Course Overview

Cemetery Preservation Course

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Cemetery stewards need to establish a preservation strategy or treatment that considers the historic character of the landscape, the significance of the features, and management goals. Developing a sensitive preservation plan that considers all of the needs and components of a property is an essential first step in this process. Preservation planning should include research into the historic character of the cemetery, documentation of existing conditions, and recommendations for a preservation treatment. The treatment can range from preservation or stabilization to restoration and can help communicate the history of a place or convey a sense of authenticity. The preservation plan will determine the preservation priorities and the extent of intervention. For example, a cemetery that contains ancient stones with carvings by a known artist might require a strategy that sacrifices later vegetation (like shrubs and trees) if their growth is impacting markers. Conversely, a rural cemetery attributed to a noted landscape architect might warrant a robust program for the maintenance and replacement in kind of ornamental shrubs and trees.

Once the preservation treatment is finalized, cemetery managers need to consider the impact of any changes to the public’s perception or use of the landscape. Many cemeteries and burying grounds have been a part of the public landscape for centuries, and many people have come to appreciate the current character of those places. Mature trees, overgrown vegetation, and memorial plantings may define people’s visual experiences and memories. Prior to making any change in landscape character, it is important to educate constituents about the reasons for and benefits of change. Removing trees in 17th century burial grounds may be an appropriate preservation treatment, but visitors and neighbors should understand the reason for such radical change. Cemetery managers may have to develop a public outreach program before moving forward with certain projects. Historic cemeteries span decades, even centuries, of burial practice representing the ebb and flow of the local population. Over that time, families have relocated or simply passed on, leaving the family lots with absent owners or essentially abandoned. Cemetery managers are then faced with the challenge of preserving the headstones, curbing, fencing and other landscape features on private lots, without any way to contact the owners for consent. This should not deter managers from pursuing preservation projects involving private lots. Outreach through local media, community stakeholders and other outlets can help to create a transparent public process for undertaking cemetery projects and may reconnect families with their heritage. Even without direct contact with lot owners, the preservation of public cemeteries has a clear public benefit, and public investment is well-supported.

When we think about starting to work in a gravesite we need to start to look at the type of actions we can take to start to manage the cultural resources of the site. These will include starting to review and develop answers to the following questions:

How do we create a master plan? 

When preservation of a cemetery comes into public focus, there is a sense that restoration work must be immediate. When cemetery preservation efforts are rushed, serious consequences may result. A wise first step in preserving an historic cemetery is the development of a Master Plan. Good plans include an integrated approach for gravesite documentation, treatment, and maintenance. It will include plans for landscape issues and establishing a list of priorities.

How can we document a gravesite? 

Create a field survey sheet for the documentation of each grave site. If possible, store information in a computer database. Enlist others to assist in this documentation. It is important to provide volunteers with training on identification of monument types and ways to note condition prior to field surveys so that the information is consistent. Make sure that accurate inscriptions from tombstones are recorded. Try to identify the material from which the grave marker is constructed.

How do we assess the condition in a gravesite? 

Inspect individual tombs on a regular basis for structural defects. Are the grave markers broken? Note the conditions of the tomb and its surrounding environment. Is standing water present that can aid in plant growth, or accelerate deterioration of masonry joints? Is vegetation growing on surfaces? What is the condition of the landscape around the tomb? Keep this information on your field survey forms.

How do we evaluate the gravesites landscape? 

Assess landscape elements including the trees, shrubs, and plants, but the pathways, roads, benches, and lighting of the cemetery. Think long-term about the landscape. Will trees cause damage in the future? Are they healthy? Consider how the cemetery is currently used and determine circulation of people and/or cars within its boundaries. Consider security issues and the need for fences. Remember that landscape aesthetics have changed over the years. Don’t try to apply your personal aesthetic to an historic cemetery.

How do we prioritize the required work? 

Consider the needs of the particular cemetery and create a list of projects based on those needs. Is the cemetery secure? Has it been documented? Are all the graves identified? Are there tombs at risk of collapse? Is historical research needed? Keep in mind the need for both short-term and long-term efforts. Assess the resources you currently have available.

What maintenance issues does the site have? 

Regularly scheduled maintenance for the monuments and grounds of the cemetery is an excellent way to practice preventative preservation. Maintain the landscaping next to tombs. Keep in mind that caution must be used when operating power equipment near masonry or ironwork. Training for maintenance and ground crews will minimize damage to markers.

What treatments need to be considered and who will do the work? 

Conservation of stone monuments, sculpture and ironwork is usually the last effort that should be undertaken. Know the strengths and limitations of people assisting in the preservation effort. Cleaning stones should be done with the gentlest means possible. Begin with water and a soft brush. Do not use household bleach or abrasive techniques. The repair of tombstones and monuments requires previous experience with historical materials and treatments. Only skilled conservators or skilled historically trained crafts person should undertake restoration of tablets and sculpture.

How can we Involve the community? 

Seek volunteers within the community. Use the cemetery as an educational and historical resource. Consider involving elementary schools, high schools, and colleges in projects. Cemeteries can be places to learn about science, math, art, ethnography, and history. Involve the community in fund-raising efforts, such as annual cemetery tours.

Do we need to seek professional assistance? 

Conservation treatments are frequently time consuming and expensive. Contract with people who have experience with historical materials and who respect the original fabric of the tombs. Ask contractors for details about their previous work. Can they provide a written plan for their proposed work that includes materials to be used in the treatments? Are they members of professional organizations such as the American Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works (AIC)? Are they insured?

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A major goal in preserving historic cemetery landscapes is to benefit the public. These important open spaces have important stories to tell and can be adapted into vibrant community resources through interpretation and public programming. Simple interpretive panels at cemetery entrances can give visitors a brief history and point out areas of interest. Self-guided tours can be illustrated through a brochure or a web-based map. Local Historical Commissions, Friends groups and other organizations can help promote stewardship through group tours, annual events, and art programs. Especially when cemeteries are inactive, public programming is essential to maintaining a high level of public awareness, one of the keys to successful stewardship.

Duration:

25 minutes, 15 seconds

This video is part of a series of presentations and media for people interested in learning about preservation techniques to stabilize the nation’s historic gravesites. In this presentation, the Center's Chief of Materials Conservation, Mary Striegel, will give an overview of the methods and practices of preserving a gravesite.