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Endnotes
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The National Park Service and the Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act of 1980: Administrative History Endnotes |
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Chapter
Three
1. Quoted by Undersecretary William Pecora at the first Interior Department meeting regarding ANCSA implementation. Personal notes of Theodor R. Swem, December 22, 1971, Swem Papers; Robert Cahn, Wild Alaska, p. 12.
The quote may well be apocryphal. If Secretary Morton did not say it, he should have, for the slogan, or some variety of it, became a symbol in the effort to secure passage of an Alaska National Interest Lands Act.
2. Swem, Personal Notes, December 22, 1971 . Legislative staff in the department and in the several bureaus had followed the progress of the legislation, and had helped, from time to time, in drafting portions of it.
3. Reed to Hartzog and Spencer Smith, confidential memo, December 21, 1971, ANCSA Implementation, 1971 - April 1972, Swem Papers. Two days later the reporting date had been moved forward to "early January." Theodor R. Swem to Assistant Director, Legislation, et al., December 23, 1971, Ibid.
4. Swem to Assistant Director, Legislation, et al., December 23, 1971, ANCSA Implementation, 1971-April 1972, Swem Papers; Swem, Personal Notes, January 27, 1971; Interview of George B. Hartzog, Jr., December 7, 1983; F.V. Schmidt to Alaska Area Director [BSF&W], December 22, 1971, ANCSA Implementation, 1971-April 1972, Swem Papers. >At this point, Swem believed that the job would be a short-term one that would last only through March.
5. The Bureau of Outdoor Recreation did not participate in identifying areas at this stage. The Forest Service proposed withdrawing 79,175,000 acres for study as multiple-use land and an additional 1,500,000 acres for "ecological reserves" on February 3. However, the Interior Department chose to accept the arguments of Representatives Morris Udall and John Saylor that the 80,000,000 acres described in the d-2 provision were intended primarily for additions to the National Park, Wildlife Refuge, and Wild and Scenic Rivers systems. The Forest Service proposals were substantially ignored at this time, although Assistant Secretary Reed did consider allotting 500,000 acres for the National Forest System. "Multiple Use Areas Proposed by the Forest Service for Withdrawal under the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act," February 3, 1972, ANCSA Implementation, 1971-April 1972, Swem Papers; "Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act, Task Force Briefing," February 3, 1972, Briefing Notes, ANCSA, 12/18/71-3/16/72, Richard Stenmark Files, HFC; Morris Udall and John Saylor to Rogers C.B. Morton, January 11, 1972, Robert Belous Files, ANILCA Papers, USDI; Speech of Morris Udall, Congressional Record, House, January 4, 1977, p. E65; Theodor R. Swem to Special Assistant for Fish, Wildlife, and Parks, February 17, 1972, Swem Correspondence, 12/71-6/72, HFC; Swem, Personal Notes, Jan. 10, 1972 and July 31, 1973.
6. This general impression is the result of a review of the documentary material as well as a number of interviews with the people involved.
7. Stenmark had recently been involved in identifying potential areas for Interior Secretary Hickel's Alaska Parks and Monuments Advisory Committee (see pp.- 48-51). He would have assistance from a variety of people at this time. Bailey Breedlove gave advice on boundaries, Merrill Mattes, Zorro Bradley, and James Husted helped draft the justifications necessary. Primary responsibility for the task was Stenmark's, however. Swem to Assistant Director, Legislation, et al., December 23, 1971; Swem, Personal Notes, December 27, 1971; Interview of Al Henson and Swem, June 9, 1983. Interview of Richard Stenmark, July 26, 1983; "Outline Decision Process Leading to the Morton Recommendations, December 18, 1973," April 17, 1978, Box 34, NPS WASO Files, ANILCA Papers, USDI; Confidential draft justifications of individual areas, January 1972, A-94, NPS, Box 5, Alaska Task Force Files, RG 79, FARC, Seattle; Draft description of NPS activities, May 19, 1972, ANCSA Implementation, April-December 1972, Swem Papers. The latter was prepared for use in answering interrogatories in the state of Alaska's lawsuit against Secretary Morton, March 5, 1972.
8. Interview of Richard Stenmark, July 26, 1983; Suggested timetable, January 3, 1972, ANCSA Implementation, 1971-April 1972, Swem Papers.
9. Interview of Richard Stenmark, July 26, 1983; Interview of Curtis E. Bohlen, III and Theodor R. Swem by Frank Williss, January 24, 1984.
10. Interview of Richard Stenmark, July 26, 1983; Nathaniel P. Reed to Undersecretary, January 11, 1972, Swem Correspondence, 12/71-6/72, HFC.
12. Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act, Areas Suggested for Withdrawal - National Park System, January 7, 1972, BOR, Box 20, Alaska Task Force Files, RG 79, FARC, Seattle.
13. Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, "Areas of Significant Wildlife Value," June 19, 1972, A-58-GAAR, ARO Central Files, Inactive, ARO; USDI, FWS, "Implementation of the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act, FY 75" (preliminary draft, January 1976), A-94-FWS (2), Box 4, Alaska Task Force Files, RG 79, FARC, Seattle; King and Lensink, Migratory Birds. Total acreage on a June 19 list, which had been compiled before passage of ANCSA was 90,355,845.5 acres. King and Lensink had identified some 135,000,000 acres.
14. Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act, Areas Suggested for Withdrawal, January 7, 1972, BOR, Box 20, Alaska Task Force Files, RG 79, FARC, Seattle; Statement of Lynn A. Greenwalt, Director, BSF&W, . . Before the House of Representatives, Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries, Subcommittee of Fisheries and Wildlife Conservation and the Environment on HR 6564, . . HR 5605 [Admiralty Island National Preserve], . . , June 10, 1977, Box 26, NPS WASO Files, ANILCA Papers, USDI.
15. Nathaniel P. Reed to Undersecretary, January 11, 1972, BOR, Box 3, Alaska Task Force Files, RG 79, FARC, Seattle; "Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (ANCSA)," January 10, 1972, map in Swem Papers. Park Service interest areas totalled 44,090,000 acres. Most of the increase over the January 7 recommendations came in a much larger Wrangell-St. Elias area recommendation.
16. Jack Horton to Solicitor, et al., January 26, 1972, ANCSA Implementation, 1971-April 1972, Swem Papers; Rogers C.B. Morton to Solicitor, et al., January 17, 1972, Box 3, Cook Inlet Lawsuit Files, ANILCA Papers, USDI. Horton, then deputy undersecretary and later federal co-chairman of the Federal-State Land Use Planning Commission, chaired the land selection task force.
17. Swem, Personal notes, February 10, 1972; Jack Horton to Solicitor, et al., February 9, 1972; Swem Personal Notes, February 10, 1972; Nathaniel P. Reed to Secretary, March 2, 1972, A. Durand Jones Personal Files, Port Angeles, Washington.
18. Jack Horton to Solicitor, et al., January 29, 1972, ANCSA, 12/12/71-3/16/72, Stenmark Files, HFC; "Interior to Discuss Native Claim Plans with Alaska Officials," USDI News Release, January 26, 1972, ANCSA Implementation, 1971-April 1972, Swem Papers.
19. "Additional Areas Suggested for study at the Secretary's briefing for conservation organizations, February 28, 1972," Swem Correspondence, Dec. 1971-June 1972, HFC; Swem, Personal Notes, February 26, 1972, Swem Papers; Interview of Richard Stenmark, July 26, 1973. Another area considered as a result of conservationists' input was the White Mountain Forty-Mile region.
Walter Parker, an Alaska conservationist who later served as state co-chairman of the Federal-State Land Use Planning Commission, seems to have first suggested including the Noatak.
20. Swem, Personal Notes, March 5 and 8, 1972, Swem Papers; Curtis E. Bohlen III to Assistant Secretary, Public Land Management, March 23, 1972, Mt. McKinley, Box 1, NPS WASO Files, ANILCA Papers, USDI; Lappen, "Whose Promised Land?" p. 81.
21. Rogers C.B. Morton to Carl Albert, June 21, 1972, ANCSA Implementation, Box 3, Cook Inlet Lawsuit Files, ANILCA Papers, USDI. This document was the Secretary's first six month's report on ANCSA implementation.
22. Burton Silcock, director of the Bureau of Land Management and later federal co-chairman of the Joint Federal-State Land Use Planning Commission, apparently first raised the issue. Silcock suggested withdrawing all public lands in Alaska. Swem, Personal Notes, December 22, 1971.
23. Interview of Albert Henson and Theodor R. Swem, June 7, 1983. This idea would be examined in 1978 and some used it as an argument against establishing national monuments after the five-year d-2 time limit expired.
24. Rogers C.B. Morton to Carl Albert, June 23, 1972; Nathaniel P. Reed to Secretary, March 2, 1972, A. Durand Jones Personal Files; Swem, Personal Notes.
25. In both cases, Congress had failed to consider regional, or ecosystem problems in establishing the park boundaries. Everglades had been established without regard to water supply, something that nearly proved disastrous for the park. At Redwoods logging outside the park borders had a major impact on the park. The cost of correcting that problem has proven to be enormous. The final figure that includes acquisition of property and rehabilitation of parklands could approach $1,000,000,000. Everhart, National Park Service, pp. 252-54; Interview of Douglas Warnock by Frank Williss, August 6, 1984.
26. John Saylor and Morris Udall to Rogers C.B. Morton, January 11, 1972, ANCSA Implementation, 1971-April 1972, Swem Papers; Alaska Senator Ted Stevens, who also had been a member of the conference committee on ANCSA, strongly disagreed. Congressional Record, Senate, March 1, 1972.
27. Nathaniel P. Reed to Secretary, March 2, 1972, Box 6, Cook Inlet Lawsuit files, ANILCA Papers, USDI and Swem Correspondence, Dec. 1971-April 1972, HFC. The increase between February and March came from recommendations made by conservationists regarding the Noatak and Forty Mile. Secretary Reed included no land for the National Forest System, but indicated that if it were necessary, 1,000,000 acres should be taken from the acreage alloted the Wild and Scenic Rivers System.
28. U.S. Department of the Interior, "Areas Suggested for Withdrawals . . . ," March 2, 1972, Swem Correspondence, December 1971-June 1972, HFC. Overlaps, or land identified by both agencies, were included in the above d-2 figures and amounted to 3,891,000 acres. overlaps, within the larger 17(d)(1) withdrawals totaled 18,782,000 acres. The total 17(d)(1) withdrawal recommended was, as a result, 146,562,000 acres.
29. Morton to Carl Albert, June 23, 1972, ANCSA Implementation, Box 2, Cook Inlet Lawsuit files, ANILCA Papers, USDI; Federal Register, XXXVII, March 16, 1972, p. 5579. Actually, the total d-1 withdrawal amounted to 127,000,000 acres. Eighty million acres overlaid the d-2 withdrawal, giving an added measure of protection to the d-2 lands. The 47,100,000 acres described here were outside the d-2 areas. (See Illustration 7.)
30. USDI News Release, March 15, 1972, ANCSA, Box 2, Alaska Task Force Files, RG 79, FARC, Seattle; Rogers C.B. Morton to Carl Albert, June 23, 1972, ANCSA Implementation, December 18, 1971-June 17, 1972, Box 2, Cook Inlet Lawsuit Files, ANILCA Papers, USDI; Federal Register, XXXVII, March 24, 1972, p. 6090.
31. Quoted in Swem, Personal Notes, March 9, 1972; Interview of George B. Hartzog, Jr., December 7, 1983.
32. Swem, Personal Notes, January 18 - March 18, 1972. Swem said that the Service received between seventy-five and eighty percent of what it wanted.
33. National Park Service Study Areas in Alaska Withdrawn under the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act, March 29, 1972, NPS Interest Areas, Stenmark Files, HFC; National Park Service Interest Areas Withdrawn under the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (draft), March 14, 1972, ANCSA Implementation, Box 36, NPS WASO Files, ANILCA Papers, USDI; "35 Million Acres Get Park Study," March 16, 1972, Belous Clipping Files, Special Collections Division, DPL; USDI, BLM, "Alaska," March 1972 map showing March 1972 Withdrawals, ARO (Illustration 7).
Because the March withdrawals were completed so hurriedly—changes in acreages were still being made on the day before the withdrawals—the figures shown here were at best approximations. As time went on the figures were reviewed and revised. By mid-July the NPS total was 44,966,882 acres. Most of the increase came from 9,003,000 acres that was the Noatak. USDI, NPS, Recommendations Regarding Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act 17(d)(2) Withdrawals (July 1972, Revised August 1972), passim. No effort was made to eliminate the some 12,000,000 acres of overlap with the BSF&W interest areas.
34. U.S. Congress, House, Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, Subcommittee on Public Lands, D-2 Lands Set Aside Under the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act of 1970 [sic], Hearings, 93rd Cong., 1st sess., December 1973, p. 5; T. R. Swem, Presentation for the House Appropriations Subcommittee, March 26, 1973, ANCSA Implementation, January-September 1973, Swem Papers. A tape of this presentation, made on March 15, 1973, is in Mr. Swem's possession.
35. Anchorage Daily Times, March 16, 1972, Belous Clipping Files, Special Collections Division, DPL; Office of Congressman Nick Begich, News Release, March 15, 1972; State of Alaska, News Release, March 15, 1972, ANCSA Implementation, 1971-April 1972, Swem Papers; Anchorage Daily News, March 19, 1972, Belous Clipping Files, Special Collections Division, DPL. Senator Stevens' position, the News reported, exposed him to critcism within his own party, as well as elsewhere.
36. Brief Chronology of Events Related to State Selections, Box 4, Alaska Coalition Papers, Conservation Library, DPL; State of Alaska, Department of Natural Resources, "State Land Selection Program, Its History and Guidelines," March 15, 1979, Box 7, Albert Henson Papers, Ibid.; Anchorage Daily Times, March 15, 1972, ARO Clipping Files, Special Collections Division, Ibid.; Map showing state selections in Anchorage Daily Times, January 23, 1972, Belous Clipping Files, Ibid. Among the areas of conflict were some 2,700,000 acres in the Central Brooks Range, 3,000,000 acres along the Copper River, and 1,200,000 acres in the Mount McKinley area.
37. State of Alaska vs. Rogers C.B. Morton, et al., A-4872, U.S. District Court of Alaska, April 10, 1972.
38. Swem, Personal Notes, January 10, 1972; Ernest J. Borgman to John Rutter, February 18, 1972, Stenmark Files, HFC; "Possibilities for Alaska Study," January 13, 1972, ANCSA Implementation 1971-April 1972, Swem Papers; National Park Service, Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act, Financial Plan— Operations Program, March 21, 1972 (Revised April 5, 1972), ANCSA Implementation, Box 36, NPS WASO Files, ANILCA Papers, USDI. By April the Service estimated that studies in FY '72 would cost $456,800. An additional $1,756,000 was projected for FY '73 and $849,000 for FY '74.
39. Interview of George B. Hartzog, Jr., December 7, 1983; Hartzog to Frank Bracken, undated letter [April 20-21, 1972] Box 36, WASO Files, ANILCA Papers, USDI; Swem, Personal Notes, February 2, 1972.
40. Alaska Study, Roles and Functions, April 26 and May 12, 1972, ANCSA Implementation, April-December 1972, Swem Papers. The Alaska office would now be headed by a state director. The Service Center did not become involved at this stage, however.
41. Interview of Albert G. Henson by Frank Williss, June 6, 1983; Interview of John Rutter, May 16, 1984.
42. A coordinating committee composed of state director, ATF project leader and assistant project leader, and Denver Service Center liaison representative would, it was hoped, overcome this problem. Alaska Study, Roles and Functions, April 26, 1972, ANCSA Implementation, April-December 1972, Swem Papers; Interview of George B. Hartzog, Jr., December 7, 1983; Interview of Al Henson, June 6, 1983.
43. U.S. Congress, House, Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, Subcommittee on Public Lands, D-2 Lands Set Aside, Hearings, p. 4; Bureau of Outdoor Recreation in Alaska, December 14, 1973, HCRS Files, ANILCA Papers, USDI; R.L. Means to T. Swem, undated draft [after May 23, 1973], ANCSA Implementation, January-September 1973, Swem >Papers; Interview of William Reffalt by Frank Williss, December 9, 1983.
44. Morton to Assistant Secretaries, et al., April 21, 1972, HCRS Records, ANILCA Papers, USDI; Burton Silcock to Secretary of the Interior, April 24, 1972, 1600-Planning, Programming, Budgeting, Records of the Bureau of Land Management, ANILCA Papers, USDI. In this memo, Silcock recommended, among other things, that the BLM coordinate the Alaskan studies of all Interior Department agencies.
45. "ATF Accomplishments," draft, January 9, 1973, Belous Files, ANILCA Papers, USDI; Raymond Freeman to Director, PNW, May 12, 1972, Box 1, NPS WASO Files, Ibid.; Interview of Albert G. Henson, June 6, 1983; George B. Hartzog, Jr. to Regional Directors, April 25, 1972, ANCSA Implementation, April-December 1972, Swem Papers. The Washington Office paid the salaries of those permanently transferred to Alaska, as well as travel and per diem costs of all Task Force members. Salaries of those detailed, however, were borne by the originating office.
46. Interview of Albert G. Henson, June 6, 1983; Alaska Task Force Staff, 1972, Box 2, Alaska, HFC; Study Area Assignments, May 22, 1972, ANCSA Implementation, April-December 1972, Swem Papers. For example, one team studied St. Elias-Chugach, Tanana Hills and Yukon River-Eagle to Circle, while another studied Gates of the Arctic, Chukchi and the Noatak. Appendix 1 is a list of the staff of the Alaska Task Force.
47. Study Area Assignments, May 22, 1972, ANCSA Implementation, April-December 1972, Swem Papers; Interview of Al Henson, June 6, 983; Interview of Zorro Bradley by Frank Williss, November 7, 1983. Additionally, certain specialists—sociologist, engineer, mining, land, and photographer, for example—were detailed to the Task Force.
48. National Park Service Study Categories—Alaska, May 26, 1972, A-74-NPS, Alaska Task Force Files, RG 79, FARC, Seattle; Henson to Team Captains, June 16, 1972, ANCSA Implementation, April-December 1972, Swem Papers; Henson to Swem, June 16, 1972, Ibid.
49. Ibid.; "Alaska Task Force," May 10, 1975, AAO Objectives, Denali Keyman Files, Box 28, Alaska Task Force Files, RG 79, FARC, Seattle. The Forest Service on the other hand, intended, at least, to make recommendations by submitting preliminary master plans indicating how the areas would be managed.
50. Robert Eastman to Deputy Assistant Secretary Lyons, July 12, 1972, D-4225-Alaska, HCRS Records, ANILCA Papers, USDI; Al Henson to Team Captains, May 22, 1972, Box 3, Alaska Task Force Files, RG 79, FARC, Seattle; Al Henson to Director, PNW, June 20, 1973, A-94-APG, Ibid.; Swem, Personal Notes, May 18, 1972. For a brief period, the department considered a July 1 deadline, but this was extended.
51 . Al Henson to Team members, May 23, 1972, Box 3, Alaska Task Force Files, RG 79, FARC, Seattle; Interview of Al Henson, °ree;June 6, 1983.
52. Alaska Task Force Briefing, June 5, 6, 7, ANCSA Implementation, April-December 1972, Swem Papers.
53. Al Henson to Team Members, May 22, 1983, Box 3, Alaska Task Force Files, RG 79, FARC Seattle; Interview of Al Henson, June 6, 1983; John Kauffmann to Project Leader, [June 1972], ANILCA Papers, USDI; Interview of Bailey Breedlove, November 10, 1983; Interview of John Kauffmann, December 5, 1983. One reason for this approach was logistical—there were neither enough planes available for all, nor office space to accommodate everyone at one time.
54. USDI, NPS, Recommendations Regarding 17(d)(2), passim. The figures included areas that overlapped several recommended by the Bureau of Sports Fisheries and Wildlife. The BSF&W and BOR published similar reports: USDI, BOR, Alaska Task Force, "Summary of Alaska Rivers Recommended for Detailed Consideration for the National Wild and Scenic Rivers System," July 1972, A-94, Wild and Scenic Rivers, Box 5, Alaska Task Force Files, RG 79, FARC, Seattle, and USDI, BSF&W, Alaska Area Office, "Recommendations Regarding Section 17(d)(2) withdrawals, Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act," Edition 1, July 1972, James Pepper Files, Headquarters, Gates of the Arctic National Park/Preserve, Fairbanks, Alaska. The Forest Service also published recommendations, although it differed in form from those of the Interior agencies. The report is discussed on p. 119.
55. USDI, NPS, Recommendations Regarding 17(d)(2); Interview of Al Henson, June 6, 1983. The recommendation that Mt. Veniaminof be deleted was based primarily on limited visitor use potential; Chukchi and Nogabahara Sand Dunes because they appeared to have no special park values meriting protection. The Task Force did recommend that 205,800 acres of the Mt. Veniaminof withdrawal be retained in federal ownership as an area that possessed scenic, recreation, or scientific values. It was understood, moreover, that the BSF&W would recommend protection of Chukchi because of the wildlife values of the area.
56. USDI, NPS, Recommendations Regarding 17(d)(2), pp. 116-20; Interview of Al Henson, June 6, 1983. Possible Native selection lands in the area amounted to 865,720 acres. The Task Force recommended cooperative studies to determine ''mutually acceptable management and development procedures." Generally, however, it was believed that Kenai Fjord would be a viable park only if lands were not selected by Natives. This proved to be the case, and the three separate units were linked together.
57. USDI, NPS, Recommendations Regarding 17(d)(2), p. 3.
58. Interview of John Kauffmann, December 5, 1983. The Service did rescue the upper Ambler, but lost the Kogoluktuk Valley, which is certainly among the most beautiful of the Brooks Range.
59. Ibid., passim; Francis S.L. Williamson, "An Evaluation of the NPS Task Force Recommendations for withdrawal of lands in Alaska, with Special Reference to Biological Considerations," draft, 7/19/72, ANCSA Implementation April-December 1972, Swem Papers; "Alaska Studies," January 22, 1975, Swem Correspondence, 1/75-12/76, HFC. Williamson's paper, which was completed under a $1,000 contract with the Park Service, was the first effort to put the Service's Alaska proposals in a general context.
60. USDI, NPS, Recommendations Regarding 17(d)(2), pp. 24-25, 68; Interview of Al Henson, June 6, 1983.
61. Edgar Wayburn to Rogers C.B. Morton, August 4, 1972, Records of the Office of Regional Law Enforcement Specialist, ARO; "Secretarial Meeting on Alaska Land Withdrawals," August 11, 1972, Xerox copy in Jones Files, Port Angeles, Washington. Among the areas recommended were 13,500,000 acres in the Wrangell Mountains, 25,300,000 in the Central Brooks Range-Noatak, and 9,700,000 acres in the Iliamna-Lake Clark-Katmai area.
62. Swem, Personal Notes, August 8, 1972; Interview of Al Henson, June 6, 1983; Anchorage Times, July 28, 1972, ARO Clipping Files, Special Collections Division, DPL; USDA, Forest Service, Alaska Planning Team, New National Forests in Alaska (July 1972); USDA, F.S., AFT, Forest Service Recommendation for Final Section 17(d)(2) Withdrawals (Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1972). Among the proposed national forests were areas in Wrangell Mountains, Fortymile, Lake Clark, Yukon, and Koyukuk.
63. 'Study of Areas as of August 16, 1972," ANCSA Implementation, April-December 1972, Swem Papers. Overlapping d-2 areas were Kenai Fjords (95,400 acres), Wrangell-Saint Elias (956,100), Chukchi-Imuruk (701,500), Tanana Hills-Yukon River (1,139,900), and Noatak (8,614,040). In addition, 1,010,400 acres of overlapping d-1 land at Chukchi-Imuruk and Wrangell-St. Elias existed.
64. Alaska Native Management Report, vol. 1 (September 12, 1973), p. 1, Belous Clipping Files, Special Collections Division, DPL.
65. USDI News Release, July 14, 1972; U.S. Congress, Senate, Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, Land Planning and Policy in Alaska: Recommendations Concerning National Interest Lands, by the Joint Federal-State Land Use Planning Commission of Alaska, 93rd Cong., 2nd Sess., June 1973, p. 3.
66. Ernest J. Borgman to Director, PNW, April 17, 1972, L7019-Northern Planning Team Meetings, ARO Central Files, Inactive; Meetings held, BLM, 1972, Ibid; Northern Alaska Planning Project Monthly Report, April 1972, Ibid; The Alaska Native Management Report, vol. 1, (September, 12, 1972], pp. 4-5; Interview with Richard Stenmark, July 26, 1983; Jack O. Horton to Directors, BLM, BSF&W, NPS, USGS, BOR, April 9, 1971, HCRS Records, ANILCA Papers, USDI. Coordinated by the BLM, the team had been formed to develop a master land use plan for northern Alaska. Richard Stenmark, who subsequently transferred to the commission's staff, was the NPS's representative.
67. Al Henson to Theodore R. Swem, August 22, 1972, ATF Readers File, Box 32, Alaska Task Force Files, RG 79, FARC, Seattle; Swem, Personal Notes, August 12, 1972; Jack Horton and Charles Herbert to Rogers C.B. Morton, August 12, 1972, ANCSA Implementation, April-December 1972, Swem Papers.
68. Hunter was a federal representative, Herbert had been appointed by Governor Egan.
69. Henson to Swem, August 22, 1972, ATF Readers File, August 1972, Box 32, Alaska Task Force Files, RG 79, FARC, Seattle.
70. Jack Horton and Charles F. Herbert to Rogers C.B. Morton, August 16, 1972, ANCSA Implementation, April-December 1972, Swem Papers; Land Planning and Policy in Alaska, p. 3; Anchorage Daily Times, August 12, 18, and 19, 1972, Belous Clipping Files, Special Collections Division, DPL; Anchorage Daily News, August 13, 1972, Ibid. Among specific changes recommended were transfer from d-2 to d-1 status of lands in Aniakchak, Chukchi-Imuruk, Charley River, Lake Clark, Iliamna, Gates of the Arctic, and Mount McKinley.
71. Memorandum of Understanding Between the State of Alaska and the United States, September 2, 1972, A-94, Alaska, State of, Selections, Box 2, Alaska Task Force Files, RG 79, FARC, Seattle; Alaska Native Management Report, vol. 1, September 12, 1972; USDI News Release, September 5, 1972, ANCSA Implementation, April-Dec. 1972, Swem Papers; Anchorage Daily News, September 6 and 8 and Anchorage Daily Times, September 5, 1972, Belous Clipping Files, Special Collections Division, DPL; USDI, Alaska Planning Group, Master Plan, Aniakchak National Monument (Washington, D.C.: NPS, 1973), p. 27; John F. Luzader, "Litigation," (1983), typescript in author's possession. The latter is a paper consolidating some 1400 pages of interrogatories, briefs, complaints, and news reports on d-2 litigation.
72. USDI News Release, September 13, 1972, ANCSA Implementation, Cook Inlet Lawsuit Files, ANILCA Papers, USDI; Rogers C.B. Morton to Carl Albert, December 15, 1972, Ibid; USDI, BLM, "Alaska," September 1972, ARO. Illustration 8 is based on this map. No effort was made at this point to eliminate overlaps. Boundaries shown, as a result, are approximate.
73. "National Park Service, Acreage Figures of Study Areas (d-2 withdrawals), October 2, 1972 (Rev. ATF, 10/31/72)," History of ATF, Papers of Al Henson, Mancos, Colo.; "Memorandum of Understanding Between the State of Alaska and the United States," September 2, 1972; John Reynolds to Dick Stenmark, September 21, 1971 and Reynolds to Jerry Patten, August 31, 1972, ATF Reader Files, September 1972, Box 32, Alaska Task Force Files, RG 79, FARC, Seattle; Interview of A. Durand Jones, May 15, 1984; D-2 Land Set Aside, Hearings, 1973, p. 4.
Portions of the proposed Mt. McKinley addition had been deleted in departmental review. The Chelatna Lake/Sunflower Basin area in that proposal, parts of the Alatna and John Rivers at Gates of the Arctic, most of the deletion at Lake Clark, and areas in the Tanana Hills-Yukon River were deleted as a result of the September 2 agreement. Some 400,000 acres of the last area had been eliminated, moreover, as a result of departmental negotiations with Doyon Native Regional Corporation.
74. John Reynolds to Jerry Patten, August 31, 1972 and Paul Fritz to Al Henson, August 29, 1972, ATF Readers File August 1972, Box 32, Alaska Task Force Files, RG 79, FARC, Seattle. On the other hand, Bailey Breedlove wrote that we "won the first round of the September withdrawals so conclusively in fact, that it is now called in Alaska 'The Battle of the Overlays' [a reference to the maps used]." Unified Support for NPS Alaska Proposals, by Bailey O. Breedlove, November 10, 1972, ANCSA Implementation, April-December 1972, Swem Papers.
75. NPS, Acreage Figures of Study Areas (D-2 withdrawals), October 2, 1972 (Rev. 10/31/72), Henson Papers, Mancos; USDI, BLM, "Alaska," September 1972. Illustration 8 shows the September withdrawals.
As early as July 1972, NPS planners studying Noatak identified Cape Krusenstern, an area with outstanding archeological values, as having "other resource values." The 7,874,700-acre Noatak withdrawal listed above included Cape Krusenstern. By January 1973, however, the two had been separated, although at that time the two acreages were still combined. USDI, NPS, Recommendations Regarding 17(d)(2), pp. 7-8.
76. Nathaniel P. Reed to Directors, NPS and BSF&W, September 25, 1973, Breedlove Papers, HFC; Al Henson to Theodor Swem, September 15, 1972, Ibid.; Henson to Swem, March 1, 1973, W-38, Legislation, Box 20, Alaska Task Force Files, RG 79, FARC, Seattle. Legislative support data includes a broad range of material to assist Congress in its deliberations. It includes cost data, proposed staffing, proposed development, maps, land ownership data, minerals data, etc.
77. Interview of James M. Lambe by Frank Williss, December 8, 1983; See for example, "A Bill to Establish Arctic Valleys [Noatak] National Ecological Reserve in the state of Alaska, and for other purposes," [1973], Arctic Valleys file, ARO central files - inactive, ARO. Lambe prepared a bill for each individual area. The reason the Service staff prepared individual drafts for the areas was that they were not certain, at this date, of what form the Secretary's proposals would take, and wanted to be prepared for every contingency.
78. Al Henson to John Rutter, June 20, 1973, A-94, APG, Box 3, Alaska Task Force Files, RG 79, FARC, Seattle.
79. Interview of John Rutter, May 16, 1984; Interview of Stanley T. Albright, June 29, 1984; Swem, Personal Notes, June 20, 1972 and January 5, 1973; Al Henson to Swem, September 15, 1972, Breedlove Papers, HFC; Zorro Bradley to Al Hensen, January 9, 1973, "Natives," Box 1, NPS WASO Files, ANILCA Papers, USDI; Bill Everhart to Swem, January 8, 1973, Ibid.; Nome Nugget, June 29, 1973, Belous Clipping Files, Special Collections Division, DPL. By January 5, 1973, Zorro Bradley and Harold Gronroos, whom Swem had hired to work with the Alaska Task Force in 1972, were working on a Native assistance program. The first proposal was for a program of preserving the Native cultural heritage.
80. Acreages with indefinite status on remaining NPS proposals, September 14, 1973, ANCSA Implementation, January-September 1973, Swem Papers; "Dual withdrawals," draft, February 13, 1978, Doc. No. 003120, ANILCA Papers, USDI; Swem to Lynn Greenwalt and Robert Eastman, October 15, 1973, Box 33, NPS WASO Files, Ibid.; Ira J. Hutchinson to Assistant Secretary, FWP, November 20, 1978, d-2 Positions and Options, ARO Central Files—Inactive, ARO; Al Henson to T. Swem, September 15, 1972, Breedlove Papers, HFC.
81. Loren W. Croxton and Al Henson to Assistant Secretary Fish, Wildlife and Parks (Nathaniel P. Reed), January 10, 1973, BSF&W Overlaps, Henson Papers, Mancos; "Alaska Native Claim Settlement Act - List of Study Areas Showing where Overlaps Exist," January 19, 1973, ANCSA Implementation, January-September 1973, Swem Papers; Interview of Al Henson, June 6, 1973; Interview of Henson and Theodor Swem, June 7, 1983. Prior to this time, both agencies agreed that overlapping claims would actually strengthen the case for any proposal.
82. Theodor R. Swem to Doug Wheeler and Jim Ruch, April 12, 1973, HCRS Records, ANILCA Papers USDI; USDI, BLM, Alaska State Office, A Proposal, Wrangell Mountains National Conservation Area (Anchorage: Bureau of Land Management, 1973); Lappen, "Whose Promised Land?" p. 93. The BLM'S "fifth system" proposal for Wrangells, for example, was similar to multiple-use proposals it had made for the area prior to ANCSA.
83. T. Swem to Curtis E. Bohlen, III, November 5, 1973, Box 36, NPS WASO Files, ANILCA Papers, USDI. Deputy Assistant Secretary Bohlen had primary responsibility for Alaska affairs in Assistant Secretary Reed's office. Until August 1977 he played a major role in determining the direction of the Interior Department's Alaska effort. At that time he joined the staff of the House Merchant Marine and Fisheries Committee where he continued to work on the Alaska national interest lands issue.
84. Loren W. Croxton and Al Henson to Swem, June 10, 1973, BSF&W Overlaps, Henson Papers, Mancos.
85. Swem, Personal Notes, January 6, 24, and 30, 1973; Interview of Curtis E. Bohlen, Ill by Frank Williss, October 10, 1983; Interview of Al Henson and Theodor R. Swem, June 7, 1983; Interview of A. Durand Jones, May 15, 1983; Robert Utley to Bryan Harry, February 26, 1976, A-16, Advisory Council, Box 1, Alaska Task Force Files, RG 79, FARC, Seattle.
86. Nathaniel P. Reed to Directors, NPS, BSF&W, and BOR, February 15, 1973, ANCSA Implementation, January-September 1973, Swem Papers; USDI News Release, March 23, 1973, Ibid.; Curtis E. Bohlen to John McGuire, February 25, 1973, HCRS Files, ANILCA Papers, USDI; Bob Utley to Bryan Harry, Alaska Task Force Files, RG 79, FARC, Seattle. In 1973 membership was expanded to include representatives of BLM and Forest Service. Appendix 2 is an organization chart of the Alaska Planning Group.
87. Reed to Directors, February 15, 1973; Rogers C.B. Morton to Undersecretary, Assistant Secretaries, et. al., January 9, 1973, A-94, Box 3, Alaska Task Force Files, FARC, Seattle; "Support Documentation for Statement of Nathaniel P. Reed, November 18, 1975," Box 16, NPS WASO Files, ANILCA Papers, USDI. A working arm of the departmental Alaska Task Force was the Department Work Group on Alaska. The relationship of that group with the APG was the same.
88. Henson to John Rutter, June 20, 1973, A94-APG, Box 3, Alaska Task Force Files, RG 79, FARC, Seattle; "Bureau of Outdoor Recreation Involvement in Alaska," December 4, 1973, HCRS Records, ANILCA Papers, USDI; Jules Tileston to Wild and Scenic Rivers Participants, March 9, 1973, A-94, Wild and Scenic Rivers, Box 5, Alaska Task Force Files, RG 79, FARC, Seattle. The reconnaissance surveys made by the NPS Alaska Task Force and those of other agencies are a story in themselves. For a fascinating account of one on the Salmon River in the Brooks Range, see McPhee, Coming into the Country, pp. 5-97.
89. Dennis, Moorhead, Streveler, and Weisbrod to Al Henson, draft memo, November 10, 1972, ANCSA Implementation, April-December 1972, Swem Papers; "Alaska Studies," January 22, 1975, Swem Correspondence, 1/75-12/76, HFC; Al Henson to Team Captains, June 22, 1972, L-58, Correspondence to Team Captains, Box 17, Alaska Task Force Files, RG 79, FARC, Seattle.
90. "Alaska Studies," January 22, 1975; Al Henson to Ted Swem, January 18, 1973, Bailey O. Breedlove Papers, HFC; "Noatak River Drainage Project," The Raven the Quarterly Newsletter of the Center for Northern Studies, II (July 1973). The cost of these studies were, respectively, $24,000, $131,000 and $123,000.
91. Henson to Swem, January 18, 1973.
92. John G. Dennis, "National Park Service Research in Alaska—1972-76," Arctic Bulletin (1977) pp. 275-84; NPS, "Natural, Historical, and Cultural Resource Studies in Alaska," January 1978, Xerox copy in library, Rocky Mountain Regional Office; Alaska Implementation Planning Team, "Fish and Wildlife and Parks Current and Interim Activities for Alaska," 11/20/78, Box 18, NPS WASO Files, ANILCA Papers, USDI; "Answers to Sen. Stevens," draft, 2/13/78, Ibid.
Other agencies and groups, as well, sponsored research on the d-2 lands during this period. The JFSLUPC, for example, prepared a series of studies, including a multi-volume Alaskan Resources Inventory (1974) and Alaska Regional Profiles (1974). "Land Use Planning Commission Publications" and "Publications and Studies, Federal-State Land Use Planning Commission for Alaska," Breedlove Papers, HFC.
93. USDI, APG, NPS, Gates of the Arctic National Wilderness Park and Nunamiut National Wildlands (Washington, D.C., 1973); NPS Briefing Statement, "Proposed Gates of the Arctic National Wilderness Park," June 22, 1973, ANCSA Implementation January-September 1973, Swem Papers; NPS Briefing Statement, "Proposed Noatak National Ecological Reserve," June 22, 1973, Ibid.; Interview of John Kauffmann, December 5, 1983.
94. USDI, APG, NPS, Yukon-Charle National Rivers A Master Plan (Washington, D.C.: APG, 1973 , p. 40; USDI, APG, NPS, A Master Plan, Aniakchak Caldera National Monument, (Washington, D.C.: 1973), p. 24. See also Lappen, "Whose Promised Land?" pp. 98-99.
95. Al Henson to Ted Swem, January 18, 1973, A-94-NPS, Box 5, Alaska Task Force Files, RG 79, FARC, Seattle; Henson to Director, NPS, January 19, 1973, Denali Keyman Files, Box 33, Ibid.; Interview of Al Henson and Theodor Swem, June 7, 1983.
96. Interview of Al Henson and Theodor Swem, June 7, 1983; Bruce >Blanchard to Assistant Secretary—Program Development and Budget, April 13, 1973, ANCSA Implementation, January-September 1973, Swem Papers.
97. Interview of Bill Reffalt, December 9, 1983; Ted Swem to Deputy Assistant Secretary Bohlen, May 21, 1973, Swem Correspondence 1/73-6/73, HFC; Bill Reffalt to all K Street Personnel, August 16, 1973, ANCSA Implementation, January-September 1973, Swem Papers. Recipients of Draft Staffing Plan, September 26, 1973, ANCSA Implementation, January-September 1973, Ibid.; Swem, "Outline History," pp. 12-13; USDI, FWS, Programs Related to the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1976), p. 5; "Summary of [NPS] Alaska People involved in K Street Operation," [December 1973], NPS Personnel-AK, Henson Papers, Mancos.
98. T. Swem to Asst. Sec., FWP, May 1, 1973 [APG Monthly Report, April 1973], HCRS Files, ANILCA Papers, USDI.
99. Team Three to Al Henson, December 5, 1973, BSF&W Overlaps, Henson Papers, Mancos; John Kauffmann to Project Leader, April 6, 1973, Arctic Valleys, ARO Central Files - Inactive, ARO.
100. John Reynolds to Al Henson, May 1, 1973, doc. no. 000262, ANILCA Papers, USDI.
101. Interview of Al Henson and Theodor Swem, June 7, 1983; Chronology, Implementation Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act, National Park Service, October 14, 1975, Box 14, NPS WASO Files, ANILCA Papers, USDI; Briefing Statement, Chukchi-Imuruk National Wildlands, June 22, 1973 ANCSA Implementation, January-September 1973, Swem Papers.
102. Briefing Statements, NPS, BSF&W, and BOR, June 14-22, 1973, ANCSA Implementation, January-September 1973, Swem Papers. The Noatak was included in both the National Park and Refuge Systems, Chukchi-Imuruk National Wildlands would have been jointly managed by the NPS and BSF&W. Approximately 90 percent of the Harding Icefield-Kenai Fjords proposal was on Native deficiency lands. The viability of the proposal depended on cooperative agreements with the Natives, or non-selection of these lands by the Natives.
103. Secretarial Meetings on Alaska Land Withdrawals, August 11, 1972, transcript in Jones Files, Port Angeles, Washington; John Saylor and Morris Udall to Rogers C.B. Morton, January 11, 1972, Belous Files, ANILCA Papers, USDI.
For an opposite view see: U.S. Congress, House, Committee on Interior or Insular Affairs, D-2 Lands Set Aside, Hearings, pp. 14-15.
104. Theodore Swem, Personal Notes, July 26, 1973; Interview of Al Henson and Theodore Swem, June 7, 1983; Interview of A. Durand Jones, May 15, 1984.
105. JFSLUPC, News Release, February 7, 1973, A-94-JFSLUPC, Box 4, Alaska Task Force Files, RG 79, FARC, Seattle; "People Planning for a Better Alaska Tomorrow," Newsletter of the Federal State Land Use Planning Commission for Alaska, vol. 1, nos. 3 and 4, March-April, 1973; U.S. Congress, Senate, Land Planning and Policy in Alaska, pp. 7-8. The latter is a reprint of the Commission's preliminary recommendations. In addition the Forest Service held a series of "listening session," on its proposals, much to the displeasure of the Interior Department staff. Interview of Al Henson and Theodor Swem, June 7, 1983; Interview of A. Durand Jones, May 15, 1984.
106. USDA, USFS, Alaska Planning Team, New National Forests in Alaska Anchorage, 1973); D-2 Lands Set Aside, Hearings, December 6, 1973, p. 35; Hearings on H.R. 39, et al., 1977, II: 266, 278-79; Cahn, Wild Alaska, p. 14; Interview of Curtis E. Bohlen, III, October 5, 1983; Interview of Al Henson and Theodor Swem, June 7, 1983.
107. USDA, USFS, Alaska Planning Team, New National Forests in Alaska (Anchorage, July 1972); "Secretarial Meeting on Alaska Land Withdrawals," August 11, 1972, transcript in Jones Papers. The 1972 proposals amounted to 44,100,000 acres.
108. "Suggested Balanced System," August 9, 1973, ANCSA Implementation, January-September 1973, Swem Papers. The Forest Service recommended, among other things, a 6,200,000-acre Wrangell St. Elias National Park, a reduced Gates of the Arctic (5,200,000), and proposed deleting the Noatak, Lake Clark, and Yukon-Charley proposals.
109. Cahn, Wild Alaska, p. 14, and "Alaska," p. 11; "Notes of Assistant Secretary Nathaniel P. Reed taken at meeting 8-3-73, with Assistant Secretary of Agriculture Long with Assistant Secretary Lynn of Interior also present. Meeting Relating to implementing of ANCSA," August 5, 1973, ANCSA Implementation—January-September, 1973, Swem Papers; T.R. Swem to Ron Walker, September 25, 1973, September 27, 1973, October 16, 1973, and October 25, 1973, Alaska Status Reports, Swem Papers.
110. Cahn, Wild Alaska, p. 14 and "Alaska", p. 11; Interview of Curtis Bohlen III, October 10, 1983. Additionally, Bohlen indicates the need to resolve the question before the proposal could go to OMB for review was another factor.
111 . Swem to Ron Walker, September 25, 1973 (includes a September 21 list of areas), and October 16, 1973, Alaska Status Reports, Swem Papers; Interview with Al Henson and Theodor Swem, June 7, 1983.
112. Among the other agencies that reviewed the proposals were Departments of Defense and Commerce, Federal Power Commission, and OMB. D-2 Lands Set Aside, Hearings December 1973, p. 13; T. Swem to Ron Walker, October 25, 1973 and October 26, 1973, Alaska Status Reports, Swem Papers.
113. T. Swem to Nathaniel P. Reed, October 24, WASO Files, ANILCA Papers, USDI; Nathaniel P. Reed to T. Swem, Lynn Greenwalt, and Curt Burklund, November 6, 1973, Box 41, Alaska Task Force Files, RG 79, FARC, Seattle. On Nov. 6, Reed indicated that no further adjustments would be made, pending an agreement by BSF&W and BLM to protect the bears.
114. Chronology, December 13-14 and 17-18, ANCSA Implementation, October-December 1973, Swem Papers; Wilfred H. Rommel to Rogers C.B. Morton, December 13, 1973, Ibid.; J.M. Lambe (for Stanley Hulett) to Deputy Assistant Secretary, FWP, December 14, 1973; Ibid.; "Proposals authorized by Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act," October 31 and December 18, 1973, Ibid.; Russel E. Dickinson to Legislative counsel, 11/14/73, Doc. No. 002108, ANILCA Papers, USDI. The latter was a cover letter, forwarding NPS formal proposals. Despite reservations on OMB's part, the Department successfully defended joint management of the area.
115. Press Conference—Rogers C.B. Morton, Secretary, Department of the Interior, December 18, 1973, transcript in Jones Files. Wilderness, according to the Wilderness Preservation Act of 1964, is an area "where the earth and its community of life are untrammeled by man, where man himself is a visitor who does not remain." Generally, the act prohibited uses inconsistent with wilderness preservation—commercial enterprises, motor vehicles and motorized equipment, roads, and structures and installations, for example. The term "instant wilderness" refers to establishment of wilderness areas without formal wilderness studies. It was believed, however, that sufficient studies of the area had been completed to warrant wilderness designation.
116. Rogers C.B. Morton to Gerald Ford, December 17, 1973, ANCSA Implementation, October-December 1973, Swem Papers; Press Conference—Rogers C.B. Morton, Secretary, Department of the Interior, December 18, 1973, pp. 4, 7, Transcript in Jones Papers.
117. "A Bill to provide for the addition of certain lands in the state of Alaska to the National Park, National Wildlife Refuge, National Forest, and the Wild and Scenic Rivers systems and for other purposes," (Alaska Conservation Act of 1974), December 17, 1973, ANCSA Implementation, October-December 1973, Swem Papers.
118. Morton to Ford, December 17, 1973. The Proposed Harding Icefield-Kenai Fjords consisted of three small, separate units. The bill provided that if the native corporations did not select the land between, it could be added to the monument. The NPS Alaska Task Force was convinced that it would happen—as it did. Interview of Al Henson, June 6, 1983. Illustration 9 is a map of the Morton proposal.
119. Although BLM would be the lead agency, the Noatak would be managed as part of the Wildlife Refuge system. A 20-year moratorium on developmental activities would "preserve land use options while allowing time for comprehensive analysis of this intact, arctic ecosystem." USDI, FWS, Noatak National Arctic Range, (Washington, D.C.: FWS, 1974).
120. The policy sections were essentially those developed by the Park Service and ratified by the Alaska Planning Group. Mike Lambe to Ted Swem, July 25, 1973, ANCSA Implementation, January-September 1973, Swem Papers; Swem to Deputy Assistant Secretary Bohlen, FWP, November 5, 1973, Swem Correspondence, July-December 1973, HFC.
121. The exception was Yukon-Charley National Rivers. Here the Park Service recommended allowing sport hunting. Briefing statement—Proposed Yukon-Charley National Rivers, National Park Service, June 22, 1973, ANCSA Implementation, January-September, 1973, Swem Papers.
122. Statement of Nathaniel P. Reed, in Hearings on H.R. 39, et. al., 1977, V:20; Interview with Theodor R. Swem and Al Henson, June 6, 1983; Interview with Curtis E. Bohlen, III, October 10, 1983; Interview of William Reffalt, December 9, 1983; Interview with A. Durand Jones, May 15, 1984.
123. D-2 Lands Set Aside, Hearings, December 1973, p. 42.
124. "Senator Ted Stevens Comments at Alaska Proposal Briefing November 8, 1973," June 1, 1974, ANCSA Implementation - 1974, Swem Papers; Norman C. Gorsuch to Curt Berklund, April 25, 1974, Swem Correspondence, February-December 1974, H FC [letter delivering summons and complaint for State of Alaska vs. Rogers C.B. Morton, et. al.]; Anchorage Times, November 30, 1973; "Egan Hits Land Plan," "Gruening says Morton to be 'man who wrecked Alaska,"' "Gravel Plans Land Package Aid," "Land Look Vital says Stevens," in Anchorage Daily Times, December 19, 1973 and March 30, 1974, Belous Clipping Files, Special Collections Division, DPL. In addition, a number of Natives issued objections to the bill arguing that it would prevent their receiving full land entitlements. "Native Chiefs Object to Morton's Proposal," Anchorage Daily Times, Dec. 19, 1973.
125. "Is Alaska Worth 8 cents?" Washington Post, May 29, 1973; "What ever happened to the Canada geese? and the Mallards? . . . ," Washington Post, November 30 and December 3, 1973; "Rogers Morton lost his chance at a place in history," NPS, Editorial Briefs, December 31, 1973; Edgar Wayburn to Henry M. Jackson, November 6, 1973, Alaska Task Force Files, RG 79, FARC, Seattle; Harry Crandell to Ted Swem, November, 1973, Conservationists Involvement in Alaska - TWS thru 1975, Swem Papers. The package included 44,000,000 acres for refuges, 12,000,000 for national forests and 1,600,000 for wild and scenic rivers.
126. William C. Everhart said that most NPS employees would have been delighted with half the amount. Interview by Frank Williss, June 29, 1984.
127. Williamson, "Evaluation of NPS Task Force Recommendations"; T.R. Swem to Ron Walker, October 16, 1973, Alaska Status Reports, Swem Papers; "Alaska Studies," 1/22/75, Swem Correspondence, HFC; Swem, "Outline History," p. 11; Interview of A. Durand Jones, May 15, 1984; Interview of Al Henson and Theodor Swem, June 7, 1983.
"The decision on the Noatak, Swem wrote NPS Director Walker, "is an ironic one because the National Park Service has been the agency mainly involved in keeping that proposal alive and, also, has done most of the study work and research within the basin."
128. Swem, "Outline History," p. 11; Interview with Al Henson and Swem, June 7, 1983; Interview of A. Durand Jones, May 15, 1954.
The bill did provide for a much watered-down regional planning at Mt. McKinley. One reason regional planning was not included was a proposal already before Congress for national land use planning. That bill did not pass, as was expected.
129. Franklin K. Lane to Stephen T. Mather, May 13, 1918, quoted in Unrau and Williss, Expansion of the NPS, p. 25. Precedents existed, however, for allowing hunting in parks. At Grand Tetons, for example, an annual hunt to control the elk population occurred. Cahn, "Alaska A Matter of 80,000,000 acres," Audubon 76 (July 1974), p. 12; Robert T. Dennis to John Kauffmann, December 12, 1972, L-3035 Hunting Subsistence, Box 16, Alaska Task Force Files, RG 79, FARC, Seattle; Roger Ernest to Mr. Goldsworth, September 2, 1960, vol. 1, May 1, 1953-December 31, 1960, Records of the Office of Regional Director, Region 4, RG 79, FARC, San Bruno.
130. Testimony of Nathaniel P. Reed in Hearings on H.R. 39, et al., 1977, V:20; Jack Hession to Claudia Martin, Bob Weedon, Jim Kowalsky, November 15, 1974, "To do eventually" file, Henson Papers, Mancos.
131. See, for example, Roger J. Contor to Director, January 3, 1977, Box 17, WASO Files, ANILCA Papers, USDI; John T. Nicol to Theodor Swem, July 17, 1974, Ibid.; Review of Wrangell-St. Elias Environmental Impact Statement by Jack (John T.) Nicol, Director General, Parks Canada, July 1, 1974, Belous Files, ANILCA Papers, USDI; Interview of Al Henson and Theodor Swem (June 7, 1983), John Cook (January 26, 1984), and Stanley T. Albright (June 29, 1984). At the same time many NPS employees of Alaska, and this included Alaska Task Force members, had concluded that some accommodation to sport hunting advocates would have to be made. The next year, for example, John Kauffmann, after participating in a guided "fair chase" hunt of DalI sheep in the Brooks Range, wrote that the experiences "confirmed by personal experience our conviction that this form of recreation is a valid wilderness experience appropriate to certain of the larger park proposals for Alaska." John Kauffmann to Acting Project leader, ATFO, August 15, 1974, L3- 35-Hunting, Box 18, Alaska Task Force Files, RG 79, FARC, Seattle. See also, Interview of John Kauffmann, December 5, 1983; Interview of Richard Stenmark, July 26, 1983. Interview of James Pepper by Frank Williss, November 8, 1983; Interview of Celia Hunter, November 7, 1983; "A Proposal," by Richard J. Stenmark, February 14, 1973, Stenmark Files, HFC; Conservation Foundation, National Parks for the Future, An appraisal of the National parks as they began their second century in a changing America (Washington, D.C.: The Conservation Foundation, 1972), pp. 19-20.
132. Interview of Curtis E. Bohlen, III and Theodor R. Swem, January 24, 1984; John Kauffmann to Roger Contor, April 7, 1977, Correspondence, 1977, GAAR Keyman Files, Box 35, Alaska Task Force Files, RG 79, FARC, Seattle. In 1978, when the department studied administrative alternatives in the face of the expiration of the d-2 provision, it found that the 1974-75 EIS's, which included discussions of the areas of ecological concern, adequately covered the composite boundaries of all proposed legislation as of that date. Only a supplement, therefore, would be necessary.
133. [ ______] to T. Swem, Follow-up slip, December 3, 1973, ANCSA Implementation, Swem papers. A considerable amount of that time was uncompensated.
134. S. 2198; Congressional Record, Senate, January 30, 1974, p. 747 and passim. Congressman Hosmer introduced a similar bill on February 4.
135. 5. 2198; Congressional Record, Senate, January 30, 1974. The bill, which was a companion to that introduced by Morris Udall on March 18 (H.R. 13564), called for 43,200,000 acres in new parklands, 59,700,000 in refuges, 1,594,000 in wild and scenic rivers, and 1,600,000 in national forest.
136. S. 3599, Henry Jackson; H.R. 15856, Dingall, et al., July 11, 1974. S. 3599 had been introduced at the behest of the Arctic Slope Regional Corporation.
137. For example, "Alaska Professional Hunters Association, "Proposals for Disposition of 80 million acres under Terms of the Alaska Native Land Claims Settlement Act," [May 1974], L-3035, Wildlife Management, Box 16, Alaska Task Force Files, RG 79, FARC, Seattle; Anchorage Daily Times, December 19, 1973, ARO Clipping Files, Special Collections Division, DPL.
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