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Since 1979, mountaineering rangers in Talkeetna have written reports of that year's mountaineering season. These reports are available by year, below. Nearly every year, these reports contain overall statistics on the number of expeditions and mountaineers attempting a climb, as well as a total number of summits, broken down by the route climbed on Denali. Download these mountaineering statistics, which have been compiled into one file. Note: These reports are historical. Keep in mind that certain references are contemporary to the report itself (e.g., calling the mountain "Mount McKinley" instead of "Denali," old lists of guiding companies or advice on waste disposal that is no longer correct). For current information on planning a mountaineering trip on Denali or Mount Foraker, please check out our mountaineering info. Annual Report: 1990Heavy winter snows, volcanic ash deposits, near record numbers of climbers, few accidents and generally good weather summarizes the 1990 mountaineering season in the Alaska Range.
Record snows fell at the lower elevations during the winter of 1989-90. There was one winter attempt made by a Japanese team of four on the West Buttress. They encountered extended periods of poor weather and spent nearly 20 days between the 11,000’ and 14,300’ camps. The 14,300’ basin was their highest camp. No other winter attempts were made on any other major peak within Denali National Park and Preserve. Throughout most of the winter, Mount Redoubt volcano, located approximately 150 miles south of the Alaska Range, repeatedly erupted, lightly dusting the Alaska Range with multiple layers of volcanic ash. A similar scenario occurred in 1986 when Mount Augustine erupted. The dark ash layers, once exposed to radiant heat from the sun, caused greatly accelerated melting of the snow pack as well as uneven melting of the snow surface. This resulted in an early closure of aircraft landing strips on the glaciers. Concern over a repeat of the 1986 early closures was well publicized and a number of groups planning late expeditions to the Alaska Range either moved their trips ahead or cancelled altogether. Late June snows extended the season longer than was expected, nevertheless, flights into the southeast fork stopped after the first several days of July. In an effort to cope with the number of people still on the mountain, landings to pick up parties were authorized at the 9,500’ level on the Kahiltna Glacier. No dropoffs were permitted at this location. The Denali Medical Research Project did not operate during the 1990 season. In its place, the Park Service mountaineering staff established a camp at the traditional site at 14,300’ on the West Buttress. From that medical/rescue camp, the mountaineering rangers contacted mountaineers and coordinated search and rescue activities. Despite the near record number of climbers on the mountain, there were only three search and rescue incidents on Mount McKinley in which the National Park Service was involved. This is the lowest number of search and rescue incidents since 1975 when 362 persons registered to climb Mount McKinley. The National Park Service conducted four 24-day patrols on Mount McKinley, as well as numerous patrols into other areas of the Alaska Range. We continue to staff a ranger station in the town of Talkeetna where mountaineers register for their expeditions. A strong emphasis is placed upon the importance of environmentally sound expeditionary climbing and sanitation techniques. Additionally, mountaineers are encouraged to remain self-sufficient and conduct their own evacuations whenever possible. All statistics in this report are for portions of the Alaska Range within the boundaries of Denali National Park and Preserve. Where specifically noted, statistics apply only for Mount McKinley * Interesting StatisticsNear Record Number Of Climbers On Mount McKinley In 1990, 1002 persons attempted a climb of Mount McKinley. This was only seven people short of the record of 1009 set in 1989. Had the volcanic ash situation not forced a number of parties to cancel their expedition, 1990 would probably have continued the four-year trend of increasing use. Success Rate
Record Number of Climbers on Mount McKinley During A Given Week A new all time high of 383 climbers were on the slopes of Mount McKinley for the week of May 20. 1990. New Altitude For Mount McKinley? On June 21, 1989, a team of researchers and support climbers reached the summit of Mount McKinley. They carried a Global Positioning System receiver that when used in conjunction with a Global Positioning Satellite, can measure geographical heights. Preliminary indications show the elevation of Mount McKinley to be 14’ lower than the height previously measured by more traditional survey methods. The newly computed height of 20,306’ is still not yet official, so at least for the time being, the previous height of 20,320’ remains the official height of Mount McKinley. Acute Mountain Sickness 143 (14%) had symptoms, of these:
Frostbite 30 (3%) reported some degree of frostbite. Of these:
West Buttress Route 711 (71%) of the climbers on Mount McKinley were on the popular West Buttress route. This is a significant decrease from the past several years where approximately 85% of the climbers were on the West Buttress. Soloists 15 (1.5%) persons registered for solo climbs this season. Seven reported successfully reaching the summit. One of the soloists miraculously survived and was able to extricate himself following a 40’ crevasse fall. Mountain Guiding 342 (34%) of the climbers on Mount McKinley traveled with one of the authorized guiding companies. The overall success rate of the guided groups was 54%. The majority of these trips occurred on the West Buttress route, but other guided trips attempted the West Buttress - Muldrow Glacier Traverse, Muldrow Glacier, West Rib, South Buttress and Cassin Ridge. Foreign Climbers
337 (34%) of the climbers on Mount McKinley were from foreign countries. 29 nationalities were represented:
New Low Temperature Reading The National Park Service maintains a minimum recording thermometer, supplied by the National Weather Service, at the 17,200’ level on the West Buttress Route. The winter of 1989-90’s coldest recorded temperature was -57 degrees F. New Routes and Interesting ActivitiesDenali
Mount Wake, Ruth Gorge In May, Canadians Chris Atkinson and Bruce Kay climbed a new route they named the “Screaming Blue Messiah” on the east spur. Peak 6800’ “Werewolf”, Ruth Gorge On July 14, Austrians Andi Orgler and Michael Rutter climbed a new route on the west pillar. It was reported to consist of 20 pitches of 5.10+ Al. Peak 7500’ “London”, Ruth Gorge On July 18, Austrians Hannes Arch and Helmut Neswadba climbed a new route on the west pillar called “Big Time”. It was reported to consist of 20 pitches of 5.11+ A2. Peak 7979’ “Balrock”, Ruth Gorge On July 14, Arch and Neswadba climbed a new route on the Southwest Ridge. It consisted of four pitches of 5.7. Mount Dan Beard, Ruth Amphitheater In May, two Alaskan women, Carol Snetsinger and Don McDonald climbed a new route in the west face couloir. Accidents/IncidentsThe following incidents are the more significant accidents or incidents that occurred in 1990: Fall With Injuries; Helicopter Evacuation On April 9th, two Alaskan mountaineers were ascending the southeast spur of Mount Deception. The two had just completed a rest stop. The lead climber, Gary Donofrio, started up the ridge while the second, Jim Bouchard, completed packing his pack. They were roped together with a 50 meter rope. Before a belay was provided to Donofrio, a huge section of cornice broke from beneath him. Donofrio began a tumbling fall down a 75 degree slope. The fracture line had extended back to within two feet of Bouchard. Both men’s ice axes were lost. The only option left to Bouchard to arrest the fall and prevent being pulled off the ridge himself, was to jump off the opposite side of the ridge. This he did and was able to stop Donofrio’s fall. Bouchard was able to eventually haul Donofrio back up to the ridge. During the fall Donofrio had suffered internal injuries and had lost his pack. During the next 10 hours, the pair slowly made their way back to their base camp at the 5700’ level on the Eldridge Glacier. The following day, Bouchard skied approximately 28 miles to the Parks Highway to report the accident. Donofrio was evacuated by the mountaineering rangers and an US Army Chinook Helicopter later that evening. Injury From Falling Rock; Helicopter Evacuation On May 26, Dwight Percy and other members of the expedition called “The Fine Young Idiots” were traversing around Windy Corner at the 12,500’ level on the West Buttress of Mount McKinley when Percy was struck by a football sized rock which fell from the West Buttress. While the other members of the expedition carried his gear, Percy was able to continue to ascend to the 14,300’ medical/rescue camp. There the group camped for four days while Percy attempted to recuperate in hopes he could recover enough to descend under his own power. During those four days, Percy remained stable but did not improve. On May 31st, Percy was evacuated by helicopter. X-rays revealed he had sustained fractures of the left illium and the pelvic ramis bone. Falls; Fatalities On May 24th, the American two person “Washington Square” expedition left the Southeast Fork base camp for an ascent of the Cassin Ridge. The men, Michael Koshuta and Stuart Jones, were last seen on the Cassin Ridge at the 15,700’ level on June 1st. They were listed as overdue on June 9th. Air searches began on the 10th. Their bodies were located by air search teams on June 12th. It appears the men attempted to traverse from the upper Cassin to the West Rib when one or both slipped. The men died in the resulting fall. There had been severe weather shortly after they were last seen on June 1st. It is thought that the men attempted to reach the 16,200’ level on the West Rib via a long and tedious, moderate angle, mixed snow/ice traverse from the upper Cassin. From this point, the safety of the 14,300’ basin and medical/rescue camp on the West Buttress can generally be reached. Open Bivouac; HAPE Fatality; Frostbite; Helicopter Evacuation On May 25th, the seven person Japanese “KTK” expedition flew onto the Southeast Fork base camp for a climb of the West Rib of Mount McKinley. On June 9th, the team was at their high camp at 18,000’ on the West Rib. They departed that camp intending to push for the summit with minimal gear and return to their camp later in the day. By the time the team reached the junction of the West Buttress at 19,500’, expedition member Hiroaki Ito was suffering from a bad cough, shortness of breath and difficulty in walking. By mutual consent, Ito was left at 19,500’ while the rest of the expedition continued on to the summit. Once the team reached the summit, the weather rapidly deteriorated to white-out conditions. During the descent, two of the summit team became disoriented and continued down the West Buttress past the junction of the West Rib and Ito. The rest of the team located Ito, whose condition had significantly deteriorated. Unfortunately, these team members with Ito thought that the two missing team members were still lost on the upper mountain. The decision was made to remain at the junction, making noise, attempting to attract the missing climbers. Meanwhile, the two ‘missing” team members had joined an American party and had begun a descent of the West Buttress. These two Japanese continued their descent and reached the 14,300’ medical rescue camp late that night. Higher on the mountain, the weather, Ito’s and the remaining team members’ conditions all gradually deteriorated until further descent was impossible. Rescue teams began moving upward the next morning. Even though weather had somewhat improved, the Japanese were unable to drag Ito. Their leader remained with Ito while the others, badly frostbitten, began to descend the West Buttress. By the afternoon, weather had improved enough that the NPS attempted air drops of oxygen and equipment. As the leader was retrieving the supplies, Mr. Ito died from advanced pulmonary edema. The rescue team arrived shortly thereafter. The three Japanese who bivouacked with Ito suffered severe frostbite, were evacuated by helicopter and eventually lost nearly all their toes. There were other incidents of altitude illness and frostbite this season. Most of these were treated at the medical/rescue camp at the 14,300’ basin on the West Buttress. Trends and Items of Special ConcernSolo ascents: This year 15 persons registered solo…. two fewer than in 1989. Some of these were able to team with other expeditions at least to traverse the heavily crevassed portions of the lower glaciers. One soloist miraculously survived an unprotected 40’ crevasse fall. Increasing use: For the previous four years we have had new records set for the number of climbers attempting to climb Mount McKinley. It is likely 1990 would have continued this trend had the volcanic ash not forced the cancellation of certain expeditions. In 1990, climbers spent a total of more than 18,865 user days on Mount McKinley alone! Over 12,823 of them were on the West Buttress. The use on the West Buttress is even higher when considering many other routes are accessed via the lower West Buttress route. For example, an additional 3,262 user days were spent by mountaineers completing either the West Buttress to the Muldrow Glacier traverse or from the Muldrow Glacier to the Kahiltna Glacier. Sanitation: With the increasing use, it is more important than ever for mountaineers to properly dispose of their human waste to prevent the contamination of snow that might be melted and used for drinking or cooking water by future expeditions. We are still suggesting the use of plastic bags as latrines. When moving camp, tie the bags off and toss into a deep crevasse. The use of biodegradable plastic bags is recommended. Use the latrines in the camps where they are provided. Trash: Many expeditions are hauling their trash to base camp where it is flown off the mountain. Still others continue to crevasse their trash. Trash accumulation on other popular mountains of the world has recently received considerable publicity. Trash dumps and appalling sanitation conditions at the more popular campsites in the Himalayas, Europe, South America and elsewhere threaten human health, degrade the mountaineering experience and threaten the mountain environment. Mountaineers from all nationalities must take the responsibility for, and the initiative in, preserving the quality of the world’s mountain environments. A combination of education, leading by example, and peer pressure are probably the most effective tools that can be brought to bear against less considerate mountaineers. Administrative notes for 1990:
Annual Report: 1991The 1991 mountaineering season on Denali began with a rumble as a major earthquake hit the range on April 30th. Measuring 6.1 on the Richter scale, the epicenter was just south of Mount Foraker. Huge avalanches were observed throughout the range, as well as several reports of close calls among climbers. Luckily there were no injuries. The winter of 1990-1991 was another heavy snow year in the Alaska Range. There were no winter attempts made on Mount McKinley. Weather in the spring was generally poor. An abundance of cold and stormy weather turned away most summit attempts until late May when a stretch of stable weather arrived. Still, the success rate remained low until another stretch of good weather in mid to late June brought the success rate up to its normal of 50% to 60%. This year, in order to maintain safe, reliable, and timely air support for high altitude rescues on Mount McKinley, the National Park Service contracted an Aerospatiale Lama helicopter to be stationed in Talkeetna for the mountaineering season. Fortunately the Park Service was able to secure this contract this year, for U.S. Army Chinook helicopters were not available for high altitude rescues as they have been in years past. The Lama was successfully used on five major rescue missions this year. It’s worthiness was especially proven after it completed two successful rescues above 18,000’, one of which required four landings in the “Football Field” at 19,500’. In addition, for the first time in Alaska, the Park Service implemented “short-haul” rescue using the Lama. This is a technique of inserting rescuers, that are clipped into a fixed line suspended beneath a helicopter, into rescue sites where it is not possible to land a helicopter nearby. Once victims have been stabilized for transport they are extracted from the rescue site in a similar manner. The Park Service plans to keep the Lama helicopter under contract and stationed in Talkeetna for at least the next two years.
Due to the unavailability of air support from U.S. Army helicopters, the Denali Medical Research Project did not operate during the 1991 mountaineering season. However, the National Park Service maintained a camp at the 14,300’ basin on the West Buttress. Mountaineering rangers were able to provide emergency medical care, coordinate rescues, and base their patrols from this camp. The National Park Service conducted four, 24-day patrols on Mount McKinley, plus numerous other patrols in different parts of the Alaska Range. We continue to staff a ranger station in the town of Talkeetna where climbers register for their expeditions. Registration is required for all climbs and expeditions on Mount McKinley and Mount Foraker. Climbers headed to other areas in the South District of Denali National Park and Preserve are encouraged to register. A strong emphasis is placed upon the importance of environmentally sound expeditionary climbing and sanitation practices. Additionally, mountaineers must remain self-sufficient and conduct their own rescues whenever possible. All statistics in this report are for portions of the Alaska Range within the boundaries of Denali National Park and Preserve. Unless specifically noted, statistics apply only for Mount McKinley. Interesting StatisticsNumber of Climbers on Mount McKinley: In 1991, 935 climbers attempted to climb Mount McKinley. This is 63 fewer persons than attempted the climb in 1990. Although this is a drop of 6.3%, 935 climbers still represents a vast increase over the previous two decades: Success Rates
79 (8%) reported symptoms of AMS. Of these:
Frostbite 43 (5%) reported some degree of frostbite. Of these:
West Buttress Route 680 (73%) of climbers on Mount McKinley attempted the West Buttress. This by far remains the most popular route on the mountain. It is interesting to note, however, that the percentage of’ climbers on the West Buttress route has dropped during the past two years. Typically 80-85% of the climbers on Mount McKinley attempt the West Buttress. Soloists 14 (1.5%) persons attempted a solo climb of Mount McKinley. Eight reported reaching the summit, including two via the Cassin Ridge. Mountain Guiding 265 (28%) of climbers on Mount McKinley climbed with one of the seven authorized guide services. The success rate for the guided groups was 67%. Guided groups attempted the West Buttress, West Rib, Muldrow Glacier, and West Buttress - Muldrow Glacier Traverse. Nationalities
New Routes and Interesting AscentsDenali
Mount Foraker In June, Americans Jim Donini and Jack Tackle climbed a new variation to the Southeast Ridge, joining that route at approximately 13,000’. The 27-pitch route is named “Viper Ridge.” Mount Huntington In May, Americans Paul Teare and Jay Smith established a new route on the west face, right of the Harvard Route. It is named Phantom Wall, 5.9 A2. Mount Dickey In May, Italians Fablo Ledni, Coser Corrado, and Paolo Fanton climbed a new route on the south face. The “Italian Direct” has 40 pitches and is rated 5.10 A4. Mount Barrille In June, Jack Tackle and Jim Donini climbed a new route on the southeast face called “Cobra Pillar’. Peak 6800’ “Werewolf”, Ruth Gorge Austrians Andi Orgler and Angelica Stern established “Anemona Pillar”. Accidents/IncidentsThe National Park Service conducted five major rescues on Mount McKinley in 1991, resulting in nine climbers being evacuated by helicopter. An additional nine incidents were reported to the mountaineering rangers. Of these, two climbers were evacuated by helicopter incidental to other rescue operations in progress. The remainder of these climbers were able to conduct their own self rescues without assistance from the park service. For the first time since 1982 there were no mountaineering related fatalities in the park. Following are the more significant accidents and incidents that occurred in 1991. Avalanche; Multiple Injuries; Self Rescue On April 25, 1991 Klass Wierenga, Frank De Vos, Frank Kleinbekman, and Matthijs Wiggers of the Dutch Mount Foraker Expedition, were climbing near the 8,000’ level on the 1974 Variation of the Southeast Ridge of Mount Foraker. At a point just a few feet below the crest of the ridge, the group triggered a large slab avalanche with a five foot crown and running approximately 1,600’. All four climbers were swept to the base of the ridge. Kleinbekman and Wiggers received minor injuries, and were able to dig out Wierenga, who was unconscious and suffered a pneumothorax. De Vos was semi-conscious, suffering a pneumothorax, dislocated shoulder, and fractured humerus. The climbers were unable to raise help with their radio, and began a self evacuation to the landing strip on the West Fork of the Kahiltna Glacier. On April 28, they were able to contact their air taxi pilot, and were flown out to Talkeetna. Falls with injuries; Frostbite; Acute Mountain Sickness; Helicopter Evacuation On 5-14-91, four members of the Korean Blue Fire Expedition left their high camp at 18,200’ at Denali Pass on the West Buttress route of Mount McKinley, en route to the summit. Due to fatigue, AMS, and poor weather conditions, the climbers became separated on their descent. Il Soon Go, Jong Ho Ann, and Beom Kyou Lee bivouacked in the open on the night of 5-14-91. On 5-15-91, the frostbitten Ann fell 100’ while descending to camp, sustaining a minor head injury. Go sustained frostbitten hands while descending to camp. Meanwhile, Lee and Jun Chan Park, who had been waiting at Denali Pass, fell approximately 500’ while attempting to descend to the 17,200’ camp to obtain food and assistance. Park sustained a fractured thoracic vertebrae and Lee a cervical strain. On 5-16-91, mountaineering rangers and the NPS Lama helicopter evacuated Ann and Go from Denali Pass, and Lee and Park from 17,200’. HAPE; HACE; Frostbite; Helicopter Evacuation On May 22, 1991 Korean Kim Hongbim, who was camped at Denali Pass at 18,200’ on the West Buttress Route on Mount McKinley, became seriously ill with severe AMS and high altitude pulmonary edema. Hongbim was lowered to the 17,200’ camp by other climbers high on the mountain. On May 23, 1991 Hongbim was lowered down the Rescue Gully to 14,200’ by the pararescue team of the 210th Air National Guard, assisted by rangers and other climbers at the 14,200’ camp. On May 24, Hongbim was airlifted from 14,200’ by an Air National Guard Pavehawk helicopter. He suffered from severe frostbite to both hands and pneumonia complicated by high altitude pulmonary edema. In a related incident on May 23, Geo Bong Kim, of the Korean Mokpo University Expedition, became seriously ill with high altitude cerebral edema while camped at 17,200’ on the West Buttress. Kim was lowered down the Rescue Gully to 14,200’ by members of his own expedition. On May 25, Kim’s condition remained critical and a ground evacuation was determined not feasible. He was airlifted from 14,200’ by the NPS Lama helicopter. Crevasse Fall; Multiple Injuries; Helicopter Evacuation On May 29, 1991, New Zealander Tara Wingfield of the “Taking The Dog For a Walk” expedition was ascending from Windy Corner to the 14,200’camp on the West Buttress Route on Mount McKinley. While crossing a heavily crevassed area near 13,400’, a large snowbridge collapsed, and Wingfield fell approximately seven feet before her fall was arrested by the other members of her rope team. Wingfield was immediately hoisted from the crevasse. She sustained a dislocated patella, knee sprain, and fractured ribs. With assistance, Wingfield was able to continue to the 14,200’ camp. On May 31, Wingfield was airlifted from 14,200’ by the NPS Lama helicopter, after it was determined that a safe ground evacuation was not feasible by the remaining members of her expedition. AMS; Search; Self Rescue On June 21, 1991, Japanese climbers Hiroshi Sakurai and Hiroshi Urayama arrived at 15,500’ on the Haston-Scott route on the south face of Mount McKinley. The pair had ascended 3,500’ from the bottom of the face that day. Urayama was struck with severe Acute Mountain Sickness and felt he should be rescued. That evening, the pair began calling “May Day” on their CB radio. The NPS responded with a search plane attempting to locate the “May Day” calls. Numerous contacts were made with many climbers including the Japanese, but due to a communication barrier, the two remained unidentified. “May Day” calls were again reported on June 22, and the NPS Lama helicopter began to search. Again the two Japanese were not identified. Urayama decided that he wasn’t going to be rescued, so the pair began ascending the route very rapidly, summiting early the next morning. They then descended and reported to the NPS ranger camp at 14,200’ that they were the ones calling “May Day’. With this information the search was called off. Open Bivouacs; Frostbite; Helicopter Evacuation Late on July 3, 1991, Polish climber Krzysztof Wiecha began climbing alone to the summit of Mount McKinley from the 17,200’ camp on the West Buttress route. As Wiecha approached the summit from the 19,500’ area, the weather rapidly deteriorated with clouds, snow, high winds, and visibility near zero. Wiecha became disoriented, and by early on July 4 decided to seek shelter in a small snow cave that he dug near 20,000’. He carried no bivouac or survival gear. At 7:00 am, Wiecha was reported as overdue to NPS mountaineering rangers. The weather remained extremely poor on July 4th and 5th, with heavy snowfall, high winds, and high avalanche hazard prohibiting any air and ground search attempts. Meanwhile, Wiecha wandered around near the summit, attempting to find the descent route, taking shelter in several different locations. He began to suffer severely from the cold, altitude, dehydration, and exhaustion. By midday on July 6, the weather began to clear, and an air search was begun. Miraculously, Wiecha was spotted crawling from a crevasse just below the summit at approximately 19,800’.The NPS Lama helicopter was dispatched from Talkeetna, and two mountaineering rangers were flown to the “Football Field” at 19,500’. Rangers climbed to Wiecha, who was coherent but could barely move due to exhaustion and severely frostbitten feet. He was lowered approximately 900’ to the Football Field, where the Lama helicopter once again landed, and flew Wiecha off the mountain early on July 7. Both of Wiecha’s severely frostbitten feet were amputated. There were a number of other incidents of altitude illness and frostbite this season. Many were treated at the NPS first-aid rescue camp at 14,200’ on the West Buttress. Trends and Items of Special ConcernHeavy use: Near record numbers of climbers attempted to climb Mount McKinley this year. Climbers spent more than 17,000 user days on Mount McKinley alone. Over 12,000 of these were on the West Buttress. The use on the West Buttress is even higher when considering that many other routes are accessed via the West Buttress, plus many climbers that acclimate on that route as well. Rescues: Ten of the eleven climbers (91%) that were rescued by helicopter this year were foreigners. 1.2% of climbers attempting Mount McKinley this year required rescue. Sanitation: With the heavy use, it is more important than ever for mountaineers to properly dispose of human feces and urine. Many camps, especially at higher elevations, are littered with feces and frozen urine spots that are not covered with the annual accumulation of snow. Not only is this an environmental degradation of the mountain, but there is risk of contamination of snow that might be melted and used as drinking water by future expeditions. We are still suggesting the use of plastic bags for latrines, which should be disposed of in a deep crevasse. The Park Service maintains pit latrines dug deeply into the snowpack, at base came on the Kahiltna Glacier, 14,000’ on the West Buttress, and at the landing area in the Ruth Amphitheater. Trash: Many expeditions are hauling their trash to base camp where it is flown off the mountain. Still others continue to dump their trash in crevasses. Trash accumulation on other popular mountains of the world continues to receive considerable publicity. Trash dumps and appalling sanitation conditions at the more popular campsites in the Himalayas, Europe, South America and elsewhere threaten human health, degrade the mountaineering experience, and threaten the mountain environment. Mountaineers of all nationalities must take the responsibility for, and the initiative in, preserving the quality of the world’s mountain environments. A combination of education, leading by example, and peer pressure are probably the most effective tools that can be brought to bear against less considerate mountaineers. Citations were issued for unauthorized guiding, littering, and improper disposal of human body waste. Administrative notes for 1991:
Annual Report: 1992
The National Weather Service accurately predicated a storm in early May which was described as the "worst storm to hit the mountain in 10 years". This storm brought in excess of 60 inches of snow at the 7,200' base camp in a 24 hour period, and winds over 110 mph at 14,000! This adverse weather halted most summit attempts for several weeks and brought about a number of rescues. Both guides and climbers assisted the mountaineering rangers at the 14,200' Ranger station during these rescues, which were carried out throughout intense weather conditions. In a 10-day period from the start of the storm seven people died and six were rescued. This was the second year the Aerospatile Lama helicopter was used in rescues on Mount McKinley. Piloted by Bill Ramsey for the second year, it was successful in a bold rescue of three Koreans at 17,700' on the Cassin Ridge. For the first time, short haul technique was used for rescues on the mountain when two American climbers at 11,000' on the East Buttress were extracted. The helicopter is credited for six irrefutable life saves and another six near-death saves this season. The U.S. Army CH-47 Chinook helicopters were used in establishment and removal of the 14,200' ranger station. The 210th Air National Guard and Chinooks from Fort Wainwright assisted in rescue support. The National Park Service revoked the concession permit of Genet Expeditions, Inc. by letter dated January 29, 1992. This revocation was based on four years of marginal or unsatisfactory performance evaluations during a five year period for unsafe practices. The owner of Genet Expeditions, Inc. appealed the decision. After several judicial proceedings, an out-of-court agreement was made and the Genet concession was reinstated. The expiration date of the Genet permit is 12-31-92. A prospectus for filling of this opportunity was announced to the public in December 1992. A concessioner will be selected prior to the climbing season commencing. The 11,070' Mount Spurr, located 100 miles southwest of Mount McKinley in the western Alaska Range, erupted June 27th, causing glacier landings temporarily to be halted at the 7,200' basecamp on Mount McKinley. Expeditions that were beginning their climb were informed of the possibility of walking out if the ash continued to fall on the glaciers prohibiting landings. On September 25, 1992, the town of Talkeetna dedicated a memorial to all climbers who lost their lives on Mount McKinley and other peaks in the Alaska Range. The memorial, which depicts two climbers making their way up a white pole that signifies Mount McKinley's snow covered slopes, is located in the Talkeetna cemetery. In the winter of 1991, data was collected from an automatic meteorological censor device placed near 19,000' above Denali Pass by the Japanese Alpine Club. This instrument, which monitor's winds and temperature on Mount McKinley, recorded a low of -72.4 F on February 6, 1991. Beginning in November 1990, through February 1991, the temperature remained -60 F or colder for a total of 30 days. The wind monitoring instrument was destroyed by high winds and that data was lost. The National Park Service conducted four 24-day patrols on Mount McKinley and numerous backcountry and hunting patrols in the Denali National Park and Preserve. We continue to staff a ranger station in Talkeetna where climbers are required to register for their expeditions. Registration is required for all climbs and expeditions on Mount McKinley and Mount Foraker. Commencing in 1994 all climbers will be required to preregister by February 15th of the year they plan to climb. This is to allow the NPS to better plan for the staffing of the mountain patrols and in reviewing registration forms in response to the increasing number of climbers. Climbers and backpackers planning trips into other areas in the South District of Denali National Park and Preserve are encouraged to register. A strong emphasis is set on the ethics of maintaining self-sufficiency and to conduct self evacuations whenever possible. Using environmentally sound and accepted sanitation procedures is a high priority in maintaining the pristine wilderness of Denali National Park and Preserve. All statistics in this document are for portions of the Alaska Range within the boundaries of Denali National Park and Preserve. Unless specifically noted, statistics apply only for Mount McKinley. Statistics and Interesting AscentsDenali
Five new routes were reported this year in the Alaska Range.
Accidents/IncidentsFrostbite on fingers, helicopter evacuation On May 6, the NPS mountaineering patrol rope team of mountaineering ranger Ron Johnson and SCA Keith Nicholson climbed from 11,000' to the 14,200' camp on the West Buttress of Mount McKinley. The temperature was minus 15 F and the wind speeds were estimated at 30 mph plus. Nicholson was wearing polypropylene glove liners and shell mittens. Just prior to arriving at the 14,200' camp Nicholson realized he had frostbite on his left thumb. A more thorough inspection was done at camp. Nicholson contracted frostbite on his little finger and thumb on his left hand and on all four finger tips of the right hand. A full recovery with no tissue damage has occurred. Frostbite, AMS, HAPE, HACE, helicopter evacuation On April 25, climbers Daryl Hinman, Robert Rockwell, and Tom Roseman attempted to climb Mount McKinley via the Muldrow Glacier route. Due to cold weather, altitude, high winds, fatigue, pulmonary edema, cerebral edema, frostbite and loss of supplies they become incapacitated at 17,500' below Denali Pass on the West Buttress side of the mountain. On May 10, 1992, Daryl Hinman climbed down to the 14,200' Ranger Station to get help. The NPS Lama helicopter, piloted by Bill Ramsey picked up Ranger Johnson and VIP Julie Culberson and flew up to 17,200'. There, Johnson and Culberson loaded Tom Roseman and Robert Rockwell into the Lama. Both expedition members were stricken by frostbite while Roseman suffered from pulmonary and cerebral edema. Both climbers were transferred to a fixed wing and flown to Anchorage. Fall on headwall, helicopter evacuation On May 10, the rope team of Paul Kogelmann and Timothy Hagan, fell approximately 500' down the headwall from 15,800'. Ranger Johnson and Culberson in the Lama then landed at the 15,200' level, and loaded Hagan into the ship and flew to the 14,200' ranger station to off load Johnson and Culberson and pick up Roseman, and Rockwell. The Lama then flew to the 7200' base camp transporting Roseman, Rockwell, and Hagan to a fixed wing aircraft that flew them to Anchorage. Abandonment by fellow climbers, rescue by NPS ground team On May 10, the expedition of Edwige Sement, Frederick Sement, and Philippe Berthois spent the night at 17,200' without a stove. A stove had been cached at 16,200' on the West Buttress. On the afternoon of May 11, F. Sement and Berthois attempted to descend to 16,200' to retrieve the stove but turned back due to high winds and poor visibility. They decided to descend to 14,200' via the Rescue Gully, and return to 17,200' that evening with a stove. Because Ms. Sement felt she was too tired to descend, a decision was made to leave her at 17,000'. There were no other parties at 17,200'. Sement and Berthois arrived at 14,200' notified ranger Ron Johnson that they were too tired to climb back up to 17,200' and that Ms. Sement did not have a stove. A weather forecast received that morning predicted that a severe storm would hit Mount McKinley later that evening. Given the weather forecast, Johnson decided a rescue attempt was justified. Weather conditions at 14,200' consisted of blowing snow and winds gusting up to 30 mph. Johnson, NPS VIP Matt Culberson, along with volunteers Mike Wood and Willy Peabody left 14,200'. The rescue team ascended the Rescue Gully and arrived at 17,200'. Ms. Sement was found in her tent in good condition. The rescue team with Ms. Sement descended back to 14,200'. This expedition was issued a citation for Creating a Hazardous Condition which precipitated from decisions they made which were inappropriate and exposed rescuers to life threatening hazards. This expedition also reimbursed the NPS for rescue costs. Fall on Cassin Ridge, fatalities, body recovery by helicopter On May 10, Giovanni Calcagno and Roberto Piombe arrived at the base of the Cassin Ridge. The two Italians stated that they intended to climb and descend the Cassin Ridge in two or three days. On May 15, the NPS Ranger Station at 14,200' received a report that a body was observed at the base of the South Face the previous day. It was recognized that the body was that of an Italian climber whom he had met 10 days before. On May 16, mountaineering rangers Jim Phillips and Daryl R. Miller flew in the Lama to the South Face. Phillips and Miller recovered the remains of Roberto Piombe. The body was sling loaded to 7,200' and then flown out by fixed wing to Talkeetna. Giovanni Calcagno was located at approximately 15,400' on the first rock band on the Cassin Ridge just off route. Calcagno's body was not recovered. Fall on South Face, with aircraft evacuation On May 11, two Korean climbers, Song and Seung Hwan Lee were descending a new route they had climbed on the south face of Mount McKinley. Due to bad weather, the pair had decided to descend to their base camp and wait. At approximately 1720, while rappelling, Seog Woo Song fell 1000' to the bottom of the South face, on the East fork of the Kahilitna Glacier. Lee witnessed Song falling past him. Indications were that the rope broke during rappell. He was found unconscious with a head injury. Another Korean party assisted in bringing Song to the 7200' base camp. Song remained semi-unconscious and suffered with facial wounds, dilated left pupil, right pupil slightly reactive, moveable extremities and difficult respirations. The Alaska Air National Guard (210th), hampered by poor weather, arrived at the 7,200' base camp on May 13, and evacuated Song to Anchorage. Song remained hospitalized for three weeks where he slowly regained consciousness. Frostbite, AMS on the Cassin Ridge, helicopter evacuation On April 28, a three-member Korean expedition flew in to climb the Cassin Ridge. They started with 15 days of food. By May 9 they had reached their high camp at 17,700'. Their plans were to make a summit attempt the next day, but strong winds were encountered forcing the three to construct a snow cave. While working on the snow cave, their tent blew away along with most of their fuel, food, clothing and climbing equipment. The three climbers rationed food and fuel in order to wait out the weather. For over a week they rationed themselves to one cup of rice and one quart of water a day. The weather finally improved but they were too weak to continue in the cold windy conditions. The leader Hyun Doo Kang had frost-bite on four fingers. They began distress calls and information that they had no food, no fuel and the leader had AMS along with frostbite. They were too weak to go up or down. Weather remained poor and it was not until 1400 on May 17, that the NPS Lama arrived at 7,200' base camp. The Lama attempted to deliver an air drop of fuel and food at 17,700' on the Cassin Ridge. The Lama experienced extreme down drafts and forced the helicopter to land back at the 7,200' base camp. When the winds subsided, the Lama departed with ranger Jim Phillips aboard. The Lama landed and picked up one Korean and flew to the 14,200' camp and dropped him off, returning to pick up another climber, one at a time. An Army Chinook delivered them to 7200' base camp and a Pavehawk flew them to Anchorage. Kang suffered frostbite on all fingers and three toes. The other members, Jun and Kim, received minor frost bite on several of their toes. Crevasse fall, aircraft evacuation On May 17, three Korean climbers Duk Sang Jang, Seong Yu Kang, and Dong Choon Seo from the Je Ju University expedition were preparing a campsite during whiteout conditions at approximately 15,000' on the West Buttress. Their campsite was located on a snowbridge over a crevasse. The snowbridge collapsed and Kang and Seo fell 60' into the crevasse. Jang was uninjured and able to descend to 14,200' and notify Mountaineering Ranger Ron Johnson. A decision was made to send NPS VIP's Matt and Julie Culberson and volunteers Jim Wickwire and John Roskelly to the site. Route finding was difficult due to blowing snow and low visibility. The rescue party found that the collapsed snowbridge had exposed a part of a crevasse that was 40' wide and 200' long, and about 60' deep. Kang was observed in the bottom of the crevasse, buried to his chest with debris. Culberson and Roskelly rappelled into the crevasse and dug Kang out of the debris. Culberson and Roskelly also located Seo. Brian Okonek and Bruce Blatchley arrived at the rescue site with a sked litter. Seo was worked free of the debris and was extricated from the crevasse. He was conscious and hypothermic with suspected internal injuries, injuries to his lumbar spine and pelvis, and self inflicted lacerations to his tongue. Seo was then lowered to 14,200'. Kang was uninjured. On May 18, a break in the weather allowed Seo to be flown to 7,200' base camp aboard the Lama. Seo was transferred to a 210th Air National Guard Pavehawk helicopter and flown to Anchorage. HACE/HAPE fatality at the 14,200 camp On May 17, a Swiss expedition was camped at 14,200' on the West Buttress of Mount Mckinley. The expedition leader Roli Merz notified mountaineering ranger Ron Johnson that a team member was having difficulty breathing. Johnson and Matt Culberson were led to Alex Von Bergen's tent. Von Bergen appeared cyanotic and his pupils were fixed and dilated. Johnson notified Dr. Mike Young who arrived at the scene. CPR was initiated by Matt and Julie Culberson after a pulse was not detected. Von Bergen remained pulse-less and unresponsive and was pronounced dead. The body was removed from the 14,200' station by the Lama and a fixed wing. The body was flown to Talkeetna. An autopsy was performed at the Alaska State Crime Laboratory. The results determined Von Bergen died from pulmonary and cerebral edema. Fall on Orient Express, three fatalities, bodies recovered by helicopter At approximately mid-day on May 20, Soo Yang Yung, Sung Tak Hong, and Seong Jong Jin from the Je-Ju University Expedition were killed while attempting to descend the Orient Express route on McKinley. They had started their ascent on the West Rib and in the course of 10 days made their ascent up to the 14,000' level. From May 14th, through May 16th they encountered strong winds which kept them tent bound. The weather improved on the 17th, and the three Koreans ascended to 16,200'. On May 20, 1992, Matt and Julie Culberson discovered the bodies of Yung, Hong and Jin at the 15,800' level of the Orient Express. The bodies were recovered by the NPS helicopter. Crevasse fall, fatality, helicopter evacuation On May 4, Terrance "Mugs" Stump, a mountain guide for Mountain Trip, and his clients Nelson Max and Robert Hoffman began climbing the Japanese Ramp route on the South Buttress. On May 20, Stump and Max reached the summit via the Southeast Spur in extremely adverse weather conditions. Max suffered frostbite to his feet on the descent. On May 21, Mugs and his clients began descent from the high camp at 16,000' on the Ramp. First on the rope team was Hoffman, followed by Max who was tied in a short distance behind and Stump at the end. The group approached a large crevasse. Hoffman stopped near the edge of this crevasse, unsure how to proceed. Stump approached the crevasse from the uphill, passing by Max and Hoffman. He was standing on the uphill lip of the crevasse when they heard a "crack", and Stump suddenly disappeared into the crevasse. Stump fell, pulling on approximately 15' of slack rope between him and Max. Max attempted to self-arrest, and was pulled towards the crevasse for approximately 20' before stopping. The rope between him and Stump became slack. Feeling in a very precarious position on the uphill side of the crevasse, Max cut the rope and tied it to a ski pole. They traversed around and approached the accident site from below. Max rappelled into the crevasse but was unable to locate Stump. He described the debris as a large volume of very hard blocks of dense snow and blue ice. The crevasse was at least 60' deeper from the bottom of the large blocks of ice wedged into it. There was no sign of Stump. Because of the perceived danger, their condition, the weather, and low probability of survival, Max and Hoffman decided to abandon their efforts to recover Stump. On May 22, another expedition heard distress calls from Max and Hoffman and assisted them in getting a message to NPS. Hoffman and Max suffered frostbite and were assisted to 11,400'. The Lama transported Max and Hoffman to 7,200'. They were flown to Anchorage by fixed wing aircraft. The Lama returned to the accident site with NPS rangers aboard. A large volume of debris with big chunks of snow and blue ice was wedged into the crevasse as Hoffman and Max described. Due to the fact the incident occurred more than 25 hours earlier, and the exposure of rescuers to excessive hazards, a recovery effort was not initiated. Max was admitted to the Humana Hospital with frostbite on both feet. Fall above Denali Pass, helicopter evacuation On May 28, the German team of Gerhard Seibert and Christoph Mach ascended the upper West Rib. They decided not to make a summit attempt and traverse down the West Buttress route. As they descended to Denali Pass, Mach led the rope team when Seibert fell. Seibert suffered head lacerations from the fall and remained unconscious. Mach set up a tent and began calling for help on their CB. On May 29th, Ranger Daryl R. Miller mounted a ground rescue consisting of Billy Shott, Mike Abbott, and Dr. Collin Grisson, all VIP's working on the NPS Mountaineering patrol. The rescue team left 14,200' and reached the 17,200' camp. VIP Andy Lapkass joined the team at 17,200'. The rescue party reached Mach and Seibert 19,400' and found Seibert to have regained conscious. Mach suffered frostbite on his left hand and Seibert was experiencing double-vision. The rescue team began lowering the two climbers and reached the 17,200'. The Lama landed and transported both injured climbers to 7,200' and a 210th Air National Guard Pavehawk flew them to Anchorage. Fall on the Messner, four fatalities, body recovery by helicopter On May 31, four Canadians fell approximately 3,000' to their deaths from 19,300' on the Messner Couloir. The team departed the 17,200' camp on the West Buttress on May 30. The group was not seen again until that evening as they descended the summit ridge at 20,000'. The weather at 17,200' was deteriorating with winds gusting up to 60 MPH. 7,200' base camp was notified by another expedition that the Canadians had not returned to 17,200'. The weather cleared and a search plane with ranger Roger Robinson aboard left for the search area. Robinson saw four climbers traversing between 19,200' and 19,300' on the Messner Couloir. Robinson notified Ranger Daryl Miller at 14,200' Ranger Station. Ranger Miller was able to observe the group with the use of binoculars. Minutes later the climber in the back of the rope team fell, dragging the rest of the members down some 3,000' over the rock bands and through the hourglass of the couloir. They stopped above an icefall at approximately 15,800'. Ranger Miller, along with NPS VIP's Collin Grisson, Billy Shott, and Mike Abbott departed for the accident site. The visibility at 15,000' was 25'. The snow conditions were extremely unstable with the slope settling and the glacier cracking beneath. The patrol unanimously concurred that it was unsafe to continue the search given the conditions. On June 1 the viability had improved. The rescue team departed and reached the accident site. Three bodies were found at 15,800' with a fourth 200' higher. The bodies were identified as the Canadian team. The slope was still unstable and a body recovery with the ground team was not possible. The NPS Lama recovered the bodies using a grappling hook. The bodies were flown to 7,200' base camp and flown by fixed wing to Talkeetna. Avalanche on East buttress, short haul by helicopter On June 6 the team of Bob Archbold and Allen Sanderson, left their 11,000' camp climbing up the East Buttress of Mount McKinley. They made a decision to descend because Archbold was not comfortable with the route. While descending the route, they heard and saw an icefall avalanche start at approximately 13,000' on their route. Sanderson and Archbold were hit by the avalanche. Sanderson, uninjured, observed the slack rope beneath him reaching into the crevasse. The slide was estimated to be 100 meters wide with debris running 200 meters further down the slope. Archbold was carried down slope some 150' and 60' down into a crevasse. Archbold was wedged into the crevasse but managed to free himself and his pack. He was then able to jumar out of the crevasse. He had sustained a significant head wound and was complaining of lower leg pain. They descended to their 11,000' camp. Sanderson was able to contact a pilot, with a CB radio. The NPS responded in the Lama and performed the first short haul extrication. Using screamer suits, Sanderson and Archbold were short hauled to a staging area on the Ruth Glacier. The actual short haul operation was less than three minutes, from 11000' on the East Buttress to the Mountain House on the Ruth Glacier. Both climbers were flown to a Anchorage hospital. Avalanche on Mount Foraker, two fatalities, one self-evacuation On the morning of June 14, Tom Walter, Ritt Kellogg, and Colby Coombs skied to the base of the Pink Panther Route, on Mount Foraker and started their ascent. On June 18, the weather was poor with additional snow accumulation. Early in the evening of the 18th, the weather cleared and the climbers began climbing the final rock buttress which marks the last third of the route. The weather remained good until the final 300 ', when it deteriorated with wind and poor visibility. They continued to climb up the final 50 to 60 degree snow and ice slope above the rock buttress. At this time Walter was leading the rope team with Coombs in the Middle and Kellogg at the end. They were climbing simultaneously when they were hit with an avalanche. As Coombs was hit from snow above, he began to self-arrest with his ice axe. He was pushed downhill by the avalanche debris for approximately 20' before being flipped over backwards and tumbling out of control. Coombs was knocked unconscious. Early in the morning of June 19, Coombs regained consciousness and found himself hanging by the climbing rope in the upper part of the rock buttress at approximately 12,300'. He was experiencing pain over his entire body, and hypothermia. Walter was hanging from a rope a short distance away and Coombs was able to climb over to him. There was no sign of life. Kellogg was hanging below upside down and also showed no signs of life. Coombs spent the day and night of June 19th resting. On the morning of the 20th, Coombs starting descending the Southeast Ridge. On June 25, he arrived at the 7,200' basecamp. Because of bad weather, Coombs remained at basecamp until June 28, and then was flown to the hospital in Anchorage. He was diagnosed with a fractured cervical vertebrae, fractured left ankle, and fractured left scapula. Acute Mountain Sickness: 105 cases (10%)of climbers reported symptoms of AMS:
Frostbite: 38 cases (4%) reported some degree of frostbite:
12 cases (1%) reported symptoms of HAPE
HACE: 4 cases (.3%) reported symptoms of HACE
Administrative notes for 1992
-- Daryl Miller, J.D. Swed Annual Report: 1993The 1993 climbing season was essentially normal compared to the tragic season last year. Weather was better than normal and climbers generally exhibited more caution contributing to the safer season. There was one fatality on Mt. McKinley and 13 other rescue missions within the mountains of the Park. This compares to the 13 fatalities last year (11 on Mt. McKinley and 2 on Mt. Foraker). This season's rescue costs totaled $70,800 compared to $206,000 for 1992.
Consideration for new regulations including pre-registration are ongoing. At the present time, all climbers are required to register for Mt. McKinley and Mt. Foraker prior to their expedition. Four 24-day mountaineering patrols were rotated through the 14,200' Ranger Station from May 1st through the first week in July. The U.S. Army provided its CH-47 Chinook helicopters to establish and extract our mountain facilities. Alaska Air National Guard Rescue personnel assisted our first patrol. They also provided supplies and equipment for the 14,200' camp infrastructure. The open concession left last year by Genet Expeditions has been filled by Alpine Ascents International. They will be conducting commercial operations on Mt. McKinley beginning in 1994. StatisticsDenali
Rescues & Medicals Eleven of the fifteen climbers (73%) that were rescued by helicopter this year were foreigners. This year, 1.1% of the climbers attempting Mount McKinley this year required rescue. Acute Mountain Sickness 56 (5%) climbers reported symptoms of AMS. Of these:
19 (2%) climbers reported some degree of frostbite. Of these:
New Routes and Notable Ascents
Accidents & IncidentsIn 1993 the National Park Service conducted thirteen major rescue missions on Mount McKinley and Mount Foraker, resulting in fifteen persons being evacuated by helicopter. There was one fatal accident. Frostbite; Helicopter Evacuation: On April 26, David Peel, 31, P.J. Edwards, 27, and James Gallager, 33, of an eight-member British Army expedition were climbing to the summit of Mount Foraker via the Archangel Ridge. During their ascent they encountered sub-zero temperatures and 55 mph winds, but continued to the summit despite being extremely cold, with Peel and Edwards sustaining moderate cases of frostbite. On April 27, Gallager sustained minor frostbite while at high camp. The three climbers abandoned their high camps and descended, joining the remaining five expedition members at their basecamp. On April 28, they decided that a rescue was needed, and the five uninjured climbers began a 50-mile trek to Wonder Lake to seek help. On May 3, 1993, Peel, Gallager, and Edwards made an emergency radio call to a passing military aircraft, requesting a rescue. Late on May 3, the NPS Lama helicopter evacuated the three frostbitten climbers from the Foraker Glacier. HAPE; Helicopter Evacuation: On May 18, Sgt. Michael Dunn, 31, of a U.S. Navy-Marine expedition became extremely ill with high altitude pulmonary edema at 14,200 feet on the West Buttress route. Dunn ascended at a fast rate, arriving at 14,200 feet on his fourth day on the mountain. Dunn was stabilized at the NPS camp. Due to Dunn's poor condition, the need for a rapid descent, and the risk of a ground evacuation, he was evacuated by the NPS Lama helicopter on May 19. Acute Dehydration; AMS; Helicopter Evacuation: On May 20, Sgt. Anthony Braithwaite, 29, of the U.S. Navy-Marine expedition collapsed from dehydration, exhaustion, and acute mountain sickness while climbing near Windy Corner at 13,300 feet on the West Buttress route. Braithwaite had been suffering from acute mountain sickness and severe diarrhea for at least the previous 48 hours, but his expedition continued to climb to higher elevations. A Mountain Trip guided expedition encountered Braithwaite shortly after he collapsed, finding him unconscious. They administered emergency medical care, began lowering Braithwaite to a helicopter landing zone, and called for a helicopter rescue. NPS volunteers arrived to assist. The NPS Lama helicopter evacuated Braithwaite from the Windy Corner area to Kahiltna basecamp. An Alaska Air National Guard Pavehawk helicopter transported Braithwaite from basecamp to Anchorage. Fall With Injuries; Helicopter Evacuation: On May 25, American Don Cook, 62, was descending a steep section of ridge at approximately 16,700 feet on the West Buttress route. Cook and his team were in a weakened state from their summit climb the previous day. They were descending in poor weather, poor visibility, and unstable snow conditions. Cook lost his footing and fell when unstable snow broke away beneath his feet and he was unable to self arrest. He fell approximately 40 feet and stopped after hitting rocks, sustaining injuries to the chest. Cook was able to descend to the NPS camp at 14,200 feet. Cook was assessed by physicians who suspected rib fractures. Due to pain, the possibility of a further complicating chest injury, and patient age, Cook was evacuated to Kahiltna basecamp by the NPS Lama helicopter and flown by fixed wing airplane from the mountain. Fatal Fall: On May 30, American Charles Cearly, 40, was descending the Orient Express on the upper West Rib route. He was descending with his partners unroped, and was not using an ice axe, instead using only a ski pole. At approximately 19,200 feet the group stopped, deciding that they should begin climbing roped. As Cearly stopped, he lost his footing and began sliding. He was unable to stop himself without an ice axe, and fell approximately 3,000 feet to his death. Two NPS volunteers reached Cearly's body several hours later. A ranger was inserted into the scene using a helicopter short-haul and recovered the body. Cearly died from multiple traumatic injuries. HAPE; HACE; Helicopter Evacuation: On June 7, Austrian mountaineer Eder Ewald, 36, developed severe cases of High Altitude Pulmonary Edema and High Altitude Cerebral Edema while climbing the West Buttress route. Ewald descended to 14,200 feet from 16,200 feet on June 6 after becoming ill with acute mountain sickness, but his condition deteriorated to a life threatening state that night. He received emergency medical care from NPS rangers and volunteers at the NPS 14,200 camp on June 7. A helicopter evacuation was delayed until late in the day due to poor weather. HAPE; Hypothermia; Helicopter Evacuation: On June 6, Japanese climber Yamashita Sunao, 40, became sick and disoriented while attempting to climb to the summit of Mount McKinley via the West Buttress route. Sunao was able to descend to 14,200 feet with assistance from other climbers and an NPS mountaineering patrol on June 7. Sunao was diagnosed as suffering from High Altitude Pulmonary Edema and hypothermia, and was treated at the NPS camp at 14,200 feet. On June 7, Sunao was evacuated by the NPS Lama helicopter in conjunction with the evacuation of Austrian Eder Ewald. Frostbite; Helicopter Evacuation: On June 8, a German climber Juliane Manelshajen, 29, developed moderate frostbite on both her feet while attempting to climb to the summit of Mount McKinley on the West Buttress route. Despite being advised to descend and seek care for her injury, Manelshajen stayed at high camp at 17,200 feet while her climbing partners made another summit attempt. On June 10, Manelshajen was examined at the NPS 14,200- foot camp. Due to the extent of frostbite on both feet, and the potential for severe tissue damage if she attempted to descend under her own, Manelshajen was evacuated by the NPS Lama helicopter. HAPE; Helicopter Evacuation: On June 10, Japanese mountaineer Shojirou Tazawa, 47, became ill with High Altitude Pulmonary Edema while climbing the West Buttress route. Tazawa received medical care at the NPS camp at 14,200 feet and was stabilized. With assistance from NPS volunteers, Tazawa and his expedition members descended to the 11,200-foot camp where they hoped Tazawa would recover. On June 12 Tazawa's condition seriously deteriorated. NPS volunteers returned and found Tazawa to be in a serious life threatening condition, and called for an immediate air evacuation. The NPS Lama helicopter evacuated Tazawa from the 11,200-foot camp. Medical--Internal Bleeding; Helicopter Evacuation: AMS; Pulmonary Embolism; Helicopter Evacuation: On June 15, Shyam Blon, 32, of Nepal began suffering from acute mountain sickness near the summit of Mount McKinley. Blon and his expedition were able to return to their high camp at 17,200 feet. On June 16, Blon began coughing up blood, and he descended immediately to the NPS camp at 14,200 feet where he was examined by a physician. He was diagnosed with pulmonary embolism, and an immediate air evacuation was requested. Blon was evacuated by the NPS Lama helicopter. Avalanche; Multiple Injuries; Helicopter Evacuation: On June 16, Mexican Bertha Ramirez, 41, was hit by an avalanche while climbing in the lower couloir on the West Rib route on Mount McKinley. Ramirez was swept 100 feet to the bottom of the couloir and partially buried. Although unresponsive when dug out by her partners, they were able to revive her. Ramirez suffered from facial and upper extremity injuries. The team was able to contact an aircraft in the area, which notified the NPS Lama helicopter as it was en route to 14,200 feet to evacuate another climber (Blon). The Lama was able to land near the base of the couloir and evacuate Ramirez in conjunction with the other rescue in progress. HACE; Rescue; Helicopter Evacuation: On June 27, Czech climber Lubomir Tesar, 33, was rescued from 17,200 feet on the West Buttress route. Tesar and his three climbing partners rapidly ascended to the 17,200-foot high camp in only six days where Tesar contracted High Altitude Pulmonary and Cerebral Edema. Tesar was lowered in a litter down the Rescue Gully by mountain guides from Mountain Trip, Tesar's partners, NPS volunteers, and a park ranger. Attempts to stabilize Tesar were undertaken for 16 hours at the NPS camp at 14,200 feet. Significant improvement was not shown so Tesar was air evacuated by the NPS Lama helicopter on June 28. There were a number of other injuries, medical problems, and altitude related problems this season. Thirty-eight climbers were treated at the NPS first-aid/rescue camp at 14,200 feet on the West Buttress and the climbers were able to descend on their own without assistance from the Park Service. In other cases climbers were able to perform their own self-rescues without NPS assistance. Unauthorized Mountain Guides: Several unauthorized guides conducted illegal commercial activities on Mount McKinley this year. This is prohibited by the Code of Federal Regulations. The National Park Service investigated all suspected unauthorized guides. Two unauthorized guides were cited and convicted in Federal Magistrate's Court with fines totalling over $9100. These illegal trips seriously compromised client safety. One client became seriously ill with life threatening HAPE and HACE and would have died had he not been rescued by the park's helicopter. Another guide abandoned two clients and allowed them to wander around unroped in extremely hazardous terrain. They also suffered from frostbite. There are seven companies that hold concession permits to guide on Mount McKinley and Mount Foraker. Prospective clients should be certain that they are employing one of the authorized concessionaires. Illegally guided trips could be denied access to the park. All suspected illegal guides will be investigated and law enforcement action may be taken. Sanitation: With increasing use by climbers, it is more important than ever for mountaineers to properly dispose of human feces and urine. Many camps, especially at higher elevations, are littered with feces and frozen urine spots that are not covered with the annual accumulation of snow. Not only is this an environmental degradation of the mountain, but there is risk of contamination of snow that might be melted and used as drinking water by future expeditions. We are still suggesting the use of plastic bags for latrines, which should be disposed of in a deep crevasse. The NPS maintains pit latrines dug deeply into the snowpack at base camp on the Kahiltna Glacier, 14,300 feet on the West Buttress, and at the landing area in the Ruth Amphitheater. Additionally, we have recently experimented with the removal of human waste in barrels by helicopter. We are also planning for the use of an experimental latrine at high camp at 17,200 feet on the West Buttress. Trash: Most expeditions are hauling their trash to base camp where it is flown off the mountain. Still others continue to dump their trash in crevasses. Trash accumulation on other popular mountains of the world continues to receive considerable publicity. Trash dumps and appalling sanitation conditions at the more popular campsites in the Himalayas, Europe, South America and elsewhere threaten human health, degrade the mountaineering experience, threaten the mountain environment, and can threaten climbers' freedom of access to some mountain areas. Mountaineers of all nationalities must take the responsibility for, and the initiative in, preserving the quality of the world's mountain environments. A combination of education, leading by example, and peer pressure are probably the most effective tools that can be brought to bear against less considerate mountaineers. Citations were issued for littering, abandoning food and equipment caches, and improper disposal of human body waste in 1993. Administrative notes for 1993:
Annual Report: 1994 For the third consecutive year, a new record has been set for the number of mountaineers venturing up Mount McKinley. A multitude of 1,277 climbers attempted the mountain during the 1994 season with 575 (45%) successful mountaineers reaching the summit. This year was also a tragic reminder of the 1992 season relating to severe weather and the margin of safety above 14,000 feet. The month of May persisted with fierce weather conditions causing most of the accidents resulting in three deaths and many rescues on Mount McKinley. The climbing season concluded with a total of seven fatalities involving 20 separate rescues in Denali National Park & Preserve. These accidents consisted of climbing falls, cold injuries, and high altitude illnesses. Illegal guiding was again an issue in Denali National Park with the NPS taking legal action against numerous illegal guides. Two men attempting to illegally guide on Mount McKinley deserve special mention. One American guide was fined $500.00 and not permitted to enter an Alaska national park, without prior notice to rangers, for three years. A German guide was turned over to the Federal Immigration and Naturalization Service. He was arrested, spent the night in jail, and was later deported to Germany. Regardless of nationality, guides not employed by Denali National Park licensed concessions, and bringing clients to Mount McKinley or Mount Foraker, are breaking federal law when they do so. Rangers will continue to aggressively enforce guiding regulations. New Regulations Beginning in 1995 climbers on Mount McKinley and Mount Foraker will be charged a mountaineering program fee of $150 per climber. This will offset mountaineering administrative costs such as prepositioning and maintaining the high altitude ranger station at 14,200 feet on the West Buttress route, mountaineering salaries, education materials directed at reducing the number of accidents, transportation, and supplies. Climbers for Mount McKinley and Mount Foraker will be required to register a minimum of 60 days in advance. By requiring advance registration, the Denali mountaineering staff can provide information to prospective mountaineers on hazards, and how to prepare, equip, and schedule their expedition. It also provides time to discuss requirements concerning resource issues such as littering and human waste disposal. Information packets containing new regulations, new registration forms, and fee payment procedures are available by contacting the Talkeetna Ranger Station. Statistics In 1994, 1,277 climbers, assembling 303 expeditions, attempted seven different routes on Mount McKinley. This is a 15% increase in the total number of climbers over 1993. Forty-five per cent (570) of the mountaineers were international climbers from 21 countries. The United States had the most climbers at 707, England (74), Switzerland (58), Germany (51), Japan (51), Korea (50), Spain, (27), France (27). The West Buttress route saw 1,067 climbers, consisting of 83% of all traffic. The West Rib had 68 climbers attempting the upper section from the 14,200-foot basin, with only 36 starting the complete route from the Northeast Fork of the Kahiltna Glacier. The Muldrow Glacier had 50 climbers attempting Mount McKinley from the north side of the park. Twenty-three climbers chose the South Buttress route. This was a significant increase compared to the past four years. There were 302 guided clients and 16 solo climbers. The longest expedition lasted 36 days. The average was around 18 days. Rescue Twenty major search-and-rescue missions were conducted this year involving 31 climbers. Fourteen of the 31 climbers (45%) needing rescue were foreign. Overall, two per cent of the climbers attempting McKinley required rescue. Medical The 14,200-foot ranger station, staffed with both Volunteers-in- the-Park (VIPs) and mountaineering rangers, treated approximately 45 climbers who were afflicted with frostbite, AMS, HAPE, and HACE. Frostbite: 30 climbers were treated for some degree of frostbite. Of these: 21 were superficial; 9 were more severe and involved some tissue loss. Acute Mountain Sickness (AMS): 93 climbers reported symptoms of AMS; 66 were mild or moderate cases; 27 were afflicted by High Altitude Pulmonary or Cerebral Edema. Safety Mountaineering rangers, guides, and climbers are increasingly concerned about the impact of over one thousand climbers annually using the West Buttress route. The impact of human waste and trash is significant to health and safety. A great safety concern is the fact that over 90 climbers at one time were ascending on the Headwall fixed lines above 14,000 feet. Overcrowding is also a serious issue at the 16,200-feet camp, which often commits unacclimatized groups to ascend to the higher camp. New Routes and Interesting Ascents The Kichatna Spires had four new routes climbed and one first ascent.
Mount Hunter was busy this year with 22 expeditions attempting the mountain. This resulted in two major accidents with two fatalities and four people seriously injured. There were two impressive and creative first ascents on the technically demanding North Buttress:
The "Ramparts" located west of "Little Switzerland" had a first ascent of P6840 via the Southwest face: Climbers Billy Shott and Steve Gorhman ascended this 1,700- foot granite wall (5.10 A2) which lies west of P6850, first climbed by Fred Becky and Clay Wadman in 1991. This was the second known ascent in the remote Rampart Range on record. Accidents/Incidents Fall, fatalities in Ruth Gorge On April 24 Walker Parke and Todd McCann fell 1,100 feet while descending the North East Ridge of Mt. Wake within the Ruth Gorge. Parke, McCann, and Michele Morseth took one day to climb 1,800' to their first camp at 5,600' on the route. The following morning the group decided to abandon their climb due to poor snow conditions. At the bottom of their second rappel, Parke lost his balance and fell 20 feet into McCann, who was setting an anchor, but not clipped in. The two climbers fell together and came to a stop at the bottom of the couloir. Morseth was directly across from McCann and witnessed the sequence of events. McCann had multiple traumatic injuries, yet was still alive. Parke was killed instantly from multiple trauma. Jack Tackle and Bill Belcourt were near the scene and heard McCann's call for help. Tackle and Belcourt administered emergency care to McCann and began evacuating him. He died during the evacuation. Meanwhile Morseth retrieved the ropes and descended difficult terrain alone. Tackle and Bellcourt returned to the scene to assist Morseth back to their camp. The morning of April 25 Tackle and Belcourt evacuated Parke's body. Mt. Hunter avalanche, fall, assisted evacuation On May 5 Andy Carson and Charles Crago were injured when they were swept 800 feet in an avalanche while climbing the NW Basin Variation route on the West Ridge of Mt. Hunter. Carson suffered bilateral tib- fib fractures, and Crago suffered chest injuries. They were evacuated off the mountain by other climbers in the area. A fixed wing aircraft flew them to an Anchorage hospital. AMS/HACE, helicopter evacuation On May 13 Mautezio Fasano, a member of the Italian "Sesia 94" Expedition, became hypoxic at 16,200 feet. He was lowered by his expedition to the ranger station at 14,200 feet and treated by a doctor. Fasano was diagnosed as suffering with AMS /HACE and flown by the NPS Lama helicopter to the 7,200-foot Kahiltna Base Camp. He was then transported by fixed wing to a Anchorage Hospital. Frostbite, HACE, fall from Denali Pass, fatality, helicopter evacuation On May 14 Pauline Brandon and Richard Tyler were on their descent of Mt. McKinley when they both fell from or near the 18,000-foot level (below Denali Pass) on the West Buttress. They came to a stop at the 17,200-foot level where they lay unconscious. Sometime later, on May 15, Tyler regained consciousness. He found he had frozen fingers and was unable to walk. Tyler attempted to make verbal contact with Brandon but was unsuccessful. Climbers nearby spotted the pair and provided assistance. Tyler was evacuated off Denali in the NPS helicopter. He was flown from the 7,200-foot base camp to Alaska Regional Hospital by the Alaska Air National Guard. Brandon was evacuated later on 5/15. Tyler lost all digits of both hands from frostbite. An autopsy was performed on Brandon, listed the cause of death as hypothermia with an underlying diagnosis of Cerebral Edema. Seizures, helicopter evacuation On May 16 John Merrigan was climbing the West Buttress when he began experiencing what appeared to be Grand Mal seizures at 7,800-feet on the Kahiltna Glacier. He was evacuated by Alaska Air National Guard helicopter. Storm, assisted evacuation on West Rib On May 17 an intense wind storm demolished the camp of a guided party on the West Rib. Mountain Trip, a licensed concession led by guide Rodrigo Mujica, were camped at 15,700 feet when the storm blew in. The wind speed during the storm was estimated at 100+ mph. Mujica radioed the ranger station, requesting a rescue. A rescue team attempted to wand a route from 14,200 feet to Mujica's group, but were forced back due to high wind and heavy snow. The rescue team reached the Mujica party at 15,900 feet on the West Rib when the weather allowed. Mujica was credited with saving his clients, and no one was injured. Call for rescue, self evacuation On May 19 an Italian party radioed the 14,200-foot ranger station requesting a rescue. A brief and intense storm blew away their tents and climbing gear. (This one storm resulted in two other incidents as well.) The Italians were above the ice arete at approximately 15,000 feet on the Cassin Ridge. The park service attempted to reach the party but were delayed by high winds. The Italians were able to descend the route on their own. The park service used the helicopter to perform a cargo letdown, which provided the Italians with climbing and survival gear. Hypothermia, helicopter evacuation On May 19 German climbers Paul Laeremans and Ingred Baeyens required rescue while descending the West Buttress route near Windy Corner. They were caught in extremely poor weather and became hypothermic. The NPS helicopter rescued them from 12,500 feet and transported them to base camp. Storm, hypothermia, fatal fall, body recoveries On May 22 Korean climbers Sang Myeung Lee and NPS Volunteer Kee Won Kim departed from 14,200 ft. on Mt. McKinley to climb a headwall 500 yards west of the fixed lines on the standard West Buttress route. They completed the technically moderate 2,000-ft. route in 11 hours but finished in severe weather conditions. Concern for their safety prompted NPS to organize a search team from the 14,200-ft. ranger station camp. The rescue discovered Lee's body clipped to the fixed lines at 15,900-feet. Three hours of searching in whiteout conditions proved futile, and the search for Kim was suspended. The team descended to 14,200 ft. with Lee's body. The search continued with a helicopter and ground parties for 3 more days. On May 25 a guide radioed from 16,200 feet reporting that Kim's body had been found at 16,100 feet hanging in a rock band. Kim's body was recovered by the rescue team. Autopsies revealed both climbers died of exposure. HACE, helicopter evacuation On May 24 Japanese climber Shji Yoshida was stricken by HACE that left him in a unconscious state at the 11,200-foot camp on the West Buttress. Yoshida was rescued by the NPS helicopter. Yoshida was stricken quickly and very severely for being at such a relatively low altitude. Hypoxia from poor ventilation in his tent may have been a contributing factor. Broken Hip, helicopter evacuation On May 29 climber Francois Verhoeven broke his hip in a short fall while climbing near 16,500 feet on the West Buttress. Verhoeven was able to descend to the 14,200-foot ranger station where he was evacuated by the NPS helicopter. Crevasse fall, helicopter evacuation On May 30 climber Pat Liske was injured when he fell into a crevasse at approximately 13,600 feet while descending the West Buttress. Liske received blunt trauma to the chest. He was rescued by volunteer climbers and an NPS patrol. On May 31 Liske was evacuated from the 14,200-foot ranger station by the NPS helicopter. Acute AMS, assisted self-evacuation On the evening of June 1, Bennett Austin developed a moderate case of AMS while climbing between 19,000 feet and 19,500 feet on the West Rib route of Mount McKinley. His party called the 14,200-foot ranger station and were advised to administer Decadron and descend immediately. Austin's team climbed up to the Football Field, attempted to make hot drinks and eat, but then decided that they needed to keep moving. The group started descending the West Buttress route. Three NPS volunteers met the group at approximately 17,700 feet and assisted them to the 17,000-foot camp where Austin was evaluated. After six hours of rest and rehydration, the party descended to 14,200 feet, unassisted, where Austin made a full recovery. Illness, helicopter evacuation The US Army Denali Expedition was on their 9th day climbing Mt. McKinley (June 10) when member Jerry Jackson reported stomach pains to the 14,200-foot ranger station. He was diagnosed as suffering from an acute abdomen. Jackson was evacuated on June 11 by the NPS helicopter. Fall, fatalities on Mt. Hunter On June 10 mountaineers Patti Saurman and Chris Walburgh died, and David Saurman and Don Sharaf were injured, in a 1,700-foot fall while climbing the Southwest Ridge of Mount Hunter. Recent avalanche conditions and poor slope stability contributed to this accident. D. Saurman and Sharaf were rescued by park rangers and the NPS helicopter and flown to Anchorage where they were hospitalized. P. Saurman's and Walburgh's bodies were recovered on June 11th. HAPE, helicopter evacuation On the evening of June 11, Japanese mountaineer Kazuo Fukase developed a severe case of HAPE at the 17,200-foot camp on the West Buttress. Kazuo's party received instructions for medical treatment via CB radio from the NPS 14,200-foot ranger station. Using oxygen from the 17,200-foot NPS rescue cache and injectable Decadron administered by a climber/doctor on the scene, Mr. Fukase's condition stabilized by early morning when the non-ambulatory patient was evacuated from the 17,200-foot camp by the NPS helicopter. The oxygen and decadron may have saved his life. Hypothermia, frostbite, assisted descent, helicopter evacuation Victor Pomerantsev departed June 12 for a solo climb of the West Buttress. He arrived at 16,200 feet on June 16. A strong storm blew in over the evening which buried Pomerantsev. Two climbers, John Grieve and Bill Ross, discovered Pomerantsev outside of his tent suffering from severe hypothermia and frostbite on all ten fingers. They provided assistance for six days of stormy weather until they could bring him down on the 22nd to the 14,200-foot ranger station. During this time, the NPS attempted to reach their camp by ground and helicopter but were unable. During the evening of June 23, Pomerantsev was flown off from 14,200 feet by the NPS helicopter. Pomerantsev sustained significant tissue loss. Chest Pain, helicopter evacuation On June 23 climber Jim Pitre developed chest pains after climbing to the 17,200-foot camp on the West Buttress. Undiagnosed chest pain prompted his evacuation from 17,200 feet by the NPS helicopter. Pitre was flown to Anchorage where he was diagnosed with HAPE. Abdominal illness, helicopter evacuation On June 25 Richard Turnbull experienced acute abdominal pains at the 14,200-foot camp on the West Buttress. He was assisted by team members to the ranger station and diagnosed as suffering from unknown severe abdominal pains. Turnbull was flown off by an Army Chinook helicopter. Administrative Staff
Annual Report: 1995In 1995, 1,220 mountaineers registered to climb Mount McKinley. This is the second highest number ever to attempt Mount McKinley. (The record year was in 1994 with 1,277 climbers.) A total of 523 climbers reached the summit of Mt. McKinley this season, representing a 43% success rate. Weather during the 1995 climbing season was stormy with high winds and few summit days. The marginal weather conditions prevented many expeditions from reaching the summit and was a large factor in several accidents. The season concluded with a total of six fatalities and involved 12 separate major mountaineering rescues in the Alaska Range.Costs incurred by the National Park Service for Mount McKinley and Mount Foraker search and rescue (SAR) missions totaled $126,246. The military costs associated with these SAR missions were $292,416. This totals $418,662 for SAR costs. Despite a reduction in the number of rescues, these costs were higher than the previous years due to lengthy rescues at high altitudes. The military was needed to assist on several high altitude rescues. There was a decrease in the number of international climbers this year. In 1994 they represented 45% of the total number of climbers attempting Mt. McKinley. In 1995, their numbers dropped to 38% of the total. Increased investigation and enforcement of illegal guiding regulations were more than likely the contributing factors to this decline. New RegulationsThe National Park Service implemented a program designed to both enhance the educational outreach for Denali mountaineers and to defray the costs associated with managing mountaineering activities on Denali and Mt. Foraker in 1995. In an effort designed to increase safety and to defray costs, this program includes a 60 day preregistration requirement and a Mountaineering Special Use Fee. With increasing numbers of climbers and decreasing budgets, the National Park Service designed this program to share a portion of these costs with those who benefit directly from the service provided. Climbers were charged $150.00 per person to climb Mt. McKinley or Mt. Foraker. The $150.00 Mountaineering Special Use Fee covered unlimited climbing on these two mountains for the entire season. All funds collected from the special use fee went directly to support the mountaineering program in Denali National Park. No funds were used to pay for rescue services. The fee provided for two park rangers who were rotated for the first time at the Kahiltna base camp at 7,200 feet. These park rangers allowed the NPS a quicker response in rescue situations. They also greatly enhanced the cleanliness of lower glacier routes and were available to inform climbers of various route information. In addition, fee money was used to rewrite, translate and publish the Denali National Park and Preserve Mountaineering booklet in several foreign languages. It is now available in English, German, French, Korean, Japanese and Spanish. Late worldwide notice of the 60-day preregistration requirement made compliance difficult for some expeditions in 1995. The preregistration requirement was temporarily withdrawn for the 1995 season but was republished in the Federal Register on September 13, 1995. The National Park Service will require preregistration for the 1996 climbing season. Prospective climbers who request mountaineering packets from the Talkeetna Ranger Station in Denali National Park receive detailed information on the mountaineering special use fee and preregistration. New DevelopmentsA new mountaineering contact station is being built in Talkeetna to accommodate climbers and visitors. It will contain two briefing rooms, enabling multiple parties to be briefed simultaneously, as well as a common area, a search and rescue cache, rescue command center, administrative offices and restrooms. The expected occupancy date is fall of 1996. Until that time, the log cabin on Main Street will continue to serve as the contact center. ConcessionsGuide services in 1995 had a better success rate than private expeditions on Mt. McKinley, having 53% of guided clients summit as compared to 40% for non-guided. There were 327 guided clients representing 27% of the total climbers. Six companies are permitted to provide guide services on McKinley and Foraker. A list of these companies are included in mountaineering packets mailed to climbers planning their expeditions. SanitationTrash, left by inconsiderate climbers, is found along the West Buttress route especially on the lower glacier. During May, a storm dumped 8 feet of snow on the mountain up to the 12,000 foot level. Climbers who did not anticipate a large snowfall, and improperly marked their caches, lost them under the new snow. These caches were exposed later in the summer and became easy fodder for ravens, who raided the piles with little concern for neatness. It is mandatory to pack out all trash, extra food and fuel. The latrine at high camp (17,200 feet) has prompted climbers to defecate and urinate in one area. This improvement decreases the unsightly urine mounds and randomly dropped feces that in the past created a health hazard. Rangers based at 7,000 feet patrolled the lower glacier recovering trash, cleaning up human waste and marking crevasses at the popular campsites for depositing human waste. New Routes & Notable AscentsDenali and Mt. Foraker
"The Elevator Shaft" was climbed by Jack Tackle on his third attempt with partner Doug Chabot. This strenuous route ascends a couloir on the North Face. The difficulties included: marginal protection, 90 degree snow and ice, and A3 rock. Mt. Brooks
Travel during marginal weather played major roles in accidents that led to injuries and deaths this season. Expeditions need to be prepared to wait out unstable weather. Schedules, deadlines, and impatience are antagonists in making wrong decisions. The present day climbing style is much faster paced than the early expeditions on Mt. McKinley. In 1995, the average round trip ascent took 19 days.
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| Year | Climbers | SAR Missions |
|---|---|---|
| 1992 | 935 | 22 |
| 1993 | 1108 | 14 |
| 1994 | 1277 | 20 |
| Year | Climbers | SAR Missions |
|---|---|---|
| 1995 | 1220 | 12 |
| 1996 | 1148 | 13 |
| 1997 | 1109 | 10 |
During the three years previous to the implementation of the requirements for preregistration and the special use fee of $150.00, Denali National Park averaged 18.7 mountaineering rescue missions per year. After the implementation of the new regulations, along with an aggressive education program, the number of total climbers on the mountain decreased slightly but the average number of rescue missions decreased significantly from 18.7 per year to 11.7 per year.
Fatal accidents also decreased after the regulations were implemented from an average of 5 to 3 mountaineering fatalities per year. The special use fee of $150.00 per climber funds two seasonal rangers to patrol the Kahiltna Glacier, three visitor use specialists who register climbers and provide general climbing information, and contributes to the salaries of the rangers who work at the 14,200-foot ranger camp on Mount McKinley. These rangers, along with their volunteers, contact climbing expeditions, maintain latrines for climber use, perform search and rescue, have treated over 50 serious medical cases, and have removed litter and feces from the popular West Buttress route.
The Lama helicopter was involved in nine search and rescue operations in 1997. The helicopter did two landings at 17,200 feet, one landing at 18,300 feet, four landings at 14,200 feet and one landing at 8,300 feet for rescue operations. The Talkeetna Ranger staff and volunteers were involved in 524 person hours of training, performing 238 short haul evolutions.
The Lama also was used to assist with firefighting operations for two fires in the park, removing the 14,200-foot camp, and installing three radio repeaters during the climbing season.
The CH-47 Chinook Army helicopters again installed the 7 ,200-foot base camp and the 14,200-foot ranger camp. Rangers participated in winch training with the Chinook helicopters and provided training for pilots and crews.
Denali Pro - Climber Recognition Program
Denali National Park and Preserve, Talkeetna Ranger Station, in partnership with Pigeon Mountain Industries (PMI) of Lafayette, Ga. will implement a climber recognition program for Denali National Park and Preserve starting in 1998. The program is designed to recognize and reward mountaineers who reflect the highest standards in the sport for safety, self sufficiency, assisting other mountaineers, and having no impact expeditions. Individual awards will be given contemporaneously in the form of a yearly designed lapel pin. Of those awarded the pins, one person or expedition will be selected as the "Denali Pro, Mountaineer of the Year."
This selection will be publicly recognized and awarded a small specially designed trophy at the end of the climbing season. Their name will be displayed on a plaque in the Talkeetna Ranger Station.
The Denali Pro name comes from a combination of sources. "Pro" is often used as a shortened version of professional, defined as one who possesses great skill or experience in the field. "Pro" is also often used by climbers as a shortened version of the word protection. Protection can be defined in two ways: climbers who often put equipment in place to shorten or eliminate a fall or those who keep the environment from harm. The climber who protects the mountain environment, protects his fellow climbers, uses protection to limit or eliminate injury, and the person who makes decisions based on skill and expertise and needs no assistance from other climbers or rescuers will be recognized by this program.
PMI will produce 200 lapel pins based on designs given to them by the NPS. The pins will be different each year, attempting to make them of greater value to the mountaineers. The pins will be carried by NPS rangers on the mountain to reward climbers as soon as professional actions are noticed. Pins are to be awarded for things such as assisting NPS rangers with mountain clean-up, assisting fellow mountaineers in rescue situations, volunteering at the 14,000 foot ranger camp, and showing good judgment in decisions to avoid situations that might otherwise require a rescue. At the end of the mountaineering season, a list will be printed showing the names and accomplishments of pin recipients. One person or expedition from this list will be selected as the climber who best exemplifies the "Denali Pro." They will be presented a trophy and be publicly recognized. The list of yearly award winners will be distributed to the media and published in mountaineering publications. A commemorative plaque will be on display at the Talkeetna Ranger Station to honor all award recipients.
The NPS will produce the artwork for the lapel pins on a yearly basis, award the pins, record the recipient, and publicize the program and the winners. On an annual basis, PMI will produce the pins, "Denali Pro" trophies, plaques and nameplates. PMI and the NPS will jointly select the "Denial Pro" trophy winner. .
New Ascents and Interesting Routes
Denali
- Wickersham Wall continuous and complete ski descent; 7,000 vertical feet of new terrain that joins the Canadian route by Adrian Nature
- Karsten's Ridge: from Traleika 35 pitches 5.10 Al WI4 by Jim Blow and Jim Wilson
- Traleika Spur Ridge: "Moscow Route," Otto Chkhetiani, Fedor Lounev, Mikhalev Illa, and Dmitri! Oborotov
- Mascioli's Pillar: by Steve House and Steve Swenson
South West Face "The Sound of Freedom" by Doug Chabot and Jack Tackle
Middle Triple Peak
West Face by Kitty Calhoun, Steve Gerbeding, Dan Osman, and Jay Smith
Mt. Foraker
North Face "Full Circle" Grade 4 By Rod Hancock and Stuart Parks
Mt. Koven
North West Face by Stephen Leary, Ned Norton, Peter Way, Paul Weber
Mooses Tooth
- North Face 35 pitches by Seth Shaw and Scott Simper
- South Face ice couloir "Shaken not Stirred" by Greg Crouch and Jim Donini
News
The new Talkeetna Ranger Station quickly became a favorite place for climbers and other Talkeetna visitors. It contains an extensive climbing library and an exhibit showcasing Bradford Washburn's photographs of Denali's major peaks. The rescue cache and storage area in the new facility have proved to be an asset to the staff during camp set-up and rescues. For the first time, NPS staff in Denali' s south district are all under one roof. The building design has greatly improved the efficiency of the operations. Many favorable comments have been received from visitors.
The Oregon section of the American Alpine club awarded National Park Service Ranger Roger Robinson the "Washburn Award." This award recognizes his outstanding leadership abilities, professional dedication and mountaineering expertise. On June 14, the distinguished award was presented by Bradford Washburn in Talkeetna in a ceremony attended by family, professionals from the mountaineering community and many friends who have known and worked with Roger during the past 20 years.
Ranger Joe Reichert became the first Denali National Park ranger to summit Mount Foraker. Joe and volunteer climber, Chris Turiano, made the successful summit bid on June 23.
For the first time, two seasonal ranger naturalists were assigned to the south district. Interpretive programs were presented for visitors on mountaineering at the Talkeetna Ranger Station and at the Talkeetna Historical Museum. In addition, natural history programs were given at the new Mt. McKinley Princess Lodge located 45 minutes north of Talkeetna. These programs were well received by the large number of visitors who attended.In an effort to reduce the amount of trash illegally left on the mountain, a program was initiated in 1997 to track the fuel cans that are used by the mountaineers. Now when an expedition leaves base camp, rangers have labeled the fuel cans that are used to hold the suggested gallon per person/per expedition amount of fuel used for cooking. These cans are brought back to the ranger staff when the expedition returns to basecamp.
Accidents and Rescues
During the 1997 season there were 10 significant search and rescue missions in the Alaska Range of Denali National Park. The following is a brief summary of the those missions:
Fall, Northwest Buttress, Denali
At 1400 hrs, on 5/19, a climber was injured during a fall at approximately 13,000 feet. The climber fell approximately 150 feet before two ice screws arrested his fall. The rescue was delayed until 6/22 because poor weather conditions prevented an air recovery. The injured climber was rescued using helicopter short haul technique by an NPS ranger as no landing zone suit able for the helicopter was available. He was flown to the 7,200-foot base camp then transported via Na tional Guard helicopter to Alaska Regional Hospital.
At 2115 hrs, on 5/24, a client on a guided expedition col lapsed outside of the medical tent at 14,200 feet. The climber was diagnosed and treated for a severe case of HACE (high altitude cerebral edema) by the volunteer physician and it was recommended that he be evacuated immediately. The NPS rescue helicopter was dispatched with a park medic aboard. The HACE stricken climber was flown directly to Talkeetna and transported to the Valley Hospital in Palmer and needed 10 days to fully regain his memory and coordination.
Altitude Illness, West Buttress
At 0600hrs, on 5/28, two members of a Korean expedition began their ascent of the Messner Couloir. One climber was overcome with acute mountain sickness after climbing past the half way point. The expedition reached the top of the Messner at midnight after 18 hours of climbing.At 0105 hrs, on 5/29, another member of the expedition requested a helicopter evacuation from the 19,400-foot level. Two other members in the Korean party climbed from 17,200 feet on the West Buttress to provide assistance. Once they reached the sick climber, they were able to determine that he could descend with their assistance. At 0340 hrs, they radioed information to the 14,200-foot ranger camp that no rescue was needed. The expedition descended safely without support.
Fall, West Buttress
At 1900 hrs, on 5/29, the expedition leader from the British Army, was fa tally injured in a climbing fall on Denali. The surviving rope partner stated that they became disoriented and started the descent of the West Rib instead of the West Buttress route. After following several wands on the steep slope of the West Rib they realized they were off route and attempted to traverse when the fall occurred. Roped together, the two British climbers fell approximately 3,000 feet down the Orient Express. The survivor sustained only minor injuries and was found by another climber and led back to the 14,200- foot ranger camp.
Frostbite, West Buttress
On 5/29, a guided expedition of five clients, and two experienced guides were forced to spend the night out in a storm at 19,000 feet on Mount McKinley. During their descent from the summit, the wind and snow had increased while visibility decreased. The guides used a map and compass to determine their route as the wands were covered with snow and ice. The guides feared that attempting to negotiate Denali pass at 18,200 feet and descend to the 17,200-foot camp would be disastrous and decided to dig in.At 0600 hrs, on 5/30, the wind decreased and the seven person expedition descended to the 17,200-foot camp. Another guided party assisted with food, shelter and patient treatment. At 0910 hrs, the NPS rescue helicopter landed in high winds and flew two patients to the 7,200-foot base camp.
Safety
Weather on Denali invariably effects most accidents, being either the direct cause or compounding the incident after it happens. After reviewing approximately 109 accidents beginning in 1932 and involving climbers on Mt. Hunter, Mt. Foraker, and Mt. McKinley, it was determined that weather contributed to 95 of the 109 incidents (87% ).
The warm weather and low snow year resulted in the crevasses opening up earlier this year. Many climbers fell into crevasses along the West Buttress route. Only one injury was reported in relation to these falls. Late in the season, a special permit was requested by the air taxis to land within the wilderness boundary to evacuate stranded climbers due to deteriorating glacier conditions. The base camp landing strip had become too hazardous for landings, and this combined with the crevasse problems for climbers on the trail, prompted the park service to grant the permit.
New in 1998
A new weather monitoring station will be placed at Denali' s 14,200 foot ranger camp this season. The station will measure air temperature and relative humidity, wind speed and wind direction. A cellular modem powered by solar panels will allow researchers and rangers to have immediate weather information throughout the day. For rangers in the south district this information is vital to search and rescue activities.
Barbara Washburn: Fifty Years of Summits
In 1947, Barbara Washburn notched her place in climbing history when she became the first woman ever to set foot on the 20,320 foot high summit of Mt. McKinley. Barbara and her husband, Bradford Washburn, were part of a 17-member expedition which was attempting to summit McKinley as well as perform numerous studies.
On June 6, 1997, the National Park Service invited Barbara and Brad to Alaska to honor the 50th Anniversary of her achievement. Barbara showed a film from this historic climb, shared recollections of her expedition, and graciously answered questions and signed autographs until late in the evening.
Barbara and Brad also ventured north to Denali Park on June 9th for a repeat performance at the Denali Park Hotel Auditorium. Visitors were enthralled with their tales from on high. Barbara probably had a good idea what adventures lay before her when she accepted Brad's marriage proposal, as they spent their honeymoon making the first ascent of Mt. Bertha! Brad Washburn was the only husband among his peers who took his wife with him on both climbing and business trips. In fact, Brad has often said that "Barbara is the most important event in my life." Many thanks to all who turned out for the celebration in Talkeetna and at Denali Park.
Mountaineering Volunteer Program
Life on High
The volunteer mountaineering patrols on Denali attract some of the best climbers and mountain guides in the world. These patrols are physically and mentally demanding and require extensive mountaineering experience to participate. Volunteers are given training involving helicopter operations, high angle lowering, crevasse rescue, and high altitude emergencies. QualificaA tions_ for volunteer patrol members include:
- previous climbs on Denali or the equivalent glacier and altitude experience
- medical training as a wilderness first responder or wilderness emergency medical technician other beneficial skills include search and rescue, crevasse rescue, litter lowering and raising, mapping, compass and radio knowledge.
Interested climbers should contact the Talkeetna Ranger Station. Over 123 people volunteered 23,600 hours to assist their fellow climbers on Denali since 1991.
What's It Like on Patrol?
The 14,200-foot mountaineering patrols consists of one park ranger, 4 volunteer mountaineers and usually a volunteer doctor.
Similar patrols operate out of the 7,200 foot base camp. The volunteers arrive in Talkeetna three days prior to departing for Mount McKinley to receive training in helicopter rescue operations, gear preparation, route safety and NPS protocol. Three days later the six-person patrol flies to base camp on the Kahiltna Glacier to participate in a day of crevasse rescue training. The patrol then spends the next six to seven days climbing to the 14,200-foot camp, taking several days to acclimate at this elevation.
For the next two weeks the patrol camps move higher up the mountain. In good weather, patrolling the high camps includes changing the latrines out and collecting litter. Also, several patrol members stay in camp to maintain radio coverage and treat climbers suffering from cold and/ or other related altitude injuries. The patrol descends after the new incoming patrol finishes acclimating. The team is flown back to Talkeetna and debriefed after spending about 30 days on Mount McKinley.
South District Staff
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South District Ranger: J.D. Swed
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Administrative Tech: Miriam Valentine
- Mountaineering Rangers:Daryl R. Miller, Kevin Moore, Roger Robinson, Billy Shott, Eric Martin, and Joe Reichert
- Helicopter Manager: Dave Kreutzer
- Helicopter Pilots: Doug Drury, Jim Hood, Steve Goodman
- Helicopter Mechanic: Ray Touzeau
- Fee Collectors: Punky Moore, Elaine Sutton
- Interpretive Rangers: Maureen Swed, Grete Perkins
- SCA: Doug Demarest
- Volunteers:Ike Nichols, Lannie Hamilton, Jon Gibans, Joel Giesendorfer, Christian Bingelli, Chris Turiano, Jon Heshka, Tim Stageberg, Stewart Habel, Randy Waitman, Sam Levy, Denny Gignoux, David Morris, Trisha Lee, Colin Grissom, Susan Reed, Brent Bishop, Carl Coy, Ralph Tingey, Ross Toelcke, Jeff Evans, Caroline Paul, Ken Zafren
- Alaska Air National Guard: Skip Kula, Mario Romera, John Loomis, John Paff, Dave Thompson, TSGT Eric Sachs
Annual Report: 1998
A 100% success rate this past year for winter ascents of Mt. McKinley and only a 36% success rate during the peak climbing season? l low can that be? Most weather forecasters will attribute these strange 1998 climbing season facts to the "El Nino" weather phenomenon. The three mountaineers who made it to the top of North America's highest peak in the dead of winter thanked El Nino's warmer winter temperatures for their successful summit. while the majority of McKinley's climbers cursed its unseasonably snowy and windy weather.
During the regular climbing season this year from April to July, only 420 climbers reached the summit of Mt. McKinley. This represents the lowest success rate in the past ten year. For almost a century the average success rate has been about 50%.
Climbers faced some harsh conditions this spring and were forced to wait out many severe storms. McKinley is known for it's horrendous weather and this year proved to be extremely challenging, said South District Ranger. J.D. Swed. "The low summit success rate was disappointing for climbers but we also had a fairly low number of fatalities this past season. For the most part, climbers were staying put during the inclement weather and not taking unnecessary risks."
One fact remains the same from year to year -- it pays to be patient. The longer an expedition stayed on the mountain, the greater their chance for a successful summit bid. The average time spent on the mountain for all expeditions was 17 days. More importantly, the average length of stay on the mountain for a successful summit team was 21 days.The Art of Mountaineering
Visitors to the Talkeetna Ranger Station enjoyed a special exhibit featuring the artwork of George Browne. Browne was an artist who painted 21 oils as he ascended the slopes of Mt. McKinley in 1947.
History buffs will recall that Browne's father was the renowned climber, Belmore Browne. Today's mountaineers are amazed that Browne produced such noteworthy art as he climbed up one of McKinley's more difficult routes. Browne was not able to paint throughout the expedition. At the 11,000 foot-level his paints froze when temperatures dropped to -20 degrees Fahrenheit.
"Thanks to a generous donation from the Nagley family of Talkeetna, the Anchorage Museum Association purchased, mounted and framed these magnificent paintings," said J.D Swed. "Surprisingly, they were discovered by the family in the original expedition box George Browne had made for them."Search and Rescue Donation Fund
Our heartfelt thanks to those who donated to our Search and Rescue Fund this past year.
The Jurgen Bruhm family donated $4,500 dollars, the Downey family donated $100 dol- lars and John Cloe reimbursed the NPS for the $1,000 spent on his helicopter evacuation from the medical camp at 14,200 feet on McKinley. These funds will be used to host a ''Rigging for Rescue" seminar in 1999. Ten rangers will participate in this intensive 7-day course on rescue techniques and rope systems. Funds have also been used to send a ranger to the Park Medic course and allowed the South District to buy specialized EMS equipment.
An Angel with Rotor Wings
The Lama was first utilized in Denali National Park in 1991 after it was discovered that the military was not available to provide the same level of assistance they had in the past. It was also discovered that the Lama would provide a cheaper and more versatile tool for management and rescue in the Alaska Range. The Lama has saved 63 lives since 1991.
Two British climbers were sincerely grateful for the expertise of Jim Hood. Jim is a contract pilot for the National Park Service who works for Evergreen Helicopters, Incorporated. During an extensive search and rescue mission that eventually rescued eight climbers, the two men were short-hauled from the 19.000-foot level of Mount McKinley. This was the highest short haul rescue mission ever performed in the United States, and possibly in the world.
Pilot Jim Hood received the 1998 Trimble Award, as the helicopter pilot of the year for his heroic efforts in rescuing the two British climbers. This is the second time Jim received this award and the first time that any pilot has ever received this this award twice. Jim was first awarded this honor in 1991.
Short haul is a rescue technique where the rescuer and/or patients hang below a helicopter on a 100-foot rope. This technique is very effective when the helicopter is unable to land at the site of an accident. In this particular incident, the extreme high altitude prevented a rescuer from being flown to the scene.
Helicopter pilot. Jim Hood successfully dropped harnesses to the two climbers. The climbers then hooked into the short haul rope and had the ride of a lifetime as they were lifted from the 19,000-foot level to the 14,000-foot ranger camp. Rangers determined that this was the only method available to save the lives of the injured climbers.
Neither climber had any food or shelter with them and could not keep a stove lit in the severe wind.
A Day in the Life
Have you ever wondered what Denali climbing rangers do while on patrol on the mountain?
There is plenty to keep them busy even when they aren't actively involved in a search and rescue. Resource management duties occupy a large pan of each day. Climber education, resource protection and on-going research are all part of each ranger's patrol activities. To help our readers, get a better glimpse of daily life on the mountain, here is a typical journal entry.
Ranger Kevin Moore: Kevin has been a climbing ranger in Denali National Park since 1993. His mountain patrol in 1998 was based out of the Ranger Camp at the 14,200 foot level on the West Buttress Route of Mt. McKinley. Kevin and his six volunteers spent three weeks at the camp during the mountaineering season.
Date: June 7th
Ranger Camp (14,200-foot)
- Assisted a climber who stumbled into the ranger weather port. He came into 14k in the middle of the night from below without any equipment and couldn't find his group.
- Discussed with the doctor the pros and cons of evacuating a cameraman who has an impacted tooth and nearly overdosed on codeine.
- Collected weather observations and called the ranger station in Talkeetna. High temp was 20degrees, low was 10. Eight inches of new snow. Wind direct SE 16-20 mph and whiteout conditions.
- Investigated a foreign climber who is not registered (a violation of the current climbing regulations).
- Went to 16,200' to put a supply cache in. Collected and brought down garbage (20 lbs), contacted 30 climbers en route.
- Maintained the toilets at 14k.
- Snow packed and re-positioned the helispot markers.
- Inventoried equipment at 14k (where are extra transcievers?)
- Monitored radio traffic at 20:00 hours.
Weather
Like an avalanche, the weather on Mt. McKinley is powerfuI and uncompromising, transforming the environment at incredible speed.
It determines the fate of climbers, the success of an adventure and the intensity of rescue incidents. Weather in May was described as some of the worst ever experienced. Continuous winds gusting from 50-80 mph were relentless at the higher elevations.
"It was grim.'' says Lead Climbing Ranger Daryl Miller. "The wind made travel precarious and was indirectly. or directly, responsible for the fatal incidents that occurred this season."'
Even though 500 climbers were on the mountain in May. poor weather kept them from reaching the summit until the final days of the month. In contrast, continuous high-pressure systems in the month of June offered many climbers the opportunity lo stand on the top of the mountain. The number of days climbers summited jumped from only 6 in the month of May to 23 in June. Only 80 climbers reported reaching the top of Mt. McKinley in May, while 316 stood on the summit in June.
The "Edge of the World'' is also a place of interest to scientists and meteorologists who attempt to track weather conditions near the top of North America. This past year the National Park Service installed a weather station at this location to better forecast actual conditions on the mountain. Current weather data provides a greater margin of safety for summit-bound climbers.
Designed to withstand the high winds and raw elements of the mountain environment, the weather station is solar-powered and records weather information hourly. This information can be retrieved immediately since the station is equipped with a cellular modem.
Winter Ascents
It was a winter mountaineering season of historical significance. Artur Testov and Vladimir Ananich became the first climbers to reach the summit of Mt. McKinley in the month of January. They reached the top on January 16, 1998. The two Russian climbers, along with teammate Alexandr Nikiforov, were fortunate to climb in some of the mildest winter weather condition on record. Due to the unusual impact of the "El Nino" weather system, ambient temperatures at the lower elevations were similar to those in May and June.
Japanese soloist Masatoshi Kuriaki also took advantage of the unseasonably mild temperature and clear skies during his climb in March. Kuriaki completed t he third-ever successful winter solo ascent of the mountain, when he reached the summit on March 8, 1998. Both of these expeditions paid their dues the previous winter when the weather was far less accommodating (and far more typical!). In January 1997, Testov and his partner spent two weeks on the mountain and endured brutal temperatures. A crevasse fall and loss of equipment forced Testov to turn back at the 12,200 foot level that year.
Likewise, on a previous solo attempt, Kuriaki had spent 40 days on the mountain, including all of March 1997. Kuriaki was kept off the summit by the severe cold and high winds inherent to the Alaska Range in winter.
What can a climber expect during a winter expedition on Mt McKinley? Winter travel requires extensive logistical planning and keen problem solving. Since 1967, only 16 people have reached the mountain's summit during the winter. Six climbers have lost their lives in the attempt. Some of the world's best climbers have either disappeared or perished from literally being flash frozen.·
Climbers can expect winter temperatures to drop to 50 degrees below zero or colder. Wind is always a factor with the jet stream enveloping the upper mountain, causing the windchill factor to go off the charts. Compounding the effects of low temperatures, the winter sun travels so low on the horizon that it does not have the same ability to warm the skin as in the spring and summer. A winter climber experiences only four to five hours of actual daylight in January, a drastic contrast to the 18 hours or more of direct sunlight you can expect on the peak climbing month of June. A winter expedition must be prepared for total self-sufficiency. During the spring and summer months when over 1,100 climbers attempt Mt. McKinley, an expedition can often rely on other climbers in the event of an emergency. The National Park Service does not have climbing rangers or emergency medical facilities available on the mountain in winter. Communication also becomes a problem since fewer airplanes travel over the Alaska Range in winter, making overhead CB contact minimal.
Climbers work considerably harder in the winter. With no other climbers on the mountain, they continuously break new trail. Creating shelter is also more time and energy consuming. Snow shelters take an average of three to four hours to construct. They are absolutely necessary at the higher elevations because of the extreme winds generated by the winter jet stream. During the spring and summer climbers often claim squatter's rights to pre-existing snow caves and igloos. In the winter mountaineers must continually build their own new shelters. The Russian trio reportedly built no fewer than 17 snow caves during their 30- day winter expedition. A winter climber will also spend four to six hours per day cooking food and melting snow for water.
A Tribute: Mike Vanderbeek
April 17, 1965 - May 24, 1998
We tragically lost a friend this summer. Mike Vanderbeek, a National Park Service volunteer, suffered fatal injuries when he fell during a search and rescue incident on Mt. McKinley, on May 24, 1998.
Mike had been on patrol with another NPS volunteer on the popular West Buttress route, at the 17,200-foot High Camp. During his descent at the 16,900-foot level. Mike witnessed a Canadian climber fall off the route toward the Peter's Glacier. Mike reported the incident to the 14,200-foot ranger camp and then attempted to reach the fallen climber. In his descent to aid the fallen climber, Mike himself lost his footing and fell. Unfortunately, the Canadian climber was found deceased later that day by another rescue team. Mike was never found, even after multiple days of air and ground searching. Mike became the first Denali rescuer to die in the line of duty. He had previously served as a patrol volunteer for Denali National Park and Preserve and for Kenai Fjords National Park. He was employed as a climbing guide in his hometown of Talkeetna, Alaska, and also worked as an Outward Bound instructor directing the Alaska operations.
Denali Pro Climber of the Year
Denali National Park and Preserve and Pigeon Mountain Industries of Lafayette Georgia have selected Adrian Nature as the 1998 Denali Pro Mountaineer of the year. "Adrian often acts as the 'mountain vigilante' and is effective in getting groups to comply with trash and human waste regulations," wrote park ranger Billy Shott in his nomination. Nature assisted with a variety of tasks at the 14,200-foot ranger camp and at the high camp at 17,200 feet on Mt. McKinley.
He also helped to install a new weather station on Mt. McKinley and assisted rangers in maintaining and consolidating latrines at various mountain camps. Nature was also instrumental in several search and rescue missions, including one where he led a ground search for two missing NPS volunteers and a fallen Canadian climber. "It is a great honor to be recognized out of all the good people on the mountain,'' said the 40-year old Nature. "The time I spend on Denali makes me a better person. I always try to be humble and show respect in the mountains." Nature has reached the summit of Mt. McKinley 11 times in the last 12 years.
Ninety-six lapel pins were awarded this season to recognize individuals who exhibited the highest standards in mountaineering for safety, self-sufficiency, resource protection and assistance to fellow climbers. Nature was selected from among these recipients to receive the annual award, which was presented in Salt Lake City, Utah, in November, 1998.
Search and Rescue Summary
There we nine major mountaineering incidents in 1998 involving seventeen climbers. The National Park Service (NPS) expended $181,163 for search and rescue activities. The military incurred an additional $321,455 to assist the NPS in these incidents.The NPS staff, volunteers and helicopter operation saved eight lives this past season.
Fatal Falls, West Buttress
On May 24, 1998. an unroped Canadian climber fell down the north slope of the West Buttress below Washburn's Thumb. A NPS volunteer reported the accident via radio to the 14,200-foot ranger camp after witnessing the fall. The reporting volunteer and hjis partner descended to assist the fallen climber. The two were descending unroped, in poor visibility, over steep terrain. Eight hundred feet into the descent, one of the volunteers fell. The partner anchored himself in with protective equipment and waited for assistance. Additional rescue personnel, who had been dispatched from 14.200-foot camp, arrived on scene. They assisted the climbing partner and continued the search for the Canadian climber and NPS volunteer.
At the base of the slope on the Peter's Glacier, the Canadian climber was located and confirmed deceased. Thorough ground and air searches were performed in the area for multiple days, but the NPS volunteer was never located.
Fall, West Buttress
On May 26, 1998, an Australian climber fell while descending the Rescue Gully near 17,000 feet. The climber slid 300 feet to the edge of a crevasse, then fell 30 feet into it. His fall was stopped when he landed on a snow bridge. Expedition members, along with NPS volunteers, rescued the fallen climber from the crevasse and transported him to the medical tent at the 14.200-foot ranger station. He was treated for a pneumothorax and hypothermia. The climber was evacuated from 14,200-fout camp by the NPS Lama helicopter and transported, to an Anchorage hospital by the Air National Guard.
On June 6, 1998, while descending f om the 17,200-foot camp on the West Buttress route, an American climbing guide unroped from his team to assist a client. The guide subsequently lost his footing and fell 1,100 vertical feet towards the Peters Glacier. A significant ground search was conducted in very bad weather over the next several days. On June 13th, the deceased guide was found and recovered with the use of the NPS contract Lama helicopter:
Angina, West Buttress
On June 16, 1998, an American climber from a guided expedition reported severe chest pain. After his arrival at the 14,200-foot camp, he alerted the guide of his condition and was taken to the NPS ranger camp for medical assistance. The examining doctor determined the climber was experiencing angina and recommended evacuation to a hospital. The climber was evacuated to Talkeetna by the NPS Lama helicopter and then transported to a Palmer hospital by ambulance.
High Altitude Pulmonary Edema (HAPE), West Buttress
On June 18, I 998. a Japanese climber displayed symptoms of severe HAPE when he walked into the 14,200-foot ranger camp . An examination revealed a heart murmur and problems affecti11g the climber's lungs. The climber was evacuated by the NPS Lama and transported to an Anchorage hospital by the Air National Guard.
HAPE, West Buttress
On June 18, 1998, the leader of a Spanish climbing team reported that a member in his expedition was ill. A NPS ranger proceeded to their camp where he found the climber experiencing severe HAPE. The Spanish climber was non-ambulatory and sledded to the medical tent at 14,200 feet where he was treated and evacuated by the NPS Lama helicopter. He was transferred to an Anchorage hospital via the Air National Guard.
Fall, Upper West Rib
On June 18, 1998, two American climbers were injured in a 2.000-foor fall down the "Orient Express" section of the West Rib route on Mt. McKinley. The climbers were descending roped together when they slipped on 45-degree ice at approximately 17,800 feet ending their fall at the 15,800-foot level. One of the climbers sustained a chest injury and the other was knocked unconscious. Two British climbers witnessed the fall and provided immediate assistance before a NPS rescue team from the 14.200-foot camp arrived at the scene. Both men were lowered down to the I 4.200-foot ranger camp on rescue litters. The climber with head injuries remained unconscious throughout his evacuation by the NPS Lama helicopter on June 19. When weather conditions cleared on June 21st, an Army Chinook helicopter evacuated the partner. The Air National Guard transported both climbers to Anchorage hospitals.
Multiple Falls, Upper West Rib
On June 18th, 1998, eight British Military climbers were near the summit when three members of the team fell 300 feet from the 19,300-foot level on the West Rib. One member sustained head injuries. while another injured his ankles. Two healthy partners remained at 19,000 feet to assist with the injured team members while the other four members descended to get help. On June 19, as the four healthy members descended, two other members fell 2,000 feet down the "Orient Express." These two climbers landed at the 15,800-foot level. One broke his leg in the fall and the other sustained only minor injuries. The ambulatory climber descended directly toward the 14.200-foot camp. He fell twice more and in the process sustained frostbite to his fingers as he made his way out of crevasses. These two expedition members were rescued by NPS ground teams and transported to the 14.200-foot camp where they were evacuated by an Army Chinook helicopter on June 21st to an Anchorage hospital.
On June 22, the two remaining climbers from this expedition who required rescue were evacuated by short-haul from 19,000 feet to the 14,200-foot camp with the NPS Lama helicopter. From the 14.200-foot camp, they were transported via helicopter and fixed wing aircraft to an Anchorage hospital.
Knee Injury, Gunsight Pass
On August 16, 1998, a German climber activated a Personal Location Beacon (PLB) after sustaining a knee injury at the 5,000-foot level of the Peter's Glacier. The two climbers in the expedition were located and picked up by a contracted helicopter the following day, when weather conditions permitted.
New Routes & Notable Ascents
Mount Bradley
South Face, new route "The Gift That Keeps on Giving:" American climbers Jon Carpenter, Steve House and Mark Twight.
Mount Huntington
American climbers. Brad Grohusky and Rod Willard put in a new line to the left of Colton Leach. 1.300 feet of wall climbing.
Denali
West Buttress Route Winter Ascent: Russian climbers. Vladimir Ananich and Artur Testov. first January summit on record. The two climbers reached the top on January 16th, 1998. West Buttress Route Winter Solo Ascent: Japanese climber. Masatoshi Kuriaki, reached the summit on March 8th. 1998. The fourth soloist to reach the summit in winter. West Buttress Route Youngest climber to Reach the Summit: Korean climber. Kim Young Sik, celebrated his 12th birthday two days before his summit on June 27. 1998. West Buttress Route Korean climber. Kim Hong Bin, first double amputee to summit. Bin had lost both hands to frostbite on a 1991 McKinley accident.
Anatomy of an Expedition
Over 1.000 climbers travel the popular West Buttress route between April and July each climbing season. The National Park Service initiated a new program this year to count the number of nights spent at specific camps along this fourteen-mile route.
Climbers were asked to list where they camped and how long they stayed at each camp to determine the total number of user days. The NPS was interested in obtaining base-line information on the amount and effect of human waste at the popular camps.
It is generally accepted that one user day' on the mountain equals one pound of waste. The user day totals show this typical travel pattern for most expeditions:
The average expedition will fly into the 7.200-foot Base Camp and make multiple carries of supplies before they reach the 14,200-foot camp.
From the 14,200-foot camp, an expedition will wait approximately three days to acclimatize to the altitude before moving up to High Camp at 17,200-feet. They will have four to five days worth of food and fuel in anticipation of a summit bid from this point.
The summit day is typically 10 to 12 hours in length. On the descent, if weather permits, expeditions travel from the 17,200-foot camp to the I 4,200-foot camp and pick up their gear cache. Snowshoes and skis are left at this location during the ascent due to ice and snow conditions.
Expeditions may spend multiple days at the 7,200-foot camp waiting for favorable weather conditions for their flight off the glacier.
Annual Report: 1999
" ..... the mountain's other challenges, beyond technical mountaineering, came to the fore: perennial arctic conditions above 10,000 feet; constant cold at subzero temperatures; sudden storms; blinding snow; hurricane winds, causing wind-chill factors well below minus 100 degrees; tents and equipment ripped, lost, buried; trails laboriously broken, then erased by drifts, to be found and broken again by people breathing and pumping like hummingbirds, counting to ten between each step; climbers exhausted, disabled or dying from altitude sickness or hypothermia; the loss of a mitt or a wet sock the difference between life and death. All o this beyond avalanches, falls, crevasse disappearances, and the terrible toil of simply moving upward in air nearly devoid of oxygen."
--Bill Brown, A History of the Denali-Mount McKinley Region
In 1991 historian BilI Brown described some of the difficulties mountaineers face in climbing North America's highest peak. It was also the last year that no one died on the mountain. That is, until this year. This past climbing season is the second time since 1991 that the mountain did not claim any lives.
"That is the kind of news we want to see more often in future mountaineering summaries," said South District Ranger J.D. Swed. "The statistic is even more impressive when you consider that 1,183 mountaineers attempted to climb the 20,320-foot high peak this year." Weather continues to be a significant factor in summit bids in the Alaska Range.
Unrelenting high winds contributed to a summit rate or less than 20% during the month of May. Later in the season, stretches of moderate weather allowed more mountaineers to reach the top. This raised the overall summit percentage for the season to 43%. The historical summit rate dating back to 1903 remains at 51 %.
Unrelenting high winds contributed to a summit rate or less than 20% during the month of May. Later in the season, stretches of moderate weather allowed more mountaineers to reach the top. This raised the overall summit percentage for the season to 43%. The historical summit rate dating back to 1903 remains at 51 %.
As if spring conditions on the mountain are not challenging enough, some climbers still aspire to summit the mountain in the winter. This past winter, mountaineering activity on Denali saw intense cold weather and high winds. This led to an early retreat for three expeditions. Although no climber summited the mountain this past winter, one tenacious Japanese soloist spent 57 days in attaining the summit of Mt. Foraker, although not in time to be considered a winter ascent.
As we close the books on the past 20th century's history of mountaineering, we will continue our work towards a trend in fewer rescues and fatalities into the next century. That way tomorrow's climbers can also bring their stories back from the top of North America.
Positive Trends
Mountaineering in Denali National Park and Preserve has increased dramatically over the years. In 1984, 695 climbers attempted to climb McKinley and this past year that number almost doubled to 1,183 climbers on the mountains slopes.
In 1995, the National Park Service started a three pronged approach to attempt to reduce the number of accidents and deaths and to support those efforts using funds paid by climbers. This program consists of a sixty day preregistration requirement, a climbing special use fee, and a preventative search and rescue and education program.
The preregistration program has had some interesting consequences. From 1990 through 1994, Denali averaged 12 mountaineering rescues per year. After the implementation of the 60-day preregistration requirement and with an aggressive education program, the average number of major rescue missions decreased by 23%. This is also a good trend considering the number of climbers on the mountain increased by 10% during that time. Fatal accidents also decreased from an average of four per year to two fatalities per year.
The historically high number of international fatalities has been disturbing. Since the implementation of the current program, a dramatic reduction in the number of foreign rescues and fatalities has occurred. We believe our increased educational campaign in foreign languages and the 60-day preregistration period have been key elements in this reduction. Besides saving of life and limb, the overall reduction in search and rescue incidents has the all-around benefit of reducing risk to rescue personnel, mountain guides and climbers alike. While it may be a bit early to draw any statistical conclusions, we believe that this program is off to a great start. This three pronged approach will continue to emphasize "safety over summits."
A Win-Win ... Win
The partnership between the National Park Service (NPS), the Air National Guard 210th (PJ's) out of Kulas Air Force Base, Anchorage, and the U.S. Army 123rd Aviation Regiment (Sugarbears) from Fort Wainwright, Fairbanks, is one that taxpayers and outdoor enthusiasts can be proud of.
The partnership allows these agencies to share information and technology, training, equipment, transportation of personnel, supplies and materials. In short this teamwork expands opportunities for each agency. It all started innocently when the military became involved tn rescue work back in 1949. Captain Searle of the Army's 74th Rescue Squadron performed the first helicopter landing in support of a rescue on Denali.
It would be another 16 years before the next military helicopter rescue on Denali occurred. The military has been involved in missions on Denali and in Alaska ever since. As helicopters became more commonly used in military and civilian rescue work, their missions on Denali increased. In 1973, after a tragic military aircraft crash at the 14,000-foot level on Mount Sanford, the Army created the HART (High Altitude Rescue Team). This team specializes in rescues of downed military aircraft at high altitudes. Their first civilian mission took place on Denali in July of 1976. The team landed a helicopter at the 17,200- foot level on the West Buttress and rescued injured climber Hanspeter Trachsel. The team was also instrumental in high altitude rescues the following two seasons.
In 1982, Dr Peter Hackett received assistance with his high altitude medical research from the HART pilots and crews. They transported equipment for a medical research camp at the 14,200-fool level on the West Buttress. Over the next eight years, the team continued to transport and retrieve several tons of supplies and medical gear each climbing season.
In 1982, Dr Peter Hackett received assistance with his high altitude medical research from the HART pilots and crews. They transported equipment for a medical research camp at the 14,200-fool level on the West Buttress. Over the next eight years, the team continued to transport and retrieve several tons of supplies and medical gear each climbing season.
In 1991, the HART was unable to assist the park because all their military resources were dedicated to the Persian Gulf War effort. That same year the NPS contracted with a private operator to provide high altitude helicopter support. The HART continues to act as backup to the NPS Lama Helicopter in responding to high mountain rescues. In fact, once the Gulf War ended the HART returned with their valued assistance the following year.
So how does this partnership work? The NPS facilitates the HART training of pilots in high altitude landings in the Alaska Range within Denali National Park. For three weeks each April, NPS rangers, HART crew members and pilots train in winching techniques, high altitude precision pilot techniques, communications, rescue techniques. glacier travel and safety. remote fueling procedures and mountain orientation. An important part of the pilot landing training takes place when the 14.200-foot ranger camp is delivered by helicopter to the West Buttress. Camp supplies; are loaded into large cargo nets and hooked externally below the CH-47 Chinook helicopters. The nets are then gently placed onto the glacier at the 14,200-foot basin. The difficulty of working at high altitude when not acclimatized requires that slingloads be used.
The two tons of equipment stays put until the first patrol arrives in May. Then the arduous process of putting the camp together can begin. That isn't all it takes to set up camp on Denali. Another mission during that period of time for the HART and NPS rangers is to place 2,000 gallons of fuel for the Lama at the 7 ,200-foot landing strip. Another ton of supplies and materials is also needed at the 7,200-foot base camp. Once delivered, it's time for rangers and volunteers to put the camp together. Two thousand gallons of Jet A fuel is transferred from internal fuel tanks to rubberized bladders called "Roll-A-Gons." The fuel and remote fueling system is set up and tested for immediate use. Once this work is completed the pilots, crews and rangers are ready for the season to begin. The Air National Guard 210th ParaRescuemen (PJ's) have also utilized the mountain for years as training ground in arctic mountaineering techniques. The PJ's are widely known for their statewide rescue efforts which arc coordinated through the Rescue Coordination Center. The Alaska Air National Guard PJ's and crews are widely regarded as outstanding in their field by military and NPS personnel.
Starting in 1992, the NPS invited the 210th to join their mountain patrols. Ever since, two PJ's have been joining each of Lhe four patrols on the mountain. Rangers and PJ's now train together each year prior to the climbing season, sharing knowledge and experience. Tilis gives the eight PJ's an oppo11unity to train on harsh mountain terrain each year. It gives the NPS patrols two additional professionals to assist in rescues. The 210th helicopter pilots often fly medivac missions from the 7,200-foot base camp during the year. Their pilots also receive pem1ission from the NPS to make practice landings at that location. During that practice, NPS rangers and volunteers are transported to and from the mountain to start or end patrols. This provides training opportunities and lowers the transportation costs to the NPS. C-130 pilots and crews often circle the mountain during rescues to assist with searches, provide communications and give weather updates. All of this movement of supplies, materials, fuels, and training takes a great deal of coordination. This coordination gives all the agencies an opportunity to communicate before the busy climbing season begins. This allows our crews to work more efficiently when an actual rescue is underway. It also provides knowledgeable, professionally trained rescuers to assist volunteers and other mountaineers during rescues. Without this three-way partnership, each agency would be forced to expend shrinking budgets to get the training, equipment and transportation needed for their staff. Tens of thousands of dollars arc saved by this relationship. Visitors to the park and to Alaska arc better served if they need assistance. We are proud to be a partner in this win-win win situation.
The two tons of equipment stays put until the first patrol arrives in May. Then the arduous process of putting the camp together can begin. That isn't all it takes to set up camp on Denali. Another mission during that period of time for the HART and NPS rangers is to place 2,000 gallons of fuel for the Lama at the 7 ,200-foot landing strip. Another ton of supplies and materials is also needed at the 7,200-foot base camp. Once delivered, it's time for rangers and volunteers to put the camp together. Two thousand gallons of Jet A fuel is transferred from internal fuel tanks to rubberized bladders called "Roll-A-Gons." The fuel and remote fueling system is set up and tested for immediate use. Once this work is completed the pilots, crews and rangers are ready for the season to begin. The Air National Guard 210th ParaRescuemen (PJ's) have also utilized the mountain for years as training ground in arctic mountaineering techniques. The PJ's are widely known for their statewide rescue efforts which arc coordinated through the Rescue Coordination Center. The Alaska Air National Guard PJ's and crews are widely regarded as outstanding in their field by military and NPS personnel.
Starting in 1992, the NPS invited the 210th to join their mountain patrols. Ever since, two PJ's have been joining each of Lhe four patrols on the mountain. Rangers and PJ's now train together each year prior to the climbing season, sharing knowledge and experience. Tilis gives the eight PJ's an oppo11unity to train on harsh mountain terrain each year. It gives the NPS patrols two additional professionals to assist in rescues. The 210th helicopter pilots often fly medivac missions from the 7,200-foot base camp during the year. Their pilots also receive pem1ission from the NPS to make practice landings at that location. During that practice, NPS rangers and volunteers are transported to and from the mountain to start or end patrols. This provides training opportunities and lowers the transportation costs to the NPS. C-130 pilots and crews often circle the mountain during rescues to assist with searches, provide communications and give weather updates. All of this movement of supplies, materials, fuels, and training takes a great deal of coordination. This coordination gives all the agencies an opportunity to communicate before the busy climbing season begins. This allows our crews to work more efficiently when an actual rescue is underway. It also provides knowledgeable, professionally trained rescuers to assist volunteers and other mountaineers during rescues. Without this three-way partnership, each agency would be forced to expend shrinking budgets to get the training, equipment and transportation needed for their staff. Tens of thousands of dollars arc saved by this relationship. Visitors to the park and to Alaska arc better served if they need assistance. We are proud to be a partner in this win-win win situation.
What's Up, Doc?
We would like to recognize the contribution of mountaineers who serve as volunteers for the National Park Service at the 14,200-foot and 7,200-foot ranger camps during the climbing season. in particular. we would like to recognjze the doctors who leave their own practices for a month to be of assistance to the sick and injured climbers on Mt. McKinley. They treated over 65 patients for minor and major ailments at the 14,200-foot ranger camp this season. A high percentage of those patients were treated for varying degrees of frostbite and High Altitude Mountain Sickness. Many thanks to the following doctors who helped out this past climbing season: Bob Desiderio, Mark Harrington, Adam Adamski, JefT PafTendorf, and Tim Hurtado.
It's a Small World After All
Not surprisingly, in 1999 most of the climbers attempting to scale McKinley came from the United States.
- American climbers represented 63% of the total number of climbers.
- The remaining 37% (438 climbers) represented mountaineers from 39 different countries.
- 21% were on guided expeditions (246)
- 53% of the international climbers reached the summit
- 41% of the guided climbers reached the summit.
199 Denali Pro Mountaineer of the Year
Michal Krissak, of Slovakia, was attempting a solo summit of Mount McKinley this spring when he found a semi-conscious Japanese climber lying face down near 19,500 feet. With temperatures well below zero and no shelter available, Krissak knew the climber could not descend on his own. Slowing his own descent, and risking his own life, Krissak lifted the man to his feet and for several hours painstakingly eased him down the mountain to shelter and other help.
For this selfless act, Denali National Park and Preserve and Pigeon Mountain Industries (PMI) have named Krissak the 1999 "Denali Pro Mountaineer of the Year". South District Ranger J.D. Swed noted that, "there were so many heroic efforts on the mountain by climbers that it was difficult to select one recipient of this award. Michal's physical and moral strength enabled him to single-handedly save another man's Iife. There is no more selfless act that one can perform."
In 1998, rangers partnered with PM I, a leading rope manufacturer, to begin a climber recognition program at Denali National Park and Preserve. The "Denali Pro'' program is designed to recognize and reward mountaineers who reflect the highest standards in the sport for safety, self-sufficiency, aiding climbers, and practicing "no impact'' outdoor ethics. This year rangers awarded over 60 individuals Denali Pro lapel pins. This past climbing season was the first time since 1991 that there were no fatalities, due in part to climbers helping each other.
Tragically, Krissak was just one year old when his father. Milan, died in a helicopter accident. His father was attempting to rescue a fellow climber in the High Tatra Mountains. The High Tatras divide Slovakia and Poland, the highest and most majestic part of the Carpathians. In 1980, a Slovakian team completed a memorial climb on one of the more challenging routes on Denali in his honor. Several other climbers were nominated for this year's Denali Pro award including:
Tragically, Krissak was just one year old when his father. Milan, died in a helicopter accident. His father was attempting to rescue a fellow climber in the High Tatra Mountains. The High Tatras divide Slovakia and Poland, the highest and most majestic part of the Carpathians. In 1980, a Slovakian team completed a memorial climb on one of the more challenging routes on Denali in his honor. Several other climbers were nominated for this year's Denali Pro award including:
- Mike Mays and Gerard McDonnell, Anchorage, assisted five extremely fatigued climbers. one of whom was snow-blind. They guided them down from the summit ridge to the 17,200-foot camp in rapidly deteriorating weather conditions.
- Stuart Parks, Dave Lucey and Paul Berry saved the life of a British climber. The three Anchorage mountaineers ascended from the 14,200-foot camp to Denali Pass in time to prepare the severely injured climber for a helicopter rescue.
- Josie Garton and Forrest McCarthy: Volunteer patrol members at the 7,200-foot base camp during the busiest search and rescue period of the season. On a personal climb after their patrol ended, they abandoned their summit attempt to aid a climber with cerebral edema.
Michal Krissak was presented a trophy on November 5 at a special ceremony during the International Technical Rescue Symposium (ITRS) in Ft. Collins, Colorado. A commemorative plaque will be on display at the Talkeetna Ranger Station. The National Park Service is indebted to these exceptional climbers who went to extraordinary lengths to assist others. Additionally, the rangers heartily thank all of the patrol volunteers and all other 1999 Denali Pro pin recipients for a job well done!
Roger Robinson Receives Prestigious Award
Last year, the American Alpine Club recognized National Park Service Ranger Roger Robinson with the "1999 David Brower Award'' for his many years of selfless effort in environmental conservation.
Roger has been a mountaineering ranger at Denali National Park since 1980 and has been instrumental in environmental preservation and conservation programs in Denali. Roger is responsible for significant efforts to address the issues of human waste and sanitation on Denali. From 1975-1977 he helped initiate mountain cleanups. His efforts continued when he was later hired as a park ranger. He designed and constructed toilet facilities along the West Buttress route. He still tirelessly educates climbers about "Leave No Trace" practices.
Roger's other accomplishments include the development of a program to help track and recover fuel cans and pick up illegally discarded garbage left by climbing parties on Denali. Roger also conducts orientation and educational programs for climbing expeditions that focus on environmental sensitivity on Denali. Roger and the south district staff are currently working with park planners to address environmental issues and concerns in the Denali Backcounty Management Plan.
"Roger epitomizes what every ranger in the National Park Service strives for; a positive work ethic and concern for the environment. His coworkers, neighbors and every climber whom he has met would agree with me when I say we are fortunate to have hjm working at Denali," said Superintendent Stephen P. Martin.
Search and Rescue Summary
There were nine major mountaineering incidents io 1999 involving 15 mountaineers. The National Park Service expended $101,223 for mountaineering related search and rescue activities. The mili tary spent an additional $115,604 assisting in these incidents. The NPS staff, volunteers and helicop ter operation saved eight lives this past season.
Falls, West Buttress
On May 15, 1999, two Spanish climbers were air evacuated by the NPS Lama helicopter from the 17,200-foot high camp. The two climbers had fallen 500 feet the previous day while descending from the 18,350-foot level. Their injuries prevented them from descending any further and they requested assistance from the NPS. Lifeguard flew the two to an Anchorage hospital for treatment.
Fall, West Rib
On May 19, 1999, an Italian climber fell 65 feet off a serac on the West Rib and injured his leg and chest. The climber had been filming the ski descent of his partner when the accident occurred. The injured climber was assisted by an American expedition that made contact with the NPS and assisted in readying the patient for air evacuation by the NPS Lama helicopter. Once off the mountain, Lifeflight flew the climber to an Anchorage hospital for treatment.
Frostbite-Hypothermia-Fall, West Buttress
On May 20, 1999, a British climbing team requested rescue from the summit plateau of when one of their members became incapacitated from frostbite and fatigue. That evening two members of the party were shorthauled from the 19,500-foot level. The third member of the expedition had gone for help but broke his leg after falling from the 18,200- foot level while descending Denali Pass. On May 21, the third climber was found by an American expedition and shorthauled from 17,500 feet to 7,200-feet by an NPS ranger. All three members of the expedition were taken to an Anchorage hospital for treatment. Two of the members suffered permanent loss of tissue, fingers and toes due to their frostbite.
Fall, Thunder Mountain
On May 21, 1999, an American climber fell 200 feet fracturing both legs while attempting to climb a couloir on Thunder Mountain, a satellite peak of Mt. Hunter. His climbing partner was initially able to lower him 200 feet, but the severity of the fractures made them abort their descent and the partner went for help. The partner rappelled and down climbed 2,500 feet to the glacier airstrip and successfully flagged an air taxi pilot. A large rescue effort was organized including participation by the military, the Alaska Incident Management Team and 16-person multi-agency rescue team. The weather remained inclement for flying which delayed the rescue effort for 38 hours. On May 23, an NPS ranger shorthauled on a 200-foot rope below the NPS Lama helicopter and successfully rescued the American climber. The climber was transported via a Lifeflight helicopter and treated for frostbite and multiple fractures.
Frostbite, West Buttress
On May 25, 1999, a Japanese climber frostbit three fingers on each hand while attempting to reach the summit of Mt. McKinley. The climber was provided medical help at the 17,200- foot camp and assisted to the 14,200-foot ranger camp. He was evacuated five days later by the NPS Lama helicopter when weather permitted. He was flown off the mountain to Talkeetna and provided ground transportation to an Anchorage hospital. HAPE, West Buttress: On May 3 I, 1999, while ascending Mt. McKinley, an American climber experienced HAPE and bronchiolar spasms. She reported into the 14,200-foot ranger camp where she was evacuated by the NPS Lama helicopter. Fall, West Buttress: On June 6, 1999, an American soloist feU 100 feet at the 17,500-fool level of the West Buttress route. Due to the falJ and his lack of experience, the soloist was escorted from the 17 ,500-foot level to the 7.200-foot base camp over a two-day period.
Lowerings, West Buttress
On June 16, 1999, South African and Taiwanese climbers were lowered from the 19,000-foot level on the West Buttress to the 17,200-foot camp. At the 17,200-foot camp they were treated by an NPS ranger for snow blindness and acute mountain sickness. The two climbers were then lowered to the 14,200-foot ranger camp where they received medical care. Both climbers remained at the camp until they were able to descend the mountain safely with the aid of their expedition members.
Crevasse Fall, Kahiltna Glacier
On July 5, 1999, an American climber fell into a crevasse at the 6,800-foot level on the Kahiltna Glacier. The climber's partner was not able to extricate him and radioed for assistance. NPS rangers at the 7,200-foot camp responded and extricated the climber.
A Pristine Mountain Environment?
Climbing in Alaska: pristine glaciers. countless unnamed peaks, miles of untouched wilderness .... for some climbers an expedition into the Alaska Range is the trip of a Lifetime. For many of those climbers their goal is to reach the top of North America.
Each year more climbers attempt to scale "the mountain." Increased numbers of climbers bring more impacts on the most well traveled routes on McKinley. In 1998. the National Park Service initiated a new program to count the number of nights spent at specific camps along fourteen-miles of the popular West Buttress route. Over 1,000 climbers use this route each year in their attempts to reach the summit. lnformation was compiled again this year in order to assess the acute problem of human waste and trash on the mountain. The total number of user nights this season was 21,701. Out of 318 groups attempting to climb Denali, 271 expeditions reported the total number of nights spent at each camp.
Waste Not Want Not
Trash and human waste remain a significant problem on the popular West Buttress route. A solution for this difficult problem is still being researched. The abandonment of caches, illegally dumped trash, pit toilets and piles of human waste are topics that may not make the front page, but are equally important in the discussion of managing the mountain. The NPS has made efforts to improve the conditions along the major routes by installing a new toilet at the 11,000-foot camp. At the end
Yes, You "Can"
Denali National Park initiated a fuel can monitoring system this past season to record the number of fuel cans being used and illegally discarded on the mountain. The ultimate goal of this project is to ensure that all fuel cans used on expeditions are removed from the mountain. While some data collection took place in 1998, this year's concerted effort to track the cans met with considerable success. During the registration process expeditions were assigned a can number which was then written on every gallon of white gas carried out of the Kahiltna base camp where fuel is stored. We hope climbers wilI assist us in these efforts in the years to come.
New Routes and Notable Ascents
Mount Foraker
- Joe Terrevechia and Steve Larson spent 10 days creating a new 7,000 foot line to the right of the Infinite Spur route on the south face of Mt. Foraker.
- In March, soloist Masatoshi Kuriaki made a solo ascent of the Sultana Ridge of Mount Foraker.
Bear Tooth
Jim Bridwell, Terry Christensen, Glenn Dunmire, Brian Jonas and Brian McCray spent two weeks climbing 5,000 feet on the first ascent of the east face. The climb is roughly rated 5.9, Wl4, A3+.
Mount Barrille
Soloist Valeri Babanov climbed 3,000 feet on the Northeast Face on Mt. Barri lie establishing a new line. The climb is rated VI, 5.10. A3 Mount Foraker: In March, soloist Masatoshi Kuriaki made a solo ascent of the Sultana ridge of Mt. Foraker.
Denali
Ed Honuner reached the summit using two prosthetics below the knees.
The Year of the Tooth
Good weather during the 1999 season allowed mountaineers to enjoy technical ascents on peaks at lower altitudes in the Alaska Range. Always a popular objective, the Moose's Tooth in the Ruth Gorge received added attention this season.
- Early in the season "Ham and Eggs," a 20+ pitch grade 4 gully climb, received its second reported ascent. It was first climbed in 1975. This season numerous parties ascended part of this route.
- One climbing team descended it after completing the entire West ridge.
- "Ham and Eggs" offers quick access to the true summit of Moose's Tooth, allowing most mountaineers this season to reach that vantage point. The route is well equipped with piton and nut anchors for the 17 separate rappels on the descent. Most parties complete the route in one long day.
- Also on Moose's Tooth, "Shaken-not-Stirred," the 1997 route on the face, received three more ascents.
- In addition, at least 20 mountaineers successfully completed the classic West Ridge route on Moose's Tooth.
South District Staff
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South District Ranger: J.D. Swede
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Lead Mountaineering Ranger: Daryl Miller
- Administrative Technician: Miriam Valentine
- Mountaineering Rangers: Kevin Moore, Joe Reichert, Roger Robinson, Billy Shott, George Beilstein, Meg Perdue
- Helicopter Manager: Dave Kreutzer
- Helicopter Pilots: Jim Hood, Carl Cotton
- Helicopter Mechanic: Ray Touzeau
- Lead Visitor Use Assistant: Punky Moore
- Fee Collectors: Maureen McLaughlin, Elaine Sutton
- Interpretive Rangers: Maureen Swed, Nancy Jurgens
- SCA: Laurie Tremblay
- Information Officers: Jane Tranel, John Quinley
A Tribute to Alex Lowe: World Class Climber, First Class Man
Alex served as a volunteer for the National Park Service on a mountaineering patrol in 1995. He assisted in two remarkable rescues on Denali that season that exemplified his courage and his compassion for fellow climbers.
On June 9, 1995, Alex and two other NPS volunteers were airlifted from the town of Talkeetna (nearly sea level) to 19,500 feet on McKinley in an attempt to rescue two Spanish climbers stricken with high altitude sickness and frostbite. The rescue team reached the Spanish climbers at 19,200 feet but one of them was too weak to walk. Alex carried the severely weakened climber on his back from 19,200 feet to 19,500 feet. They were all evacuated by Army helicopter.
On June 9, 1995, Alex and two other NPS volunteers were airlifted from the town of Talkeetna (nearly sea level) to 19,500 feet on McKinley in an attempt to rescue two Spanish climbers stricken with high altitude sickness and frostbite. The rescue team reached the Spanish climbers at 19,200 feet but one of them was too weak to walk. Alex carried the severely weakened climber on his back from 19,200 feet to 19,500 feet. They were all evacuated by Army helicopter.
Less than a week later, on June 14. Alex and another NPS volunteer climbed from the 14,200-foot ranger camp to 19,400 feet in one push. They made this extraordinary effort in order to assist two Taiwanese climbers who were unable to descend to lower elevations due to frostbite and hypothermia. Alex lowered one of the climbers by himself to the 17,200- foot high camp. Alex inspired many mountaineers, and was deeply respected not only for his climbing ability but also for his compassion and service to others.
Last updated: December 22, 2023