National Park Service The Archeology of the Atomic Bomb A Submerged Cultural Resources Assessment of the Sunken Fleet of Operation Crossroads at Bikini and Kwajalein Atoll Lagoons

BOOKS

Agawa, Hiroyuki, The Reluctant Admiral: Yamamoto and the Imperial Navy, trans. John Bester, Tokyo and New York: Kodansha International Ltd., 1979.

Alden, John D., The Fleet Submarine in the U.S. Navy: A Design and Construction History, Annapolis: U.S. Naval Institute Press, 1979.

Andrade, John M., U.S. Military Aircraft Designations and Serials Since 1909, Midland Counties Publications, ----

Bascom, Willard, The Crest of the Wave: Adventures in Oceanography, New York: Harper & Row, 1988.

Blackett, P. M. S., Fear, War, and the Bomb: Military and Political Consequences of Atomic Energy, New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., 1949.

Boyer, Paul, By the Bomb's Early Light: American Thought and Culture at the Dawn of the Atomic Age, New York: Pantheon Books, 1985.

Bradley, David J., No Place to Hide, 1946/1984, Hanover and London: University Press of New England, 1983.

Bush, Vannevar, Modem Arms and Free Men: A Discussion of the Role of Science in Preserving Democracy, New York: Simon and Schuster, 1949.

Chesnau, Roger, ed., Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships, 1922-1946, New York: Mayflower Books, 1980.

Cressman, Robert, That Gallant Ship: USS Yorktown (CV-5), Missoula, Montana: Pictorial Histories, 1985.

Davis, Vincent, Postwar Defense Policy and the U.S. Navy, 1943-1946, Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1966.

Dull, Paul S., A Battle History of the Imperial Japanese Navy (1941-1945), Annapolis: U.S. Naval Institute Press, 1978.

Ellis, Major L. F., C. R. G. Allen, A. E. Warhurst, and Sir James Robb, Victory in the West: Volume I: The Battle of Normandy, London: Her Majesty's Stationary Office, 1962.

The Fleet Type Submarine, NavPers 16169, Washington, D.C.: Standards and Curriculum Division, Training, Bureau of Naval Personnel, June 1946.

Friedman, Norman, U.S. Destroyers: An Illustrated Design History, Annapolis: U.S. Naval Institute Press, 1982.

______, US. Aircraft Carriers: An Illustrated Design History, Annapolis: U.S. Naval Institute Press, 1983.

______, The Postwar Naval Revolution, Annapolis: U.S. Naval Institute Press, 1986.

Fuchida, Mitsuo, and Masatake Okumiya, Midway: The Battle that Doomed Japan; The Japanese Navy's Story, Annapolis, Maryland: U.S. Naval Institute Press, 1955.

Glasstone, Samuel, ed., The Effects of Nuclear Weapons, Washington, D.C.: United States Atomic Energy Commission, June 1957.

______, Radiological Defense: The Principles of Military Defense Against Atomic Weapons, Washington, D.C.: Armed Forces Special Project, 1951.

Halsey, William F., and Joseph Bryan III, Admiral Halsey's Story, New York: McGraw-Hill, 1947.

Hacker, Barton C., The Dragon's Tail: Radiation Safety in the Manhattan Project, 1942-1946, Berkeley and Los Angeles: The University of California Press, 1987.

Hansen, Chuck, US Nuclear Weapons: The Secret History, Arlington, Texas: AeroFax, Inc., 1988.

Howarth, Stephen, The Fighting Ships of the Rising Sun: The Drama of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1895-1945, New York: Atheneum, 1983.

Humble, Richard, U.S. Fleet Carriers of World War II, Poole: Blanford Press, 1984.

Ito, Masanori, and Roger Pineau, The End of the Imperial Japanese Navy, New York: Jove Books, 1986.

Jane's Fighting Ships, 1920, London: Sampson Low, Marston & Co., Ltd., 1920.

Jane"s Fighting Ships, 1935, New York: D. Van Nostrand Company, Inc., 1935.

Jane's Fighting Ships, 1944-45, Corrected to April 1946, New York: The MacMillan Company, 1947.

Jentschura, Hansgeorg, Dieter Jung, and Peter Mickel, Warships of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1869-1945, Annapolis: U.S. Naval Institute Press, 1986.

Jolie, E. W., A Brief History of U.S. Navy Torpedo Development, Newport, Rhode Island: Naval Underwater Systems Center, 1978.

Jones, Vincent C., Manhattan: the Army and the Atomic Bomb: the United Statess Army in World War II, Special Studies, Washington, D.C.: Center of Military History, 1985.

Jungk, Robert, Brighter Than a Thousand Suns: A Personal History of the Atomic Scientists, New York: Harcourt, Brace and Co., 1956.

Lott, Arnold S., Robert F. Sumrall, and Robert S. Egan, USS Texas (BB-35): Ships Data, Annapolis: Leeward Publications, 1976.

Mooney, James L., ed., Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships, eight volumes, Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1959-1981.

Morison, Samuel Eliot, History of United States Naval Operations in World War II, Volume XIV: Victory in the Pacific, 1945, Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1975.

Prange, Gordon W., Donald M. Goldstein, and Katherine V. Dillon, At Dawn We Slept: The Untold Story of Pearl Harbor, New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1982.

Prange, Gordon W., Miracle at Midway, New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1983.

Roscoe, Theodore, United States Submarine Operations in World War II, Annapolis: U.S. Naval Institute, 1949.

Shurcliff, W. A., Bombs at Bikini: The Official Report of Operation Crossroads, New York: Wm. H. Wise & Co., Inc., 1947.

______, Operation Crossroads: The Pictorial Record, New York: Wm. H. Wise Co., 1947.

Sprout, Harold and Margaret, Toward a New Order of Sea Power: American Naval Policy and the World Scene, 1918-1922, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1940.

Stern, Robert C., US. Subs in Action, Carrollton, Texas: Squadron/Signal Publications, 1983.

Submarine Sonar Operator's Manual, NavPers 16167, Washington, D.C.: Standards and Curriculum Division, Training, Bureau of Naval Personnel, November 1944.

Swanborough, Gordon, and Peter M. Bowers, United States Navy Aircraft Since 1911, Annapolis: U.S. Naval Institute Press, 1969.

Tibbets, Paul, The Tibbets Story, New York: Stein and Day, 1988.

U.S. Division of Naval Intelligence, ONI-54 Series: U.S. Naval Vessels, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Navy, 1943.

War Shipping Administration and Maritime Commission, U.S. Army and U.S. Navy Floating Equipment, Landing Craft and Misc. Vessels, For Sale, Washington, D.C.: War Shipping Administration, n.d. [ca. 1955].

Weart, Spencer R., Nuclear Fear: A History of Images, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1988.

Wyden, Peter, Day One: Before Hiroshima and After, New York: Simon and Schuster, 1984.

ARTICLES

Alexander, Lieut. Commander J. T., USN, "Trial Trip Data of the U.S.S. Saratoga," Transactions of the Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers, Vol. XXXVII, New York: Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers, 1929.

"Atomic Age Angel Food," Time Magazine (November 18, 1946).

Cochrane, Vice Admiral E. L., USN, "Crossroads and Ship Design,"' Shipmate (September 1946).

Cook, C. Sharp, "The Legacy of Crossroads," Naval History, Vol. II, No. 4, (Fall 1988).

Cousins, Norman, "The Standardization of Catastrophe," Saturday Review of Literature (August 10, 1946).

Delgado, James P., "What's Become of Sara?" U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings, Vol. 116, No. 10, (October 1990).

Dickey, Captain George L., Jr. USN, "The End of the Prinz, U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings, Vol 87, No. 8, (August 1969).

"The Effect of the Atomic Bomb on Naval Power," Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists of Chicago, Vol. 1, No. 5, (February 15, 1946).

Ellis, William S., "A Way of Life Lost: Bikini," National Geographic, Vol 169, No. 6, (June 1986).

Graybar, Lloyd J., "Bikini Revisited," Military Affairs (October 1980).

"Helen of Bikini," Time Magazine (August 5, 1946).

Kinkaid, Eugene, "Bikini: The Forthcoming Atomic Bomb Test in the Marshalls Will Determine the Future of Man, Animals, Birds, Fish, Plants, and Microorganisms," Life, Vol. XX, No. 1, (July 1, 1946).

Noel, Capt. John V., Jr., USN (Ret.) "Homeward Bound," Shipmate (May 1984).

Patch, Irwin, Jr., "USS Saratoga at Iwo Jima," Shipmate Volume LII, No. 5, (June 1989).

"Prinz Eugen," Our Navy, (July 1969).

Rigg, E. H., "The Launch of the Airplane Carrier U.S.S. Saratoga," Transactions of the Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers, Vol. XXXIII, New York: Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers, 1925.

Rock, Rear Admiral George R., USN, "Some Observations on the Design of Airplane Carriers and Notes on the Saratoga and Lexington," Transactions of the Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers, Vol. XXXVIII, New York: Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers, 1928.

Schmalenbach, Paul S., and Commander James E. Wise, Jr., USN, "Prinz Eugen Album," U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings, Vol. 87 No. 8, (August 1969).

Weisgall, Jonathan M., "The Nuclear Nomads of Bikini," Foreign Policy, Vol. XXVIV (Summer 1980).

MANUSCRIPTS

Address by Vice Admiral W. H. P. Blandy, U.S.N., Commander Joint Task Force One, on New York Herald-Tribune Youth Forum, over Columbia Broadcasting System, Waldorf-Astoria Hotel, New York City, April 13, 1946: "Why Test the Atom Bomb?," Joint Army-Navy Task Force One, Crossroads Release No. 36, Department of Energy Archives, Las Vegas, document #101008.

Anderson, Action Report, Battle of Midway, June 5, 1942, Serial 0109, Operational Archives, Naval Historical Center, Washington, D.C.

"Atomic Bomb National Monument, Proposed," S.2054, 79th Cong., 2d Sess., March 5, 1946, copy found in "Trinity Site" file, National Historic Landmark Program, History Division, Washington, D.C.

Battelle, Inc. "Summary Report on Salvage Survey of Prinz Eugen, Supsalv Report No. 6-74, to US Navy, Supervisor of Salvage, Naval Ships System Command," (June 1974), copy on file with Ships History Branch, Naval Historical Center, Washington, D.C.

"Bikini Resurvey Operation Plan 1-47" National Archives Record Group 374, Entry 4B, Box 156, Folder A4, National Archives, Washington, D.C.

Bureau of Ships, "History of USS Anderson (DD-411)," (May 26, 1948), Ships History Branch, Naval Historical Center, Washington, D.C.

Commander, Joint Task Force One, "Report on Atomic Bomb Tests Able and Baker (Operation Crossroads) Conducted at Bikini Atoll, Marshall Islands, 1 July 1946 and 25 July 1946," Operational Archives, Naval Historical Center, Washington, D.C.

Contract No. 97, Arkansas, in the New York Shipbuilding Corporation Collection, Philadelphia Maritime Museum, Philadelphia.

Contract No. 199, Saratoga, in the New York Shipbuilding Corporation Collection, Philadelphia Maritime Museum, Philadelphia.

Director of Ship Material, Joint Task Force One, "Final Report for Tests Able and Baker, Bureau of Aeronautics," (October 11, 1946), copy on file with National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia.

______, Joint Task Force One, "Historical Report: Atomic Bomb Tests Able and Baker Operation Crossroads," (1947) Operational Archives, Naval Historical Center, Washington, D.C., Volume 1.

______, Joint Task Force One, Bureau of Ships Group, "Technical Inspection Report, USS Anderson (DD411), Test Able, Operation Crossroads," National Archives Record Group 374, National Archives, Washington, D.C.

______, Joint Task Force One, Bureau of Ships Group, "Technical Inspection Report, USS Apogon (SS308), Test Able, Operation Crossroads," National Archives Record Group 374, National Archives, Washington, D.C.

______, Joint Task Force One, Bureau of Ships Group, "Technical Inspection Report, USS Apogon (SS308), Test Baker, Operation Crossroads," National Archives Record Group 374, National Archives, Washington, D.C.

______, Joint Task Force One, Bureau of Ships Group, "Technical Inspection Report, USS ARDC13, Test Able, Operation Crossroads," National Archives Record Group 374, National Archives, Washington, D.C.

______, Joint Task Force One, Bureau of Ships Group, "Technical Inspection Report, USS ARDC13, Test Baker, Operation Crossroads," National Archives Record Group 374, National Archives, Washington, D.C.

______, Joint Task Force One, Bureau of Ships Group, "Technical Inspection Report, USS Arkansas (BB33), Test Baker, Operation Crossroads," National Archives Record Group 374, National Archives, Washington, D.C.

______, Joint Task Force One, Bureau of Ships Group, "Technical Inspection Report, Beached Landing Craft, Test Baker, Operation Crossroads," National Archives Record Group 374, National Archives, Washington, D.C.

______, Joint Task Force One, Bureau of Ships Group, "Technical Inspection Report, USS Carlisle (APA69), Test Able, Operation Crossroads," National Archives Record Group 374, National Archives, Washington, D.C.

______, Joint Task Force One, Bureau of Ships Group, "Technical Inspection Report, USS Gilliam (APA57), Test Able, Operation Crossroads," National Archives Record Group 374, National Archives, Washington, D.C.

______, Joint Task Force One, Bureau of Ships Group, "Technical Inspection Report, USS Lamson (DD367), Test Able, Operation Crossroads," National Archives Record Group 374, National Archives, Washington, D.C.

______, Joint Task Force One, Bureau of Ships Group, "Technical Inspection Report, USS LCT's 705, 816, 818, 874, 1013, 1078, 1112, 1113, 1114, 1115, Test Baker, Operation Crossroads," National Archives Record Group 374, National Archives, Washington, D.C.

______, Joint Task Force One, Bureau of Ships Group, "Technical Inspection Report, Nagato (Ex-Jap BB), Test Able, Operation Crossroads," National Archives Record Group 374, National Archives, Washington, D.C.

______, Joint Task Force One, Bureau of Ships Group, "Technical Inspection Report, Nagato (Ex-Jap BB), Test Baker, Operation Crossroads," National Archives Record Group 374, National Archives, Washington, D.C.

______, Joint Task Force One, Bureau of Ships Group, "Technical Inspection Report, USS Pilotfish (SS386), Test Baker, Operation Crossroads," National Archives Record Group 374, National Archives, Washington, D.C.

______, Joint Task Force One, Bureau of Ships Group, "Technical Inspection Report, Sakawa (Ex-Jap CL), Test Able, Operation Crossroads," National Archives Record Group 374, National Archives, Washington, D.C.

______, Joint Task Force One, Bureau of Ships Group, "Technical Inspection Report, USS Saratoga (CV3), Test Able, Operation Crossroads," National Archives Record Group 374, National Archives, Washington, D.C.

______, Joint Task Force One, Bureau of Ships Group, "Technical Inspection Report, USS YO160, Test Able, Operation Crossroads," National Archives Record Group 374, National Archives, Washington, D.C.

______, Joint Task Force One, Bureau of Ships Group, "Technical Inspection Report, USS YO160, Test Baker, Operation Crossroads," National Archives Record Group 374, National Archives, Washington, D.C.

Director of Ship Material, Joint Task Force One, Bureau of Ships Group, "Technical Inspection Report: Radiological Decontamination of Target and Non-Target Vessels," Vol. I, copy on file with National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia.

"The Evaluation of the Atomic Bomb as a Military Weapon: The Final Report of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Evaluation Board for Operation Crossroads," (June 30, 1947), CCS 471.6, 10-15-46, National Archives Record Group 218, National Archives, Washington, D.C.

Frederick, Col. J. D., "Final Report of Army Ground Group (Task Group 1.4), Operation Crossroads Atomic Bomb Tests," (1946), copy on file with National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia.

Log Book, USS Lamson, entries for May 30, June 30, and July 1, 1946, National Archives Record Group 24, National Archives, Washington, D.C.

Memorandum, CNO to Chiefs of the Bureau of Ships, Bureau of Ordnance, Bureau of Aeronautics, Bureau of Medicine and Surgery, Bureau of Yards and Docks, Bureau of Supplies and Accounts, "Handling and Control of Radiologically Contaminated Material from CROSSROADS," June 10, 1947, Serial 0138P36, Operational Archives, Naval Historical Center, Washington, D.C.

Memorandum, CNO to CINCPAC, "Removal of Equipment and Supplies from Contaminated CROSSROADS Target Ships," February 18, 1947, Serial 034P36, Operational Archives, Naval Historical Center, Washington, D.C.

Memorandum, Op-33 and Op-38 (Parsons) to Op-36, April 9, 1947. Serial 106P36, Operational Archives, Naval Historical Center, Washington, D.C.

Protest Answers, Joint Task Force One, Records of the Defense Atomic Support Agency, National Archives Record Group 374, National Archives, Washington, D.C.

Records of the Manhattan Engineer District, National Archives Record Group 377, National Archives, Washington, D.C.

"Remarks by Vice Admiral W. H. P. Blandy, U.S.N., Commander, Joint Task Force One, Before the 47th National Encampment, Veterans of Foreign Wars, at Boston, Massachusetts, September 5, 1946," Joint Army-Navy Task Force One, Crossroads Release No. 67, Department of Energy Archives, Las Vegas, Nevada, Document #100967.

Saratoga Report, serial 007 of 21 February 1945, Box 616, World War II Action Reports, Operational Archives, Naval Historical Center, Washington, D.C.

Saratoga, War Damage Report, Final report, Torpedo Damage, 11 January 1942, no serial, Box 615, and Saratoga, War Damage Report, 21 September 1942, serial 0120, World War II Action Reports, Operational Archives, Naval Historical Center, Washington, D.C.

Ships Section, Office of Public Information, Navy Department, "History of the USS Saratoga (CV-3)," August 29, 1946, copy on file with the Ships History Branch, Naval Historical Center, Washington, D.C.

"A Short Historical Sketch of the Prinz Eugen" IX-300, also General Statements Involving the Ship's Characteristics," Serial 10-00C, Operational Archives, Naval Historical Center, Washington, D.C.

Shurcliff, W. A., "Technical History of Operation Crossroads," (1946) copy on file with the National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia.

"Statement of Vice Admiral Blandy, U.S.N., Commander Joint Army-Navy Task Force Number One on Purposes of Atomic Bomb Tests," Joint Army-Navy Task Force Number One, Crossroads Release No. 37, Department of Energy Archives, Las Vegas, Document No. 101007.

"Technical Report, Bikini Scientific Resurvey," Washington, D.C.: Armed Forces Special Weapons Project, 1947, copy on file with the National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia.

INTERVIEWS

Henderson, Robert W., Albuquerque, New Mexico, telephone interview by James P. Delgado, December 19 and 20, 1990.

Meade, Roger W., Los Alamos, New Mexico, interview by James P. Delgado, December 19, 1990.

Smith, Leon D., Albuquerque, New Mexico, telephone interview by James P. Delgado, December 19, 1990.

Swancutt, Woody P., San Antonio, Texas, telephone interview by James P. Delgado, December 20, 1990.