, NPS WASO Files, ANILCA Papers, USDI; Hearings on Proposed "National Park Service Regulations," Anchorage, August 15, 1979, Office of Regional Law Enforcement Specialist, ARO; Summary of proposed regulations in Alaska, June 1979, doc. no. 000215, Ibid [comparison of NPS and USFS proposed regulations with those in lower 48."]. Both the FWS and USFS, on the other hand, allowed sport hunting in the four monuments under their control.
149. "Uphill fight for state in Alaska lands battle," Anchorage Daily News, December 28, 1978, ARO Clipping File, Special Collections Division, DPL.
150. Ibid.; Anchorage Times, January 29, 1979, Ibid.; Esther C. Wunnicke and Walter B. Parker to Mike Gravel, December 29, 1978, AK-6, Crandell Papers; Testimony of Terry Miller, Lieutenant Governor of Alaska before the House Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries, Subcommittee on Fisheries and Wildlife Conservation, February 22, 1979, Box 30, NPS WASO Files, ANILCA Papers, USDI; Jerry Gilliand to Robert Herbst, February 26, 1979, Box 18, NPS WASO Files, Ibid.
151 . Cahn, Wild Alaska, p. 24; Anchorage Daily News, June 24, 1979, ARO Clipping Files, Special Collections Division, DPL. State officials had drawn up seven basic points they insisted must be met: title to all land selected, including the November 14, 1978 selections; state management of fish and wildlife; exclusion of viable resources from conservation units; guaranteed access across those units; a "no more" clause that would prohibit future withdrawals by executive action; guarantees for "the continuation of traditional Alaskan lifestyles," and revocation of all actions taken by the Carter administration in 1978.
152. Cahn, Wild Alaska, p. 4.; Anchorage Daily News, May 8, 1979, ARO Clippings File, Special Collections Division, DPL. CMAL had spent $650,000 the previous year. The amount was five times that spent by the Alaska Coalition. Most of the lobbying by the Coalition, however, came from nonpaid volunteers, however.
153. Congressional Record, House, January 15, 1979, pp. 43, 129; May 8, 1979, p. 2851. Eventually 150 members had signed on as co-sponsors. The bill was referred jointly to the Interior and Insular Affairs and Merchant Marine committees.
154. H.R. 39, Section Analysis, January 31, 1979, Box 17, NPS WASO Files, USDI; FWP Weekly Report, January 17, 1979, Box 6, Ibid.; William J. Whalen to Robert Herbst, January 24, 1979. Alaska Legislature—96th Congress, Box 18, Ibid.; Summary of Provisions of Alaska National Interest Lands Act of 1979 [1979], Box 1, Alaskan Coalition Papers; Anchorage Daily News, February 9, 1979, ARO Clippings Files, Special Collections Division, DPL [an article describing Representative Don Young's analysis of the differences between the 1978 and 1979 versions of H.R. 39.].
Additionally, the new bill did not include a mechanism for creating a cooperative management area in the Bristol Bay region.
155. Cynthia Wilson to Secretary, January 3, 1979, Box 9, NPS WASO Files, ANILCA Papers, USDI.
156. Ibid. ; William J. Whalen to Assistant Secretary for Fish, Wildlife and Parks [Robert Herbst], January 24, 1979, Box 32, NPS WASO Files, ANILCA Papers, USDI; Robert Herbst to Secretary, January 26, 1979, Ibid.; Cynthia Wilson to Alaska Policy Group, February 1, 1979, Crandell Papers; Cecil D. Andrus to Morris K. Udall, February 26, 1979, Box 38, NPS WASO Files, USDI; Morris K. Udall to all members, Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, February 23, 1979, Box 4, Alaska Coalition Papers.
157. H.R. 39—Detail Status Steps, January-May 1979, Box 2, Alaska Coalition Papers; U.S. Congress, House, Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act of 1979: Report together with dissenting Supplemental and Separate Views to Accompany H.R. 39, 96th Congress, 1979, H. Rept. 96-97, Part I, p. 144; Morris Udall and John Seiberling to Cosponsors of H.R. 39, March 13, 1979, Box 23, NPS WASO Files, ANILCA Papers, USDI.
158. FWP Weekly Report, March 7, 1979, Box 6, NPS WASO Files, ANILCA Papers, USDI; Cecil Andrus to John M. Breaux, March 21, 1979, Doc. No. 001748, Ibid.; Andrus to John M. Murphy, March 29, 1979, Box 17, Ibid.; [Committee Print] [March 28, 1979] [Amendment to H.R. 39, as introduced, offered by Mr. Breaux]; John Breaux to members, Subcommittee on Fisheries and Wildlife Conservation and the Environment, March 25, 1979, Box 34, NPS WASO Files, ANILCA Papers, USDI; U.S., Congress, Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries, Alaska National Interest Lands Act, 1979, Report Together with Supplemental and Dissenting Views to Accompany H.R. 39, 96th Cong., 1st. sess., 1979, H.R. 96-977, Part II, pp. 171; National Wildlife Federation, Conservation Report, part 2, April 13, 1979, Crandell Papers.
159. Alaska Coalition, Alaska Status Report, Critique of the Huckaby Substitute, February 27, 1979, Box 38, NPS WASO Files, ANILCA Papers, USDI; FWP Weekly Report, March 7, 1979, Box 6, Ibid., Comparison of Pending Alaska Legislation, April 27, 1979, Ibid.; Alaska Coalition, Impact of Huckaby Substitute on H.R. 39, February 28, 1979, Box 23, Ibid.; Joint Federal-State Land Use Planning Commission, "Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Legislation, H.R. 2199 (Huckaby)—1979," map provided author by Richard Stenmark; James M. Lambe to Chief, Office of Legislation, April 11, 1979, Box 34, NPS WASO Files, ANILCA Papers, USDI.
160. Anchorage Daily News, March 9, 1979, ARO Clippings Files, Special Collections Division, DPL; Morris Udall and John Seiberling to Co-Sponsors, March 13, 1979, Box 23, NPS WASO Files, ANILCA Papers, USDI.
161. U.S. Congress, House, A Bill to Provide for the Designation and Conservation of Certain Public Lands in the State of Alaska . . . , H.R. 3651 , 96th Cong., 1st sess., May 23, 1979; Congressional Record, House, May 23, 1979, p. 2509.
162. Anchorage Times, and Anchorage Daily News, May 17, 1979; ARO Clippings Files, Special Collections Division, DPL. For an excellent account of the lobbying efforts of the Alaskan Coalition prior to and during House action in May 1979, see Cahn, Wild Alaska, pp. 23-27.
163. Cahn, Wild Alaska, p. 25; Neal Knox to NRA Members, April 26, 1979, AK-7, Crandell Papers; Speech of Ted Stevens, Congressional Record, Senate, May 14, 1979, p. 5717; Fairbanks Daily News-Miner, May 11, 1979, ARO Clipping Files, Special Collections Division, DPL; Washington Post, May 17, 1979, Box 4, NPS WASO Files, ANILCA Papers, USDI. Emergence of gun control as a principal issue was certainly one of the most improbable occurrences in the entire legislative history of the Alaska national interest lands. The question revolved around the amount of land to be closed to sport hunting in the bill. Yet, by the Department of the Interior's calculations, the Breaux-Dingell proposal would have closed 5.3 percent of the lands to hunting, Huckaby, 5.5 percent, and Udall-Anderson, only slightly more at 7.5 percent. Cynthia Wilson to Secretary, et. al, April 27, 1979, ANILCA Papers, USDI.
164. Congressional Record, House, May 16, 1979, p. 3291; Cahn, Wild Alaskan, p. 25.
165. FWP Weekly Reports, May 9, 1979, Box 14, NPS WASO Files, ANILCA Papers, USDI; Congressional Record, House, May 15, 1979, p. 3132; May 16, 1979, pp. 3385-3386; Anchorage Times, May 17, 1979. A ruling from the chair gave the Udall-Anderson substitute the original number H.R. 39. The final margin of victory may have been at least partially due to a "bandwagon" effect. The margin of difference was generally ten to twenty votes in favor of Udall-Anderson until the total reached about 200 votes. At that time, the margin grew considerably.
166. S-9, January 15, 1979; Ted Stevens to John C. Culver, January 10, 1979, Box 38, NPS WASO Files, ANILCA Papers, USDI; Cecil Andrus to Henry Jackson, July 17, 1979, Ibid.; U.S., Senate, Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, Alaska National Interest Lands: Report Together with Additional Views to Accompany H.R. 39, 96th Cong., 1st sess., 1979, S. Rept. 96-413, p. 135.
On January 25, Senator John Durkin with twenty co-sponsors had introduced a counterpart to H.R. 39 (S-222).
167. S. Report to Accompany H.R. 39, 1979, p. 134; Cahn, Wild Alaska, p. 25.
168. Ted Stevens to John Culver, Box 38, NPS WASO Files, ANILCA Papers, USDI.
169. S. Report to Accompany H.R. 39, 1979, p. 134; Secretary [Andrus] to Assistant Secretary for Fish and Wildlife and Parks, September 12, 1979, doc. no. 001849, ANILCA Papers, USDI; William J. Whalen to Assistant Secretary, Fish and Wildlife and Parks, August 30, 1979, ANILCA Papers, USDI.
All potential parklands to be withdrawn under section 204(c) (described on p. 218) would, according to Secretary Andrus, continue to be managed by the BLM in close cooperation with the Park Service.
170. S. Report to Accompany H.R. 39, 1979, pp. 135-36; S.9 As Reported by the Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources on October 30, 1979, undated MS, Box 27, NPS WASO Files, ANILCA Papers, USDI; Senate Energy and Natural Resources Committee Mark-up of S-9 Adopted, October 31, 1979, Box 38, Ibid.; Robert Herbst to Cecil Andrus, November 19, 1979, Box 9, Ibid.; Cecil D. Andrus to Walter F. Mondale, November 19, 1979, Ibid.; Congressional Record, November 15, 1979, p. 32622. One difference between the 1978 and 1979 versions, was a provision eliminating 100,000 acres from proposed wilderness in Misty Fjords National Monument to allow U.S. Borax Co. to develop its molybdenum claim. This was, said Tsongas, the most hotly debated issue in the mark-up sessions.
171. "NPS Amendments to H.R. 39 as Reported by Senate, November 1979 (S.9), undated Ms, NPS WASO Files, ANILCA Papers, USDI; Cahn, Wild Alaska, p. 25.
172. Cahn, Wild Alaska, p. 25; Congressional Record, Senate, November 15, 1979, p. 32622; Amendment No. 626, Calendar 442, November 15, 1979; "Tsongas-Roth Substitute," undated MS, Box 8, Alaska Coalition Papers.
173. Congressional Record, Senate, February 8, 1980, p. 1378; Cahn, Wild Alaska, p. 26, Anchorage Times, January 23 and 30, 1979 and Fairbanks Daily News-Miner, February 5 and 8, 1979, AK-7, Crandell Papers. Senator Tsongas apparently hoped to avoid a filibuster when the bill came before the full Senate. Nevertheless the agreement was a clear victory for Alaskan senators, who wanted to delay a vote as long as possible and who clearly indicated that the final bill would be written in conference. Senator Stevens, at least, believed that it would have been virtually impossible to block a stronger bill early on in the session.
174. USDI, News Release, February 12, 1980, Office of the Regional Director, ARO; USDI, USGS, "Alaska, Administration FLPMA withdrawals, February 11, 1980," map in ARO.
175. Ibid.; USDI, Report for Alaska Land withdrawals Section 204(c) of FLPMA (P.L. 94-579) (Washington, D.C. : USDI, February 11, 1980), Chapter 3, pp. 1-38.
176. USDI, New Release, February 12, 1980; Ira J. Hutchinson to Director BLM, March 11, 1980 [encloses draft cooperative agreement for management of the four natural resource areas], Box 38, NPS WASO Files, ANILCA Papers, USDI.
177. Cahn, Wild Alaska, pp. 26-27; "Alaska Shifts d-2 Blitz into High Gear," Anchorage Daily News, June 14, 1980, Crandell Papers; New York Times, May 14, 1980, Ibid.; Jay Hammond to Joseph P. Teasdale, March 11, 1980, doc. no. 001944, ANILCA Papers, USDI; Neal Knox [Executive Director, National Rifle Association] to Patrick Leahy, June 16, 1980, doc. no. 001980, Ibid.; Mike Gravel, News Release, April 17, 1980, AK-7 Crandell Papers.
178. Cahn, Wild Alaska, p. 27; Amendment no. 1782. Others ready to follow were: No. 1779 - National Parks Amendment (Tsongas and Mathias), No. 1780 - Rivers and Transportation (Proxmire and Eagleton), No. 1781 - Wilderness (Nelson and Levin), and No. 1783 - National Forests (Tsongas, Roth, and McGovern).
179. Cahn, Wild Alaska, p. 27; Edgar Wayburn, "Alaska Lands Bill in Senate, Slowdowns and Showdowns," undated MS, Crandell Papers.
180. "Open Letter to Senator Stevens," July 17, 1980, Anchorage Daily News, July 17, 1980, ARO Clipping Files, Special Collections Division, DPL; "The GOP Position," Fairbanks Daily News-Miner, May 7, 1980, Republican position, state convention resolution, AK-7, Crandell Papers; Cahn, Wild Alaska, p. 27; Interview of James Pepper, November 8, 1983; Colloquy on Tsongas-Jackson Compromise Amendment, undated MS, Box 27, NPS WASO Files, ANILCA Papers, USDI. The last is a draft of a series of questions and answers, designed to clarify provisions of a amendment, and to establish some form of legislative history on key provisions.
181. Congressional Record, Senate, August 18, 1980, pp. 11050, 11140; August 19, 1980, p. 11203. Both senators Gravel and Stevens voted against the bill.
182. Quoted in Cahn, Wild Alaska, p. 29; Seattle Post Intelligencer, August 22, 1980, K-34, Press Releases, ARO Central Files - Inactive, ARO; Interview of James Pepper, November 8, 1983.
183. Committee Staff to Morris K. Udall, September 29, 1980, Ibid. [detailing a counter-offer from Senator Stevens]; Oliver Leavitt to John F. Seibering, September 17, 1980, Ibid.; Interview of Curtis E. Bohlen, III, October 10, 1983, James Pepper, November 8, 1983, Chuck Clusen December 6, 1983. Among the changes suggested by the House were transfer of the 300,000-acre N.E. preserve of Gates of the Arctic to a park, modified language on the transportation corridor across the "boot," transfer of nearly 900,000 acres from preserve to park in Denali, addition of a Copper River Wildlife Refuge, and the addition of some 6,000,000 in wilderness acreage (1,000,000 of it in the National Park System).
184. Morris K. Udall to President Carter, October 14, 1980, doc. no. 002072, ANILCA Papers, USDI; U.S. Congress, House, To Amend the Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act, and for other purposes. H. R. 8311 , 96th Cong. , 2nd sess. , October 3, 1980; News from Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, October 1, 1980, Crandell Papers; H.R. 8311: Summary Provisions to Amend the Senate-Passed Alaska Lands Bill, October 2, 1980, Box 4, Alaska Coalition Papers; Interview of Harry Crandell, December 7, 1984.
Designed to appeal to a broader audience, the bill would have, among other things, added 3,700,000 acres of wilderness to Senate's bill, while providing for seismic oil exploration of the coastal plain of Arctic National Wildlife Range, and opening an additional 1,000,000 acres of national park land to sport hunting in Wrangell-St. Elias (635,000 acres), Denali (235,000 acres), and Lake Clark (140,000 acres).
185. Nash, Wilderness and the American Mind, p. 300; "Grim Reality Comes to Victims of Tuesday's Massacre," Washington Post, November 6, 1980, Crandell Papers; News from Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, November 12, 1980, Ibid.; Congressional Record, House, November 18, 1980, pp. 10527-552.
186. Weekly compilation of Presidential Documents, vol. 16, no. 49, December 8, 1980, pp. 2753-2787. The bill President Carter signed differed from the bill passed by the Senate on August and the House on November 12 as a result of H. Concurrent Resolution 452 and 453, passed by the House on November 21 and the Senate on December 1 . Most of the changes were technical or perfecting. Others, a majority of which dealt with Native issues, were more extensive. Among other things the resolution prohibited the collection of entrance fees for National Park System units in Alaska, protected the Alaska pipeline from being affected by conservation units, and deleted a ten-year phase-out period for cabin permits in Tongass National Forest. Congressional Record, House, November 21, 1980, pp. 11111-11115; Congressional Record, Senate, December 1, 1980, pp. 15129-15132; Anchorage Daily News-Mirror, December 1, 1980, Crandell Papers.
187. Cahn, Wild Alaska, pp. 20, 29; Congressional Record, House, November 12, 1980, pp. 10530 and p. 5012; Interview of Chuck Clusen, December 8, 1983; P.L. 94-487, December 2, 1980 [ANILCA]; The Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act—A summary [December 1980], Box 24, NPS WASO Files, ANILCA Papers, USDI; Great Falls [Montana], Tribune, September 29, 1980, Crandell Papers.
188. P.L. 96-487, December 2, 1980. Nearly five and a half million acres of wilderness were in the National Forest System, 18,200,000 in Wildlife Refuges, and 37,400,000 in national park areas. Illustration 14 is a map of lands set aside under ANILCA.
189. P.L. 96-497, December 2, 1980; Congressional Record, House, November 17, 1980, pp. 10532- passim. In the absence of a House or Senate Report on the bill, Representative Udall presented the "explanation of those aspects of the legislation that affect the National Park system as to official legislative history of the 'Alaska National Interest Land Conservation Act.'"
The boundaries shown on official maps included federal, state, Native, and private lands. The acreage figures shown here were estimates of the probable ultimate federal acreages within the areas. Those figures are being revised as more accurate data becomes available and state and Native claims are adjudicated.
190. Congressional Record, House, November 17, 1980, p. 10528.
191. Ibid., p. 10530; Cahn, Wild Alaska, p. 30. In 1983 Senator Stevens and Representative Young would introduce legislation to redesignate portions of the parks to preserves in Katmai, Gates of the Arctic, Lake Clark, Wrangell-St. Elias, Denali, and Glacier Bay to open more land for hunting. Additionally, Kenai Fjords National Park would be redesignated as Kenai Fjords National Preserve. U.S. , Congress, House, A Bill to Designate Public Land in Alaska to Allow Hunting, H.R. 1493, 95th Cong., 1st sess. February 15, 1983. Senator Stevens and ten co-sponsors had introduced a similar bill (S. 49) on January 2, 1983. To date the bills have not enacted into law.
192. Hearings on H.R. 39, 1977, XII: p.83.
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