MMM

Maack, Richard

    2003             Learn the secrets of Arizona Highways photographs. Arizona Highways, Vol. 79, no. 8 (August), p. 54. Phoenix, Arizona Department of Transportation. [A color photo by Maack of the Ecce Homo processional figure stored in the baptistery of Mission San Xavier del Bac accompanies this notice advertising a one-day photography workshop to be run by Maack, the magazine=s photography editor, and Peter Ensenberger, the magazine=s director of photography.]

Mabry, Jonathan B.

    1991             Digging downtown at the Ronstadt Transit Center site. Archaeology in Tucson, Vol. 5, no. 2 (June), pp. 1-3. Tucson, Center for Desert Archaeology. [Included in a list of artifacts recovered from this ca. 1880-1920 site are 365 sherds of Tohono O=odham pottery.]

    1999             A rare glimpse of the Sobaipuri from Colossal Cave. Archaeology Southwest, Vol. 13, no. 4 (Fall), p. 11. Tucson, Center for Desert Archaeology. [Projectile points hafted in wooden foreshafts were found in 1978 in a packrat midden inside Colossal Cave in southern Arizona. Mabry attributes these to historic Sobaipuri manufacture, saying that Sobaipuri arrowheads are serrated and have a distinctive basal notch. Illustrated.]

    2003             Oasis cultures: prehistoric lifeways along a desert river. sonorenses, Vol. 23, no. 1 (Winter), pp. 4-9. Tucson, Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum. [Although primarily about the prehistoric period of the Santa Cruz River Valley of southern Arizona, this well-illustrated essay notes that during Athe period between about A.D. 1450 and the 1690s, several related Piman tribes lived in villages in the Santa Cruz Valley. They farmed the floodplain with floodwater and canals, but continued to hunt and gather wild plant foods. Their material culture resembled those of other Piman peoples living in southern Arizona and northern Sonora. Archaeologists have trouble saying much more about the peoples living in southern Arizona during this period because very few sites have been identified and investigated.@]

MacDougal. Daniel T.

    1905             The suwarro, or tree cactus. Journal of the New York Botanical Garden, Vol. 6, no. 68 (August), pp. 129-133. Lancaster, Pennsylvania, New York Botanical Garden. [Mention is made of the fact that saguaro fruit is an important item of food among the APapago, Pima, Maricopa, Yaqui and other Indians@ (p. 133).]

    1908a           Across Papagueria. Plant World, Vol. 11, no. 5 (May), pp. 93-99; no. 6 (June), pp. 123-131. Tucson. [This illustrated article discusses an expedition from the Desert Laboratory in Tucson across the Papaguería. The Papago Indians are discussed throughout. Also given is a physical description of the region and of its vegetation. Several black-and-white photographs are included. Two pertaining to the Papago are on pages 2 (portion of the Papago village of Querobabi) and 12 (Papago Tanks in the Sierra Pinacate). Maps also included.]

    1908b           Across Papagueria. Bulletin of the American Geographical Society, Vol. 40 (December), pp. 1-21. New York, The American Geographical Society. [Identical to MacDougal 1908a.]

Macias, José

    1984             APapago home-to-school transition: overcoming social discontinuity in early childhood.@ Ph.D. dissertation, Stanford University, Stanford, California. 283 pp. [AThe research investigates the problem of discontinuity in the experience of young Papago children, enrolled in school for the first time in the Papago Early Childhood Head Start Program (PECHS). The transition of Papago children from the home to school is viewed from a cultural perspective. In this view the transition represents a discontinuity in the enculturation process, a phenomenon characterized by marked changes in social role assignment and expectations, and one that children may experience as an abrupt transition from one mode of being and behaving to another. For Papago and other ethnic minority children, the normal school discontinuity of school is compounded by suddenly changed cultural expectations.@]

MacKallor, Jules A.

    1957             AGeology of the western part of the Cobabi Mining District, Pima County, Arizona.@ Master of Science thesis, The University of Arizona, Tucson. [The Cobabi Mining District is on the Papago Indian Reservation.]

MacRoberts, Michael H.

    1964             Taste sensitivity to phenylthiocarbamide (P.T.C.) among the Papago Indians of Arizona. Human Biology, Vol. 36, no. 1 (February), pp. 28-31. Detroit, Society for the Study of Human Biology. [This study was conducted at the Indian hospital in Sells, Arizona, in the spring and summer of 1963. Seventy individuals, 42 males and 28 females, mostly from Sells, were tested. The results yielded a percentage of 98.6% tasters out of the total, results which lead the author to conclude that Papagos are an extremely biologically homogenous group.]

Madden, Settle, editor

    1980             Writing the Papago language. In The President=s Club, University of Arizona, 13th Annual Report, pp. 15-16. [Tucson], The President=s Club, University of Arizona. [A brief account, including a photographs of her, of Papago student Ofelia Zepeda and her work in Papago Indian linguistics.]

Madsen, John H.

    1993             Rock cairn and talus pit features in the Los Robles community. In Between desert and river: Hohokam settlement and land use in the Los Robles community, by Christian E. Downum [Anthropological Papers of the University of Arizona, no. 57], pp. 96-106. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. [Madsen discusses hillside archaeological features north of Tucson which have in them sherds of what almost certainly is Papago Indian pottery, and he suggests these depressions may have been Papago burial pits. He discusses Papago burial practices and ceramics. Illustrated.]

Magisos, Melanie

    1986             Turn on to astronomy. In Arizona: that land and the people, edited by Tom Miller, p. 260. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. [Included here is some discussion of Kitt Peak on the Papago Reservation and how Dr. Carpenter persuaded some Papagos to accept the presence of an observatory there by taking them to Steward Observatory on the University of Arizona campus so they could see how a telescope worked.]

Mahoney, Murrelle

    1946             Sky planting in the desert. Travel, Vol. 87, no. 5 (September), pp. 4-8. East Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania, Robert M. McBride & Co., Inc. [Discussion of aerial planting of Lehmann=s lovegrass on the Sells portion of the Papago Reservation. Five black-and-white photos relating to Papagos, one of which shows Papago girls playing the game of taka (field hockey). Another shows four young Papago boys.]

Maldonado, Venice

    n.d.               I am Papago. Book III. [Sells, Arizona], Papago Bilingual Program, Indian Oasis School District #40. [An eighteen-page workbook designed for Papago school children. They are asked to fill in such blanks as: ABasket-making is _________.@ Four black-and-white photos included. Probably published in 1978 or 1979.]

Maldonado, Venice, and Beverly Valenzuela

    n.d.               Surprise! [Sells, Arizona], Papago Bilingual Program, Indian Oasis School District #40. [A twelve-page booklet with a children=s story written in Papago and English. It is about a visit of children to their grandparents= place and being surprised by the gift of a horse. The illustrations (drawings) are charming. Probably published in 1978 or 1979.]                     . 

Mallery, Garrick

    1881             Sign language among North American Indians compared with that among other peoples and deaf-mutes. Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology, Vol. 1, pp. 263-552. Washington, Government Printing Office. [There are references to the Papago on pages 318 (Papagos and others had a copious sign language, yet none were familiar with many Kiowa signs); 406 (Pima and Papago signs were obtained from Antonio, son of chief of Pima Indians in Arizona Territory); 412 (sign for bad or mean given); 426 (sign for good); 435 (sign for horse); 459 (sign for Coyotero Apache tribe); 538 (Pima, Papago or Maricopa smoke signals when war party was successful); fig 339 (line drawing showing successful war party).]

Mallouf, Michael G.

    1980             "An archaeological survey of the Ajo Crest; Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument, southwestern Arizona." Tucson, National Park Service, Western Archaeological Center. [Mallouf found some 40 protohistoric Papago sites on the crest of the mountain range forming the eastern boundary of Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument and part of the western boundary of the Papago Indian Reservation. These included rock circles or corrals with walls standing several courses high.]

Malte-Brun, Victor A.

    1864             La Sonora et ses mines. Esquisse geographique. Paris, Arthur Bertrand. 31 pp. [The Papagos and APimas@ of Sonora are briefly discussed on pages 14-15. Papagos are described as being Awarlike@ (guerrière).]

Mamake, Simon

    1963             A teenage Indian boy writes for the golden jubilee of Fr. Nicholas Perschl. Provincial Annals, Vol. 25, no. 4 (October), p. 233. Santa Barbara, California, Province of Saint Barbara [of the Order of Friars Minor]. [This is a letter written by Papago Indian Simon Mamake to Father Nicholas Perschl on July 10, 1963 on the occasion of the latter=s celebration of fifty years as a priest. The contents are wholly religious and Catholic and make no reference to any of the specifics of Father Nicholas=s missionary career among Papagos or other Indians.]

Mancuso, Silvester

    1960             The golden jubilee of Brother Jose Ontiveros. Provincial Annals, Vol. 23, no. 1 (July), pp. 11-13. [Santa Barbara, California], Province of Saint Barbara [of the Order of Friars Minor]. [This is the text of a sermon delivered by Father Silvester at Mission San Xavier del Bac on May 11, 1960. It is not clear from the text whether brother Jose Ontiveros ever served at San Xavier or among Papago Indians.]

Manje, Juan M.

    1954             Luz de tierra incógnita. Unknown Arizona and Sonora, 1693-1701. Translated by Harry J. Karns. Tucson, Arizona Silhouettes. Maps, illus., glossary, index. 303 pp. [This is an English translation of logs kept by Captain Juan Mateo Manje during seven journeys made by him into the Pimería Alta in the company of Father Eusebio Kino, S.J., between the years 1693 and 1701. References to APapabotas-Pimas@ (i.e., Papagos) are on pages 102, 123, 142, 167, 236, and 241 -- although virtually all Indian encountered on these travels were Northern Pimans (O=odham).

    Scattered references to both the mission and village of San Xavier are found on pages 50, 81, 93-94, 125, 135-136, 138, 141, 167, 168, 224-225, 238, 246, and 252. A photo of the interior of the church of Mission San Xavier is on page 213 and another showing the exterior is on page 212.]

    1971a           Expedition of Kino and González: February 5 to April 15, 1702. In Kino and Manje: explorers of Sonora and Arizona and their vision of the future. A study of their expeditions and plans [Sources and Studies for the History of the Americas, Vol. 10], compiled, with summaries of the trips, by Ernest J. Burrus, pp. 515-519. Rome, Italy, and St. Louis, Missouri, Jesuit Historical Institute. [Although not written in his hand nor signed by him, Father Burrus believes this to be a document originating with Manje. It is printed here in the original Spanish. Manje was not on this expedition taken by Father Kino and Father Manuel González to the HiaCed O=odham and Yumans of the Lower Colorado River, but he summarizes Kino=s journal here and Aadds enlightening reflections and interpretations of his own.@]

    1971b           The fifth expedition: February 7 to March 14, 1699. In Kino and Manje: explorers of Sonora and Arizona and their vision of the future. A study of their expeditions and plans [Sources and Studies for the History of the Americas, Vol. 10], compiled, with summaries of the trips, by Ernest J. Burrus, pp. 385-445. Rome, Italy, and St. Louis, Missouri, Jesuit Historical Institute. [Given here in the original Spanish, a summary in English by Father Burrus of this account is on pages 223-248. This is an account of a trip made by Manje, fathers Kino and Adamo Gil, and others from Mission Dolores northwest across the Camino del Diablo to the Río Gila; up the Río Gila to its junction with the Río Santa Cruz (Río Santa María); up the Santa Cruz to Guevavi, and back to Dolores. They passed through San Xavier del Bac on March 7, 1699, Awhere 1300 persons were congregated to celebrate our arrival with dancing and songs.]

    1971c                                   The first expedition: February 7-23, 1694. In Kino and Manje: explorers of Sonora and Arizona and their vision of the future. A study of their expeditions and plans [Sources and Studies for the History of the Americas, Vol. 10], compiled, with summaries of the trips, by Ernest J. Burrus, pp. 285-299. Rome, Italy, and St. Louis, Missouri, Jesuit Historical Institute. [Given here in the original Spanish, a summary in English by Father Burrus of this account is on pages 166-180. Fathers Kino and Kappus were on this journey which took them and a retinue of Indians and two other Spaniards through O=odham (Pima, Soba, and Sobaipuri) settlements. They traveled from Dolores on the headwaters of the Río San Miguel to a HiaCed O=odham campsite they called AAguaje de las Ollas@ and to the Gulf of California at the mouth of the Río San Ignacio (Concepción). Manje gives population figures for settlements visited by them.]

    1971d                                   The fourth expedition: November 2 to December 2, 1697. In Kino and Manje: explorers of Sonora and Arizona and their vision of the future. A study of their expeditions and plans [Sources and Studies for the History of the Americas, Vol. 10], compiled, with summaries of the trips, by Ernest J. Burrus, pp. 333-384. Rome, Italy, and St. Louis, Missouri, Jesuit Historical Institute. [Given here in the original Spanish, a summary in English by Father Burrus of this account is on pages 197-222. The journey is one made by Manje, Kino, and twenty-two soldiers from Dolores to the junction of the Río Santa Cruz (Río Santa María) and Río Gila and back. The journey took them through Tucson and San Xavier del Bac.]

    1971e                                   Manje=s 1706 plan for Pimería Alta. In Kino and Manje: explorers of Sonora and Arizona and their vision of the future. A study of their expeditions and plans [Sources and Studies for the History of the Americas, Vol. 10], compiled, with summaries of the trips, by Ernest J. Burrus, pp. 520-533. Rome, Italy, and St. Louis, Missouri, Jesuit Historical Institute. [Printed here in the original Spanish, Manje, who in 1706 was alcalde mayor of Sonora, wrote this letter to Kino setting forth his suggestions for the way in which the Pimería Alta should be administered. He calls for establishment of a military outpost of forty or more soldiers to check the incursions of hostile Indians into the region. He discusses in detail the three mission centers with their dependent stations: Dolores, San Ignacio, and Tubutama, and he argues that incoming Spanish settlers should be given lands not needed by the Indians. He also argues against the policy that prevents Jesuit missionaries from administering to the religious needs of non-Indians.]

    1971f                                    Pimería Alta in 1735. In Kino and Manje: explorers of Sonora and Arizona and their vision of the future. A study of their expeditions and plans [Sources and Studies for the History of the Americas, Vol. 10], compiled, with summaries of the trips, by Ernest J. Burrus, pp. 540-550. Rome, Italy, and St. Louis, Missouri, Jesuit Historical Institute. [This document, printed here in the original Spanish, is similar to Manje=s 1706 plan for the Pimería Alta, except that here he emphasizes even more the need for the establishment of an additional presidio in the region.]

    1971g                                   The second expedition: March 16 to April 4, 1694. In Kino and Manje: explorers of Sonora and Arizona and their vision of the future. A study of their expeditions and plans [Sources and Studies for the History of the Americas, Vol. 10], compiled, with summaries of the trips, by Ernest J. Burrus, pp. 300-307. Rome, Italy, and St. Louis, Missouri, Jesuit Historical Institute. [Given here in the original Spanish, a summary in English by Father Burrus of this account is on pages 181-188. On this journey, Kino and Manje were accompanied by twenty Indian servants and carpenters. Their round trip route from Dolores to the Gulf of California and back approximated that taken by them in February, 1694.]

    1971h                                   The seventh expedition: February 27 to April 16, 1701. In Kino and Manje: explorers of Sonora and Arizona and their vision of the future. A study of their expeditions and plans [Sources and Studies for the History of the Americas, Vol. 10], compiled, with summaries of the trips, by Ernest J. Burrus, pp.468-514. Rome, Italy, and St. Louis, Missouri, Jesuit Historical Institute. [Given here in the original Spanish, a summary in English by Father Burrus of this account is on pages 259-278. Manje made this journey with fathers Kino and Salvatierra as well as with a dozen soldiers and servants. The reached such O=odham settlements as San Xavier del Bac, Sonoyta, settlements near the Gulf of California, Caborca, Tubutama, and Magdalena.]

    1971i                                    The sixth expedition: October 24 to November 18, 1699. In Kino and Manje: explorers of Sonora and Arizona and their vision of the future. A study of their expeditions and plans [Sources and Studies for the History of the Americas, Vol. 10], compiled, with summaries of the trips, by Ernest J. Burrus, pp.446-467. Rome, Italy, and St. Louis, Missouri, Jesuit Historical Institute. [Given here in the original Spanish, a summary in English by Father Burrus of this account is on pages 249-258. This expedition took Manje, another Spanish soldier, a retinue of servants, and fathers Kino, Leal, and Gonzalvo on a trip through the heartland of the Northern O=odham, including San Xavier del Bac, villages in the Papaguería, and settlements on the Río Altar.]

    1971j                                    The third expedition: June 6-26, 1694. In Kino and Manje: explorers of Sonora and Arizona and their vision of the future. A study of their expeditions and plans [Sources and Studies for the History of the Americas, Vol. 10], compiled, with summaries of the trips, by Ernest J. Burrus, pp. 308-318. Rome, Italy, and St. Louis, Missouri, Jesuit Historical Institute. [Given here in the original Spanish, a summary in English by Father Burrus of this account is on pages 189-196. Accompanied by Kino on part of the journey after leaving Mission Dolores, Manje struck out on his own on a route that took him into the Papaguería of today=s Papago Indian Reservation in southern Arizona. He rejoined Father Kino in Caborca. As during all his expeditions, Manje writes about the O=odham encountered by him]

    1971k                                   The tragic death of Father Saeta: April 2, 1695. In Kino and Manje: explorers of Sonora and Arizona and their vision of the future. A study of their expeditions and plans [Sources and Studies for the History of the Americas, Vol. 10], compiled, with summaries of the trips, by Ernest J. Burrus, pp. 319-332. Rome, Italy, and St. Louis, Missouri, Jesuit Historical Institute. [This is the text in Spanish of Manje=s account of the martyrdom of Father Francisco Javier Saeta at the hands of O=odham in the village of Caborca on April 2, 1695. Manje Ahad the honor to help gather the bones and ashes of the dead priest,@and he and other Spaniards Acollected 22 spears from the floor of the room where the dead priest slept.@]

Manley, Alan, and Ray Manley

    1982             ASan Xavier del Bac Mission@ and AHoliday Celebration at San Xavier.@ Arizona Highways, Vol. 58, no. 12 (December), pp. 42-43. Phoenix, Arizona Department of Transportation. [These are the captions for two color photos of Mission San Xavier del Bac. The Aholiday@ celebration appears to be the Friday-after-Easter fiesta sponsored by the non-Indian Tucson Festival Society.]

Manley, Ray

    1965a           San Xavier: shrine for all ages. Arizona Highways, Vol. 41, no. 3 (March), inside back cover. Phoenix, Arizona Highway Department. [This is a full-page color photo by Manley showing Father Theodore Williges, O.F.M., standing just to the southwest of the church of Mission San Xavier del Bac with a half dozen Papago children and with two tourists, one of whom is taking pictures of the priest and the children.]

    1965b           [untitled]. Holiday Inn Magazine, February, p. 25. Memphis, Holiday Inns of America. [This color photo of Mission San Xavier del Bac is identical to that in Manley (1965a).]

    1972             [Untitled.] Desert, Vol. 35, no. 1 (January), front cover. Palm Desert, California, Desert Magazine. [This is a color photo by Manley of the west-southwest elevation of the church of Mission San Xavier del Bac.]

    1972             Ties are still strong between mission padres and Arizona Indians at San Xavier on the Papago Indian Reservation. In Arizona, its people and resources, revised 2^nd edition by the faculty of the University of Arizona, p. 11. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. [This is a full-page photo by Manley nearly identical to Manley (1965a) except that it is printed in black-and-white, the pose of the priest and children is slightly different, and the tourists do not appear in the picture.]

Manuel, Cipriano

    1965             Patience and other values. Journal of American Indian Education, Vol. 4, no. 2 (January), pp. 1-4. Tempe, Bureau of Educational Research and Services, Arizona State University. [This is the text of a speech given March 22, 1963 by Cipriano Manuel, who since 1959 had been chief tribal judge on the Papago Reservation. Delivered at the Fourth Annual Indian Education Conference, he discusses patience and other traditional Papago values.]

Manning, Timothy

    1987             Days of challenge. The homilies, addresses and talks of Cardinal Timothy Manning. Compiled by Francis J. Weber. Los Angeles, The Borromeo Guild. 353 pp. [In preaching a eulogy of Bishop of Tucson Daniel Gercke, who died March 19, 1964, Cardinal Manning mentions Fray Francisco Garcés, Aapostle of San Xavier del Bac, lovely cradle of the faith in the desert@ (p. 115). He also provides a short biography of Father Eusebio Kino, pioneer missionary among the Northern O=odham (pp. 299-301).]

Manuel, Frances, and Deborah Neff

    2001             Desert Indian woman. Stories and dreams. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. Illus. xli + 227 pp. [This is the autobiography of a Tohono O=odham woman, Frances Manuel, as recorded and commented upon by anthropologist Deborah Neff. Manuel was born in 1912 in a village on what in 1916 became the Sells portion of the Papago Indian Reservation. Her life=s story is filled with details concerning virtually all aspects of Tohono O=odham culture as it was known and lived in the 20^th century. This is an important, and very good, book for insights into 20^th century O=odham culture. It provides an excellent sequel to Ruth Underhill=s (1936a) AAutobiography of a Papago Woman.@]

Manuel, Henry; Juliann Ramon, and Bernard L. Fontana

    1978             Dressing for the window: Papago Indians and economic development. In American Indian economic development, edited by Sam Stanley, pp. 511-578. Paris, Mouton Publishers. [The introduction to this essay offers a brief history of early subsistence activities in the Pimería Alta and of subsequent events involving cattle raising, wage labor, federal employment, mineral leasing, and other sources of income. Case studies of Papago economic development include those involving ASARCO and Mission Mine, Kitt Peak National Observatory, Papago Farms, the Gila Bend prehistoric ruin, and Ed Kisto=s ocotillo fence enterprise. The conclusion is that only those developments succeed that emanate from the Papago themselves.]

Manuel, Mark

    1958             Guest editorial. The Amerindian, Vol. 6, no. 3 (January-February), p. 2. Chicago, American Indian Review. [The Chairman of the Papago Tribal Council explains that the lack of funds has hindered development on the Papago Reservation.]

Manuel, Martin

    1982             My grandpa and his horse. Papago: The Desert People, Vol. 1, no. 1 (January), p. 30. Topawa, Arizona, Topawa Middle School. [Ten-year-old Papago student Manuel writes about watering his grandfather's nine horses.]

Manuel, Richard

    1978             [Untitled black-and-white photograph of a group of Indians.] Sun Tracks, Vol. 4, p. 51. Tucson, Amerind Club and the Department of English, The University of Arizona. [Photographer Richard Manuel is listed as being an Apache/Papago.]

Manuel, Rosilda

    1991a           [Untitled essay.] In 1992. Indians of the Pimería Alta [calendar], p. [5]. Nogales, Arizona, Pimería Alta Historical Society. [Printed here in O=odham, Spanish, and English is a six-line essay on the importance to O=odham of their language and culture.]

    1991b           [Untitled essay.] PAHS Newsletter (October), p. [3] Nogales, Arizona, Pimería Alta Historical Society. [Written in O=odham with English and Spanish interlinear translation, this is the same 6-sentence essay on the importance of O=odham culture to its practitioners.]

Manypenny, George W.

    1856             Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs. Executive Documents of the Senate, no. 5, 34th Congress, 3d session; Report of the Secretary of the Interior; Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, pp. 554-5754. Washington, A.O.P. Nicholson, Printer. [This report is dated November 22, 1856 and is addressed to R. McClelland, Secretary of the Interior. Pages 566-567: AAbout five thousand Indians are embraced within the Gadsden Purchase. They are mostly pueblos and reside in six different villages. They have houses and flocks, and raise wheat and other produce of the soil. It is suggested that as these Indians are about three hundred miles from any agency, they should have an agent assigned them.@]

    1880             Our Indian wards. Cincinnati, Robert Clarke & Company. xxvi + 436 pp. [Former Commissioner of Indian Affairs Manypenny uses some of the pages of his book to provide an account of the 1871 massacre of Apache Indians near Camp Grant by Papago Indians from San Xavier and elsewhere who followed the leadership of non-Indians from Tucson.]

Marchand, Peter

    1994             What good is a cactus? Illustrated by Craig Brown. Niwot, Colorado, Roberts Rinehart Publishers. Illus. 21 pp. [APoco, a scientist, goes on a journey to the land of the Tohono O=odham to discover the answer to the question posed by the title of the book.@]

Marden, Alma, compiler

    1975             Seeing our people doing and learning. Sells, Arizona, Education Awareness Program, Indian Oasis School District #40. Illus. 54 pp. [This book, illustrated by second graders in the elementary school in Sells on the Papago Indian Reservation, has brief statements by the children about a parent or grandparent and that person=s occupation. The book is divided into sections titled, ADomestic Vocations,@ AHealth Occupations,@ AMaintenance,@ APapago Baskets,@ APreparing Food,@ ATrading Post,@ and ATribal Specialties.@]

Marion, J.H.

    1870             Notes of travel through the Territory of Arizona being an account of the trip made by General George Stoneman and others in the autumn of 1870. Prescott, Office of the Arizona Miner. 16 pp. [On page 12 Marion reports on their visit to Mission San Xavier del Bac, giving a brief description of the mission. He notes that, AService is occasionally held in the old church, for the benefit of the Papagoes and Mexicans living in the vicinity.@]

    1965             Notes of travel through the Territory of Arizona being an account of the trip made by General George Stoneman and others in the autumn of 1870. Edited by Donald M. Powell. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. Map, notes, bibl. 62 pp. [With the addition of an introduction, notes, and selected bibliography by Powell, this is otherwise nearly a reprint of J.H. Marion (1870). The description of Mission San Xavier is on pages 43-44.]

Marion, Jeanie

    1994             "As Long as the Stone Lasts." General O.O. Howard's 1872 peace conference. Journal of Arizona History, Vol. 35, no. 2 (Summer), pp. 109-140. Tucson, Arizona Historical Society. [This is about negotiations among Anglo Americans, Mexican-Americans, Papagos, and Apaches that followed in the wake of the Camp Grant Massacre of Apaches in April, 1871. Papagos had participated on the side of Anglos and Mexican-Americans in the massacre and kidnaping of Apache children.]

Marín H., Miguel

    1968             Un misionero poblano en la Pimería Alta. ábside, Vol. 32, no. 4 (Octubre-Diciembre), pp. 404-425. Méjico, Galas de Méjico. [This is a biographical sketch of Franciscan Father Ignacio Joseph Ramírez y Arellano, a native of the province of Puebla in New Spain, who arrived at Mission San Xavier del Bac in June, 1802, and who died there in September, 1805, possibly of typhoid fever. Included here are letters written by him from San Xavier to family members in Puebla. Also see Geiger (1953).]

Mark, Albyn K

    1960             ADescription of and variables relating to ecological change in the history of the Papago Indian population.@ Master=s thesis, University of Arizona, Tucson. Maps, illus., bibl. 110 pp. [Dealing with the period between 1690 and 1960, this thesis describes and abstracts patterns of interrelationships between Papagos and the environment, especially as these influence village location, village relationships, population movements, subsistence economics, and settlement and community patterns.]

Marks, Royal D.

    n.d.               Land petition before the Indian Claims Commission of the United States, the Papago Tribe of Arizona, petitioner, v. the United States of America, defendant. Docket No. 345. Phoenix, Marks and Marks. 27 pp. [This petition, stating four causes of action concerning why the Papago Tribe of Arizona should be compensated by the federal government for alleged wrongful taking of lands and minerals, was probably filed by Marks, the Papagos= attorney in the case, in 1959.]

    1972a           Brief on valuation before the Indian Claims Commission, The Papago Tribe of Arizona v. The United States of America. Docket No. 345. Phoenix, Royal D. Marks. 34 pp. [This is a brief filed before the Indian Claims Commission preparatory to submitting a report on the total estimated value of lands and minerals wrongfully taken from Papagos prior to 1916 and, in the case of Baca Float lands, prior to 1906.]

    1972b           Petitioners=s proposed findings of fact and brief on value before the Indian Claims Commission, The Papago Tribe of Arizona v. The United States of America. Docket No. 345. Phoenix, Royal D. Marks. 298 pp. [This monumental report presents an estimate of the value of lands and minerals judged by the U.S. Indian Claims Commission to have been wrongfully taken from Papago Indians before 1916 and before 1906 in the case of Baca Float lands. The total estimate is $27,189,000 dollars.]

Marks, Royal; David E. Birenbaum, and Arthur Lazarus, Jr.

    n.d.a             Petitioners=s proposed findings of fact and brief before the Indian Claims Commission, The Papago Tribe of Arizona v. The United States of America. Docket No. 345. Phoenix, Royal D. Marks. 90 pp. [This report provides a legal summary of claims made by the Papago Tribe of Arizona in its effort to receive compensation for lands and minerals wrongfully taken from them in the past.]

    n.d.b             Petitioner=s reply to defendant=s objection to petitioner=s proposed findings of fact before the Indian Claims Commission, The Papago Tribe of Arizona v. The United States of America. Docket No. 345. Phoenix, Royal Marks. 60 pp. [The title is the abstract. This is another of many documents submitted in support of the Papago Tribe of Arizona=s petition to be reimbursed by the federal government for lands and minerals of which they assert they had been wrongfully deprived.]

Marmaduke, W.S., and D.G. Robinson

    1983             The Chuichu survey. Evaluation of archaeological sites on the edge of the Papaguería. Flagstaff, Arizona, Northland Research, Inc. Maps, illus., refs. cited. 212 pp. [Presented here are data, based on a surface survey, relating to prehistoric Hohokam and historic Papago archaeological sites in the immediate vicinity of Chuichu on the northern edge of the Papago Indian Reservation. Carried out within the reservation, the survey was intended to evaluate sites which might have been disturbed by an agricultural development proposed under the aegis of the Central Arizona Project, Indian Distribution Division, Department of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation. Includes population data on the Sif Oidak District and a summary of the history of the Kohatk village of Chuichu.]

Marqués de Altamira

    1986             [Official documents relating to the secularization of twenty-two Jesuit missions among the Tepehuanes and Topia and the need for Jesuits to establish missions among Northern Pimans and Yumans of the Gila and Colorado rivers.] In El noroeste de México. Documentos sobre las misiones jesuíticas, 1600-1769, compiled and edited by Ernest J. Burrus and Félix Zubillaga, pp.292-303. México, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. [The Marqués de Altamira, the auditor de guerra, writes to Viceroy Güemes y Horcasitas early in 1753 insisting on the transfer of twenty-two Jesuit missions to the Durango diocese and noting the need to establish missions on the Gila and Colorado Rivers. The document also sheds further light on the Pima Revolt of 1751.]

Marquis, Arnold

    1974             A guide to America=s Indians. Ceremonies, reservations, and museums. Norman, University of Oklahoma Press. Maps, illus., bibl., index. 267 pp. [There are mentions of Papago language (p. 5), basketry (pp. 14-15), pottery (p. 19), and weaving (p. 108), and the Papago and Pima reservations are discussed in a combined section (pp. 120-121). The whole presentation is superficial. A photo of Mission San Xavier del Bac is included.]

Marsh, Dick E.

    1969             Two contemporary Papago recipes of indigenous plants and the American Southwest botanical implications. Kiva, Vol. 34, no. 4 (April), pp. 242-245. Tucson, Arizona Archaeological and Historical Society. [Reported on here are the uses of some species of two genera, Amaranthus and Opuntia, by some members of the Papago tribe who use them with contemporary recipes. Two recipes, one for Amaranthus blitoides and one for Opuntia tuna, are given.]

Marshall, Ann

    1993a           Rain. Native Peoples, Vol. 6, no. 4 (Summer), pp. 44-49. Phoenix, Media Concepts Group, Inc. [An illustrated discussion of an exhibit, "Rain," showing at the Heard Museum of Phoenix from June, 1993 through June, 1995. The Tohono O'odham are represented and their relationship to rain is briefly discussed. This part of the article is illustrated by a color reproduction of a painting by Tohono O'odham artist Michael Chiago, "Rain House and Saguaro Wine Festival." Also see Chiago (1993).]

    1993b           Rain. Native Peoples, Vol. 11, no. 1 (Fall/Winter), pp. 68-73. Phoenix, Media Concepts Group, Inc. [Reprint of Marshall, 1993a.]

Marshall, Jim

    1985             [Untitled: Mission San Xavier del Bac.] Communication Arts Magazine, Vol. 27 (August), p. 110. Palo Alto, California, Coyne & Blanchard.

Marshall, Larry

    2003             The Santa Cruz River today. sonorensis, Vol. 23, no. 1 (Winter), pp. 18-23. Tucson, Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum. [The author notes, AThe Santa Cruz River is a natural treasure for three nations: Mexico, United States, and Tohono O=odham.@ He writes that one of the river=s four stretches of continuous or intermittent flow was near Martinez Hill next to San Xavier del Bac Mission, and he observes, AThe San Xavier District of the Tohono O=odham Nation is experiencing a resurgence of interest in and work on the river, including riparian restoration, creative bank stabilization work, and reoccupation of long-abandoned farm fields. The district has access to CAP water.@]

Martin, Calvin

    1981             The American Indian as miscast ecologist. The History Teacher, Vol,. 14, no. 2 (February), pp. 243-252. Long Beach, California, Society for History Education. [Ruth Underhill=s discussion of Papagos= beliefs in the power of plants and animals in Singing for Power is cited on p. 250.]

Martin, Don W.

    1973             4 fascinating things in Tucson. Motorland, September-October, pp. 40-43. San Francisco, California State Automobile Association. [One of the fascinating things to do is visit Mission San Xavier del Bac on the Papago Indian Reservation. The mission and its surroundings are described in one photo and in a text on pages 40-41.]

Martin, Douglas D.

    1963             An Arizona chronology: the territorial years, 1846-1912. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. Bibl., index. Unpaged. [Listed in this chronology are the creation of the San Xavier Reservation for Papago Indians on July 1, 1874, and the fact that on April 20, 1893 Tucson circulated a petition opposing a proposed Papago Indian Reservation.]

    1966             An Arizona chronology: statehood, 1912-1936. Edited by Patricia Paylore. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. Unpaged. [This chronology of events notes that on October 17, 1916, an effort by the Tucson Chamber of Commerce to have the new Papago Indian Reservation abolished failed; January 13, 1917, the State Legislature petitioned Congress to abandon the newly-created Papago Reservation; February 13, 1917, the new Papago Reservation is reduced in size via Executive order; April 20, 1931, the mayor of Tucson tells a U.S. Senate sub-committee that the city wants to sink water wells on the reservation, but is told Congress will do nothing to impair Indians= rights; June 9, 1932, Franciscan priests, after an absence there of 104 years, occupy quarters again within Mission San Xavier; November 26, 1932, Tucson Chamber of Commerce fights Ato restore the freedom of mining prospectors@ on the Papago Reservation; and December 31, 1934, Indian Reorganization Act opens Papago Reservation to mineral entry.]

Martin, Judy

    1997             Arizona walls: if only they could speak. Phoenix, Arizona, Double B Publications. Map, illus., bibl., index. 288 pp. [This tour of Arizona historical sites includes an account of Mission San Xavier del Bac.]

Martin, Patricia Ann D.

    1999             AThe daughters of changing woman: representations from three genres of American Indian women as culture bearers and survivors.@ Ph.D. dissertation, University of Texas, Arlington. 306 pp. [In this dissertation, the writer provides a comparative genre study involving the novel, as-told-to-autobiography, and selected anthropological writings Ato determine how different types of texts affect the manner in which the female survivor and culture bearer is presented.@ Included among the texts examined is Ruth Underhill=s Papago woman (Underhill 1936a).]

Martin, Patricia P.

    1983             Images and conversations: Mexican Americans recall a southwestern past. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. 110 pp. [Scattered mention throughout of the Mexican community at Los Reales, part of which was on land that in 1874 became the San Xavier Papago Indian Reservation; of Mission San Xavier; and of Papagos (e.g., Papagos in competition with Mexicans in the business of selling firewood in Tucson).]

    1998             Songs my mother sang to me. An oral history of Mexican American women. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. Illus., index. xxvii + 224 pp. [Among this gathering oral histories of Arizona Mexican American women is one by Eva Wilbur Cruce, whose grandfather was physician Reuben A. Wilbur. While no mention is made of the fact, Wilbur was agent for the Papago Indians in the early 1870s and was largely responsible for creation of the first Papago Indian Reservation (at San Xavier) in 1874. Wilbur-Cruce asserts that her grandfather came to Arizona in 1863 with Charles Poston.]

Martín Bernal, Cristóbal

    1966             Diary of Lieutenant Cristóbal Martín Bernal. In Father Kino in Arizona, by Fay Jackson Smith, John L. Kessell, and Francis J. Fox, pp. 35-47. Phoenix, Arizona Historical Foundation. [This is an account by a lieutenant in the Spanish army of an expedition made by him and twenty-two other soldiers in November, 1697, down the San Pedro River, down a portion of the Gila River, and up the Santa Cruz River and back to the mission of Dolores on the headwaters of the Río San Miguel. He describes his friendly, allied encounters with Northern Pimans (Sobaipuris) on the San Pedro River, as well as his visiting the Northern Piman settlements at Santa Catalina (north of Tucson), San Agustín (Tucson), San Xavier del Bac, San Cayetano del Tumacácori, and Guevavi. These are important early descriptions of these places.]

Martínez, Lorenzo

    1997             [Letter to General José Urrea, Governor of the Department of Sonora, from Altar, December 21, 1842.] In A frontier documentary. Sonora and Tucson, 1821-1848, edited by Kieran R. McCarty, pp. 72-73. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. [The political chief at Altar, Sonora, writes that in recent weeks Papagos have besieged the mines at Quitovac and stolen two hundred head of cattle. A Mexican armed military force has been put together to enable Mexicans at Quitovac and San Perfecto to retreat to Altar should it be necessary. He also expresses some concern about an alliance between Yaquis and Papagos.]

Martínez, Oscar J.

    1988             Troublesome border. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. Maps, notes, bibl. xii + 177 pp. [Tohono O'odham are mentioned on pp. 67 (raided by Apaches), 68 (participation in Camp Grant Massacre), 74 (Yaquis settling among them), 76 (included among some 80,000 indigenous peoples living on the Mexican side of the border), and 154 (have maintained a relatively autonomous existence).]

Martynek, Richard J.

     1987            The Black Mountain trincheras site. In The San Xavier Archaeological Project [Southwest Cultural Series, No. 1, Vol. 5], by Peter L. Steere and others, appendix F1. Tucson, Cultural & Environmental Systems, Inc. [This 37-page report, complete with a topographic map of Black Mountain on the San Xavier Reservation showing the location of archaeological features, is focused on the rock walls and stone circles on the mountain. The report attempts to place the Black Mountain site within the context of other trincheras sites throughout the Papaguería. (Conspicuous by its absence is consideration of the fact that some of the stone features on Back Mountain are the result of children=s building walls in play, something to which Bernard Fontana can attest in that his children and those of O=odham neighbors are known by him to have done so when he was present.)]

Masayesva, Sandra

    1977             Papago tribe. Indian Programs, Vol. 2, no. 9 (Summer), p. 4. Tucson, The University of Arizona. [Note to the effect that four agencies are cooperating in a natural resources inventory of the Papago Indian reservation utilizing remote sensing techniques.]

Maruca, Mary

    2000             A kid's guide to exploring Saguaro National Park. Tucson, Southwest Parks and Monuments Association. Maps, illus. 12 pp. [Among the many color illustrations here are five photos showing Tohono O'odham, including three that illustrate aspects of the saguaro fruit harvest. The text notes that Tohono O'odham have lived in the Sonoran Desert for hundreds of years and that they sometimes used wood from saguaros in building their homes. It's also erroneously asserted that "Spanish in the region encounter the Tohono O'odham" in 1600.]

    2001             A kid's guide to exploring Casa Grande Ruins National Monument. Tucson, Southwest Parks and Monuments Association. Illus. 12 pp. [Included in this booklet about the prehistoric ruins of Casa Grande in southern Arizona is the following assertion: "O'odham: We are their (i.e., prehistoric Hohokam) descendants. They showed us how to live on the land. We remember many things they taught us."]

Marvin, Betty

    2001             Indian market. Arizona Highways, Vol. 77, no. 11 (November), pp. 6-11. Phoenix, Arizona Department of Transportation. [A color-illustrated article about the annual Indian market held each December at South Mountain Park on the southern edge of Phoenix makes mention of "Chicken Scratch Music from Sells, Arizona," music of the Tohono O'odham and Pima "that sometimes sounds like Mexican mariachi, sometimes like polka."]

Mason, John A.

    1916             Tepecano, a Piman language of western Mexico. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, Vol. 25, June, pp. 309-416. New York, New York Academy of Sciences. [Pages 312-313: AThe Tepehuane language differs little from the Pima, both Upper and Lower. The Tepecano and the Pima of Arizona, the southernmost and northernmost members of the group appear to be more closely related than the Tepecano and Huichol, adjacent tongues.@]

    1920             The Papago harvest festival. American Anthropologist, Vol. 22, no. 1 (January-March), pp. 13-25. Lancaster, Pennsylvania, American Anthropological Association. [A detailed description of the Papago Harvest ceremony of AVigita,@ as Asecured in January, 1919, at Santa Rosa where the writer was engaged in pursuing linguistic studies on Papago for the Southwest Society of New York and the University of California.@]

    1921             The Papago migration legend. The Journal of American Folklore, Vol. 34, no. 133 (July-September), pp. 254-268. Lancaster, American Folk-Lore Society. [This version of the Papago migration myth was secured at Santa Rosa, Arizona on the Papago Reservation in January, 1919, from Abraham Pablo. The Children=s Shrine at Santa Rosa is also discussed. An abstract of the legend is on pages 267-68.]

    1936             The classification of the Sonoran languages. In Essays in Anthropology, presented to A.L. Kroeber, edited by Robert H. Lowie, pp. 183-198. Berkeley, University of California Press. [A general discussion of Papago and other Sonoran languages and their relationship to one another. There is an appendix by Benjamin Whorf on pages 197-98 that lists Papago.]

    1950             The language of the Papago of Arizona [University of Pennsylvania Museum Monographs, no. 3]. Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania. 83 pp. [Based on the Tecolote dialect of Papago spoken by Juan Dolores, this volume represents one of the earlier attempts to provide an overview of the Papago language. See Kurath (1945) for an earlier effort.]

    1959             The Tepehuán of Northern Mexico. Amerikanistische Miszellen, Vol. 25. Hamburg, Hamburgisches Museum für Volkerkunde und Vorgeschichte. [This essay is reprinted in Mason (1971).]

    1971             The Tepehuan of northern Mexico. In The North Mexican frontier, edited by Basil C. Hedrick, J. Charles Kelley, and Carroll L. Riley, pp. 217-224. Carbondale and Edwardsville, Southern Illinois University Press. [It=s noted that the Tepehuan are members of the Piman-Tepehuan linguistic family which includes Papago, Upper and Lower Pima, and Tepecano (p. 218). The language of the Lower Pima may be closer to Tepehuan than to Pima-Papago (p. 224).]

Mason, John A., and David M. Brugge

    1958             Notes on the Lower Pima. In Miscellanea Paul Rivet otogenario dictata [Congreso Internacional de Americanistas], Vol. 1, pp. 277-297. México, D.F. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. [Mention is made of the territory of the Lower Pima of Sonora having historically been contiguous to that of the Papagos, and comparisons are drawn between Papago and other Piman languages.]

Mason, John S.

    1897             [Letter to Col. R.C. Drum, Assistant Adjutant General, Department of the Pacific.] In The War of the Rebellion: a compilation of the official records of the Union and Confederate armies, series 1, Vol. 50, part II, pp. 1247-1248. Washington, Government Printing Office. [Letter dated May 30, 1865 and written at Maricopa Wells. Mason was Brigadier General of Volunteers, Commanding the District of Arizona. The first part of this letter relates to recruitment of Pima and Maricopa Indians to aid the U.S. military in its campaigns against the Apaches. He also writes: AI propose starting Colonel Lewis with three companies of his regiment and some 200 Papago Indians on a campaign in Southeastern Arizona.@]

Mason, Julia M.

    1994             AO=odham ki: the development of a theme residence and its effect on American Indian students.@ Master of Arts thesis, The University of Arizona, Tucson. 83 pp. [AO=odham ki@ translates as AO=odham house.@ In this instance it refers to a wing established within a residence hall exclusively for use by American Indian students, residents who had been at risk for dropping out of college. ... The American Indian wing was the beginning of a retention program that encourages Indians to remain at college without compromising cultural values.@]

Mason, Otis T.

    1892             Report of the Department of Ethnology in the U.S. National Museum, 1891. Annual Report of the Smithsonian Institution 1891. Report of the U.S. National Museum, pp. 135-144. Washington, Government Printing Office. [Among the accessions listed by the department for the year is this one on page 141: APapagos, Arizona. -- Capt. John C. Bourke, U.S. Army, halter. (Acc 24142) @]

    1896             Primitive travel and transportation. Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution, pp. 237-593. Washington, Government Printing Office. [Included here are a description and illustration of Papago sandals (pp. 469-471); the burden basket known as a kiho, described here and illustrated in a line drawing (p. 471); line drawings of a Papago woman and a kiho based on photographs taken at San Xavier by William Dinwiddie in 1894 (pp. 472-473); a note to the effect that the U.S. National Museum has a Papago kiho contributed by W J McGee (p. 489) as well as a Papago cradle board, also contributed by W J McGee (p. 537).]

    1904             Aboriginal American basketry: studies in textile art without machinery. Annual Report of the Smithsonian Institution, 1902. Report of the U.S. National Museum, pp. 171-548. Washington, Government Printing Office. [Mention is made of a Sonoran Papago carrying frame (kiho), including a sketch of a woman using the device (p. 339), and there is a discussion of Papago and Pima basketry, including twilled work, with mention made of collections made by Frank Russell and Edward Palmer.]

    1970             Aboriginal American basketry: studies in textile art without machinery. Glorieta, New Mexico, Rio Grande Press. [Reprint of Mason (1904).]

Masse, W. Bruce

    1979             An intensive survey of prehistoric dry farming systems near Tumamoc Hill in Tucson, Arizona. Kiva, Vol. 45, nos. 1-2 (Fall-inter), pp. 141-186. Tucson, Arizona Archaeological and Historical Society. [An archaeological survey of the area around Tumamoc Hill revealed, among other things, sherds of Papago plainware pottery jars and a Papago projectile point (illustrated). Mention is also made of Papago floodwater farming.]

    1980             Excavations at Gu Achi. A reappraisal of Hohokam settlement and subsistence in the Arizona Papagueria. Western Archeological Center Publications in Anthropology, no. 12. Tucson, Western Archeological Center, National Park Service. [This is a 458-page report on archaeological findings at Gu Achi, Pisinemo, and Sil Nakya on the Papago Indian Reservation. All materials discussed are prehistoric, and the author tentatively concludes that Papago Indians are more recent in the region (ca. 16th century). There are occasional references to Papagos in terms of ethnographic analogies with prehistoric remains.]

    1981             A reappraisal of the protohistoric Sobaipuri Indians of southeastern Arizona. Anthropological Research Papers, no. 24, pp. 28-56. Tempe, Department of Anthropology, Arizona State University. [Masse concludes that Piman Indians whom the Spaniards called ASobaipuri@ were not the direct lineal descendants of prehistoric Hohokam. ASobaipuris@ lived at San Xavier del Bac, later absorbed by APapago@ Indians from the desert country to the west.]

    1982             Hohokam ceramic art: regionalism and the imprint of societal change. Arizona Archaeologist, no. 15, pp. 70-105. Phoenix, Arizona Archaeological Society. [A discussion of the problem of the prehistoric-historic continuum in the Papagueria, including the relation of Papago ceramics to other (including earlier) wares is on pages 90-92. No conclusions are reached.]

Massee, William

    1980             The great Southwest. Harper=s Bazaar, Vol. 113, no. 3219 (February), pp. 12, 16, 28, 30. New York, The Hearts Corporation. [A travel guide, one that incidentally mentions Papagos in a list of Indians of the Southwest.]

Matejka, Richard A.

    1978             White dove of the desert. Locater, Vol. 1, no. 5 (August), front cover. Lake Havasu City, Arizona, Locater Publications, Inc. [This is a color photo by Matejka of the south elevation of the church of Mission San Xavier del Bac.]

Mathias, Dana

    1999             Being Indian. In When the rain sings. Poems by young Native Americans, edited by David Gale, pp. 45-49. Washington, D.C., National Museum of the American Indian, Smithsonian Institution; New York, Simon & Schuster. [Mathias is a 14-year-old Tohono O'odham student at Baboquivari High School. This is a poem about taking pride in one's Indianness.]

    2000             Being Indian. ArtsReach, Vol. 1, no. 1 (October/November), p. 3. [Tucson], s.n. [This is a reprint of Mathias (1999).]

Mathiot, Madeleine

    n.d.               A dictionary of Papago usage: volume II, ku-?u [Language Science Monographs], Vol. 8/2. Bloomington, Indiana, Research Center for Language and Semiotic Studies. [This is the second volume of a Papago-English dictionary intended primarily for the linguistically untutored speaker of Papago. By far the most extensive Papago-English dictionary available, it is not presented in the orthography later officially adopted by the Tohono O=odham Nation. See Mathiot (1973a) for the first volume of the dictionary.]

    1957             A practical orthography for the Pápago language based on a phonemic analysis. Washington, D.C., Georgetown University, Institute of Languages and Linguistics. 60 pp. [The title is the abstract.]

    1962             Noun classes and folk taxonomy in Papago. American Anthropologist, Vol. 64, no. 2 (April), pp. 340-350. Menasha, American Anthropological Association. [This discussion is complete with tables of Papago noun classes and their relation to folk taxonomy. An attempt is made to examine how affinities between the Papago language and culture can be discerned on the basis of a pilot study rather than via an extensive field investigation.]

    1963             AA procedure for investigating language and cultural relations,@ an unpublished paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Southwestern Anthropological Association, April 11-15. .11 pages. [This paper concerns the study of the relationship between language and culture, specifically the study of the cognitive system of culture through its language. The methodology was developed while the author studied the Papago language. A portion of the paper deals exclusively with Papago linguistics.]

    1964             Noun classes and folk taxonomy in Papago. In Language in culture and society, edited by Dell Hymes, pp. 254-163. New York, Evanston, and London, Harper and Row, Publishers. [This is a reprint of Mathiot (1962).]

    1966             AAn approach to the study of language-and-culture relations.@ Ph.D. dissertation, The Catholic University of America, Washington, D.C. 365 pp. [Using the Papago language as an example, this dissertation presents an inductive approach to the study of the relation among the language, culture, and cognitive system of a people. See Mathiot (1968).]

    1967a           The cognitive significance of the category of nominal number in Papago. In Studies in southwestern ethnolinguistics, edited by Dell H. Hymes and William E. Bittle, pp. 197-237. The Hague and Paris, Mouton & Company. [AThis paper reports on research following up an earlier investigation into the cognitive significance of a grammatical category in Papago, namely, nominal number. The paper has four parts: an introduction to the conceptual frame of reference; a systematic outline of the distinctions on which the conceptual frame of reference depends; a presentation of the details of the analysis; and a summary of the analysis.@]

    1967b           The place of the dictionary in linguistic description. Language, Vol. 43, no. 1, part 1 (September), pp. 703-724. Baltimore, Linguistic Society of America. [AThis paper reports on the initial approach followed in the compilation of the Papago-English dictionary of usage. The problems met, the revision of the approach, and the solutions that were finally adopted are discussed.@]

    1968a           An approach to the cognitive study of language. Folklore and Linguistics Publication, 45. Bloomington, Indiana University Research Center in Anthropology. [This is the published version of Mathiot (1966).]

    1968b           An approach to the cognitive study of language. International Journal of American Linguistics, Vol. 35, no. 1, part 2 (January), pp. 1-224. Bloomington, Indiana University. [This is also the published version of Mathiot (1966).]

    1973a           A dictionary of Papago usage: Vol. 1, b-k [Language Science Monographs, Vol. 8/1]. Bloomington, Indiana University. 504 pp. [This is the first volume of Mathiot (n.d.).]

    1973b           English and Papago compared. In Bilingualism in the Southwest, edited by Paul R. Turner, pp. 251-274. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. [AMathiot presents a sketch of the respective phonological systems of English and Papago and then concentrates on a comparison of the most salient grammatical categories of the two languages.@]

    1983             Papago semantics. In Handbook of North American Indians, edited by William C. Sturvevant, Vol. 10, Southwest, edited by Alfonso Ortiz, pp. 201-211. Washington, Smithsonian Institution. [A study of the most striking semantic characteristics of Papago grammatical categories.]

Mathis, Brad

    1980             Time exposure of Mission San Xavier del Bac. In 1980-1981 school calendar, front cover. Tucson, Sunnyside Unified School District No. 12. [Photographer Mathis, who took this color photo of the southeast elevation of Mission San Xavier del Bac at night, was a student at Sunnyside High School at the time.]

Matis, John A., and Thomas J. Zwemer

    1971             Odontognathic discrimination of United States Indian and Eskimo groups. Journal of Dental Research, Vol. 50, no. 5 (September-October), pp. 1245-1248. Chicago, International Association for Dental Research. [ASelected measurements from dental casts of 216 individuals in four groups of Indians and one group of Eskimos were subjected to discriminant analysis. Eskimos and Indians could be distinguished at least 90% of the time.@ Forty Papagos were included in the sample.]

Matis, John R.

    1970             AHydrogeology of the Sells area, Papago Indian Reservation, Arizona.@ Master=s thesis, The University of Arizona, Tucson. 59 pp. [This study was undertaken to determine the water development possibilities of the Sells area. Results indicate well yields that exceed 200 g.p.m. west of Sells in the Baboquivari and Quijotoa valleys. A similar situation probably exists east of Sells, but the data are incomplete. Includes a discussion of the geology in this area. Maps, illustrations, and bibliography included.]

Matson, Daniel S.

    1953             Papago recordings. Arizona Quarterly, Vol. 9, no. 1 (Spring), pp. 45-54. Tucson, University of Arizona. [These are translations into English by Matson of stories originally dictated to him in Papago by native informants. They include stories of the coyote and the rabbit; the coyote and the quail; world beginnings; how rattlesnake got his poison; and the dead.]

    1972             Indian writing systems. In Look to the mountaintop, edited by Robert L. Iacopi, Bernard L. Fontana, and Charles Jones, pp. 99-100. San Jose, California, Gousha Publications. [Briefly discussed and illustrated here is the Papago calendar stick, a saguaro rib upon which marks were made annually as mnenomic aids for the keeper of the stick to enable him to recite that year's important events.]

Matson, Daniel S., and Bernard L. Fontana

    1977             And that=s the way it was. Arizona, April 3, pp. 24, 26-31. Phoenix, Arizona Republic. [Reprinted here are excerpts from the introduction and body of the text of Bringas (1977), excerpts accompanied by reproduction of a map compiled by Father Diego Bringas in 1795 of the Pimería Alta. Both introduction and excerpts relate to the ways in which Franciscan administration of affairs among the Northern Pimans was being proposed.]

    1977             Also see Bringas (1977)

    1991             Introduction. In The Franciscan missions of northern Mexico [Spanish borderlands Sourcebooks, edited by David H. Thomas, Vol. 20], edited with an introduction by Thomas E. Sheridan, Charles W. Polzer, Thomas H. Naylor, and Diana W. Hadley, pp. 327-360. New York & London, Garland Publishing, Inc. [This is a facsimile of the introduction to Bringas (1977). It explains in detail the Franciscans= program intended to bring about the cultural assimilation of the Northern Piman Indians.]

    1996             See Sedelmayr (1996)

Matson, G. Albin; Thomas A. Burch, Herbert F. Polesky, and others

    1968             Distribution of hereditary factors in the blood of Indians of the Gila River, Arizona. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, Vol. 29, no. 3 (November), pp. 311-337. Philadelphia, The Wistar Institute of Anatomy and Biology. [This paper reports the distribution of blood groups, A-B-H secretors, haptoglobins, transferrins, and hemoglobin types among Indians of the Gila River Valley in Arizona. Thirty-seven Papagos and 134 Pima-Papagos were among the 1,034 Indians in the study.]

Matter, Fred S.; Kenneth N. Clark, Jerry A. Hann, Stanley P. Schuman, and Billie J. Blanchard

    1974             A balanced approach to resource extraction and creative land development, associated with open-pit copper mining in southern Arizona. Tucson, The Arizona Board of Regents. 85 pp. [This report outlines the problems and proposes various alternative solutions to the placement of dumps and waste water resulting from the open-pit copper mines south of Tucson, Arizona. A portion of the copper properties involved is on the San Xavier Indian Reservation. Page 18 of the report briefly alludes to the special problems involved with copper mining and leasing of land on the San Xavier Reservation. The book is profusely illustrated with maps, overlays, and aerial photographs of the region involved.]

Mattison, Ray H.

    1946             Early Spanish and Mexican settlements in Arizona. New Mexico Historical Review, Vol. 21, no. 4 (October), pp. 273-327. Albuquerque, The Historical Society of New Mexico and the University of New Mexico. [Mattison observes (pp. 274, 275) that in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth-centuries Spain planned to form an effective buffer state against hostiles by making friends and allies with the peaceful Pimas and Papagos along the frontier. Mattison writes about land grants, including that made in 1807 to Piman Indian Governor Juan Legarra and lands that included Calabazas. Legarra was a native of Guevavi; he lived at Tumacácori in 1796.]

    1967             The tangled web: the controversy over the Tumacácori and Baca land grants. Journal of Arizona History, Vol. 8, no. 2 (Summer), pp. 71-90. Tucson, Arizona Pioneers= Historical Society. [This detailed discussion of the Tumacácori, Calabasas, and Baca Float grants in southern Arizona tells of the early nineteenth-century involvement of governor Juan Legarra and the Piman Indians at Tumacácori who received a grant to lands around Calabazas in 1807.]

Maughan, Scott J.

    1968             AFrancisco Garcés and New Spain=s northwestern frontier.@ Ph.D. dissertation, University of Utah, Salt Lake City. Maps, bibl. xiii + 296 pp. [A biography of the first Franciscan missionary assigned to Mission San Xavier del Bac, 1768.]

Mauldin, Barbara

    1985             Traditions in transition: contemporary basket weaving of the Southwestern Indians. Santa Fe, Laboratory of Anthropology, Museum of New Mexico Press. [Five pages are devoted to the basketry of the Pima and Papago Indians. Included are photographs of basketmakers and one each of their products, with Papagos being represented in 1983 by Barbara Havier, Anita Antone, and Norma Antone.]

Mauz, Kathryn

    2002             Plants of the Santa Cruz Valley at Tucson. Desert Plants, Vol. 18, no. 1 (June), pp. 1, 3-36. Tucson, The University of Arizona for the Boyce Thompson Southwest Arboretum. [This well-illustrated article includes a map showing the stretch of the Santa Cruz River for which plants are described. It includes the vicinity of the San Xavier Reservation and embodies a reiteration and update of the survey made by Professor John J. Thornber which was published in 1909 as well as of later collections. Specifically mentioned as having been collected near the San Xavier Mission are Chenopodium berlandieri Moquin; Chenopodium desiccatum A. Nelson; Teucrium canadense Linnaeus; Echinochla crus-galli (Linnaeus) P. Beauvois; and Populus fremontii S. Watson subsp. Fremontii.]

Maxwell, James A., editor

    1978             America's fascinating Indian heritage. Pleasantville, New York, and Montreal, The Reader's Digest Association, Inc. [Papagos are referred to as the modern descendants of the Hohokam (pp. 54, 57), and on page 232 there are photos of Juanita Ahill harvesting saguaro fruit, of saguaro fruit and rinds in a Papago basket, and a photo of a Papago (mislabeled "Pima") basketmaker. On the same page there is brief discussion of Papagos' traditional settlement pattern, means of subsistence, social organization, and the saguaro fruit harvest and attendant ceremony.]

May, Larry A.

    1973             Geological reconnaissance of the Gran Desierto region, northwestern Sonora, Mexico. Journal of the Arizona Academy of Science, Vol. 8, no. 3 (October), pp. 158-1269. Tempe, Arizona Academy of Science. [Includes a discussion of the upper Carnegie Peak lava tube in the Pinacate Mountains in northwestern Sonora, a tube known to Papagos as I=itoi=s Cave. AWithin the cave pilgrims left arrows, prayer sticks and other fetishes to ensure successful journeys and hunts@ (p. 161).]

Mayberry, James D.

    1983             The Hohokam and protohistoric periods. In An archeological assessment of the Middle Santa Cruz River Basin, Rillito to Green Valley, Arizona, for the proposed Tucson Aqueduct Phase B, Central Arizona Project [Arizona State Museum Archaeological Series, no. 164], by Jon Czaplicki and James D. Mayberry, pp. 27-62. Tucson, Arizona State Museum, The University of Arizona. [Mayberry includes here a discussion of matters in connection with the identification of Piman communities in southern Arizona in the period immediately preceding and immediately following the arrival of Spaniards in the region in the late seventeenth century.]

Mayer, Enrique, and Elio Masferrer

    1979             La población indígena de América en 1978. América Indígena, Vol. 39, no. 2 (Abril-Junio), pp. 217-337. México, Instituto Indigenista Interamericano. [A chart on p. 260 gives a population estimate of 700 for Papagos in Sonora.]

Mayo, Gretchen W.

    1993a           Meet tricky coyote! New York, Walker and Co. Illus., sources. 36 pp. [Among the five Native American coyote tales adapted and illustrated here by Mayo for children is the Papago tale of "What's So Great About Cranes" as related by Juan Dolores to Henriette Kroeber in 1910.]

    1993b           That tricky coyote! New York, Walker and Co. Illus., sources. 35 pp. [This book for children features illustrations by Mayo and her retelling of Native American trickster tales. Among those in this gathering of five such tales is a "Pima" one related by Papago Indian José Lewis Brennan about "Blue Coyote."]

Mazon, Shirley A.T.

    1985             ACultural and economic motivation among Pima and Papago basket weavers.@ Master of Arts thesis, Arizona State University, Tempe. Map, illus. ix + 124 pp.

McAninch, Fred

    1994             The cemetery of the Presidio of San Agustín de Tucson. Newsletter, no. 20 (July/August), pp. [4]-[5]. Tucson, Los Descendientes del Presidio de Tucson. [McAninch cites an inventory of the Tucson Presidio chapel belongings compiled in 1820 by the pastor of Mission San Xavier del Bac, Father Juan Vañó. Among the belongings were three books listing burials in the presidial cemetery; some of those buried there were Indians (tribe unspecified).]

McCarry, Charles

    1980             The great Southwest. Photographs by George C. Mobley. Washington, D.C., National Geographic Society. 199 pp. [The author recounts a short time spent on the Papago Reservation in 1979 with Papago Indians Danny and Ramon Lopez.]

McCarthy, James

    1985             A Papago traveler. The memories of James McCarthy. Edited by John G. Westover. Tucson, Sun Tracks and the University of Arizona Press. Map, illus., index. xxiv + 200 pp. [This is an autobiography of a Papago Indian who was born in southern Arizona in the village of Littlefield in 1895. He went to Indian boarding school in Santa Fe, New Mexico; he worked in fields in southern Colorado, walking all the way from there to his home on the San Xavier Indian Reservation; he served in Europe in World War I; he was an officer in the Ajo, Arizona, Indian police force; he was a janitor in the Geronimo Hotel in Tucson; he was a Christian Science healer; and he lived much of his later life on the San Xavier Reservation. Also see Moffitt (1985).]

McCarthy, Michael

    1977             It=s in the can. The Conference on Historic Site Archaeology Papers 1976, Vol.

11, pp. 69-97. Columbia, Institute of Archeology and Anthropology, University of South Carolina. [A study of the economics and nutritive value of canned foods at the Jackrabbit Mine on the Papago Indian Reservation based on analysis of tin cans recovered there archaeologically.] 

McCarty, Kieran R.

    1973             AFranciscan beginnings on the Arizona-Sonora desert, 1767-1770.@ Ph.D. dissertation, The Catholic University of America, Washington, D.C. Maps, bibl. iii + 177 pp. [This is a close examination of the first two years of the Franciscans= assumption of missionary duties in the Pimería Alta missions that had been founded by Jesuits and from which the Jesuits had been expelled in 1767. The friars who manned the missions were from the Colegio de Santa Cruz de Querétaro in Mexico. There is considerable information here about San Xavier and Tucson and its native Piman population.]

    1975                                     Tucson in 1804. In Tucson bicentennial program, edited by Dick Frontain, pp. 37-38. Tucson, Salpointe Development Publications. [McCarty summarizes information from a report written in 1804 by Captain José de Zúñiga, commandant of the Tucson presidio. Zúñiga, when asked for a report on public works worthy of note, could cite only one: Mission San Xavier del Bac, which he describes in some detail. It was also noted that only the Pimas at Tucson and San Xavier cultivated cotton and wove a domestic fabric for their own use. A black-and-white photo by Dick Frontain of the south elevation of the church of San Xavier, including its reflection in a pool of standing water in the foreground, accompanies McCarty=s article.]

    1976a                                   Bibliografía ampliada sobre los Pimas Norteños y la colonización Hispano-Americana. In Sonora: antropología del desierto [Colección Científica Diverso, 27], coordinated by Beatriz Braniff C. and Richard S. Felger, pp. 311-330. México, SEP, Instituto Nacional Antropología e Historia, Centro Regional del Noroeste. [This is an annotated bibliography of twenty-six published and unpublished sources, principally the latter, concerning the Spanish and Mexican-period history of the Pimería Alta. One c. 1685 document relates to the rebellion by the Northern Pimans at Mututicachi, the southeasternmost Piman outpost at the time.]

    1976b                                   Desert documentary: the Spanish years, 1767-1821 [Historical Monograph, no. 4]. Tucson, Arizona Historical Society. Illus., index. 150 pp. [This gathering of translations into English by McCarty of twenty Spanish-period documents includes his brief introduction to each of them. For those that relate directly to Northern Pimans, see Allande y Saavedra (1976), Anza (1976a, b), Belderrain (1976), Garcés (1976a, b), León (1976), León and others (1976), Oconor, Garcés, and Carmona (1976), Pineda (1976), Velderrain (1976), and Zúñiga (1976).]

    1977                                     Through the eyes of a Franciscan historian: a documentary of Bac. In Bac: where the waters gather, by John P. Schaefer, Celestine Chinn, and Kieran R. McCarty, pp. 41-53. [Tucson], privately printed. [These are translations into English, with introductions, of documents in Spanish related to the Spanish-period history of Mission San Xavier del Bac. They include those by Eusebio Kino from 1692 and 1700; Juan Bautista Velderrain (1977) from 1774; Francisco Iturralde (1977) from 1797; and José Zúñiga (1977) from 1804.]

    1978                                     Our desert under Spain and Mexico: the diocesan story, 1691-1860. In Shepherds in the desert, by Charles W. Polzer, Kieran R. McCarty, and Robert L. Nordmeyer, pp. 17-39. Tucson, Silver Jubilee Committee, Diocese of Tucson. [Although the Jesuit and Franciscan-period mission history of Sonora is discussed here, this is primarily a history of the diocesan structure of Sonora and its various bishops, including the fifth Bishop of Sonora, Bernardo del Espíritu Santo, who paid a visit to Mission Tumacácori on January 2, 1821 and a visit to Mission San Xavier del Bac on January 4, 1821, where he performed 400 confirmations (p. 34).]

    1981                                     A Spanish frontier in the enlightened age. Franciscan beginnings in Sonora and Arizona, 1767-1770. Washington, D.C., Academy of American Franciscan History. Maps, illus., bibl., index. 116 pp. [This is the published version of McCarty (1973).]

    1987a                                   Perspective and prospectus. Dove of the Desert, no. 1 (Summer), pp. [1]-[3]. Tucson, Franciscans at San Xavier Mission. [This is an appeal for support to the Friends of San Xavier Mission, one asking them to help with the preservation and presentation of the mission church. Featured, with a drawing of same, is what may have been the mission=s dining room at one time, a room proposed for conversion into a display area. (This is the sala de profundis, or chapter meeting room.)]

    1987b                                   Voices from the unfinished tower -- an historian=s scrapbook. Dove of the Desert, no. 2 (Winter), pp. [1]-[3]. Tucson, San Xavier Mission Parish. [McCarty tells about Franciscan missionary Joseph Ignacio Ramírez de Arellano=s early career as a friar, that which began in 1798 and which in 1802 took him to Mission San Xavier del Bac. This is the first part of a two-part mini-biography.]

    1988                                     Voices from the unfinished tower -- an historian=s scrapbook. Dove of the Desert, no. 3 (Autumn), pp. [1]-[3]. Tucson, San Xavier Mission Parish. [The second installment of McCarty (1987b), this is about Friar Joseph Ramírez de Arellano and his journey to serve as a priest at Mission San Xavier del Bac. He died at San Xavier in 1805. The story of his stay at San Xavier is outlined.]

    1990                                     Kino and the Arizona context. Westfriars, Vol. 23, no. 10 (November), pp. 6-7. Tucson, Franciscan Province of St. Barbara. [Historian and Franciscan priest McCarty summarizes the story of the life of Jesuit missionary Eusebio Francisco Kino and reflects on his own work and that of other friars, including Bonaventure Oblasser, among the Pima and Papago (Tohono O=odham) people.]

    1994a                                   Armaggedon in the missions. In Selections from A frontier documentary: Mexican Tucson, 1821-1856 [Working Paper Series, no. 22], compiled, translated, and edited by Kieran R. McCarty, p. 20. Tucson, The University of Arizona, Mexican American Studies & Research Center. [This is McCarty=s introduction to a report by Grande (1994). Writing about the collapse of the mission system in the Pimería Alta that followed in the wake of Mexican independence, he observes, AThe beginning of the end of mission economy of Pimería Alta had nothing to do with religion, as overzealous defenders of the sacred might surmise, but everything to do with money and politics B we might add, as usual.@].

    1994b                                   Eyes and ears of Occidente on the Gila. In Selections from A frontier documentary: Mexican Tucson, 1821-1856 [Working Paper Series, no. 22], compiled, translated, and edited by Kieran R. McCarty, p. 4. Tucson, The University of Arizona, Mexican American Studies & Research Center. [McCarty=s introduction to a November 4, 1826 report of Ignacio Pacheco to the Governor of Occidente notes: ASuspicion ran high that even the loyal (to Spaniards) Pimas (on the Gila River) were not above playing middleman between, for example, (fur trapper) Old Bill Williams and the Papagos B who surreptitiously relieved Mexican ranches of their mules, which were guarded in turn by the Pimas until an American party came along.@]

    1994c                                   Manuel Escalante defends the missions. In Selections from A frontier documentary: Mexican Tucson, 1821-1856 [Working Paper Series, no. 22], compiled, translated, and edited by Kieran R. McCarty, p. 22. Tucson, The University of Arizona, Mexican American Studies & Research Center. [McCarty=s introduction to a January 13, 1830 letter of Manuel Escalante y Arvizu (1994a) explains the circumstances under which Athe ruling powers of (the State of) Occidente to rape the missions of the Pimería Alta in 1829 were finally foiled by Manuel Escalante (y Arvizu).@]

    1994d                                   A Piman prophecy. In Selections from A frontier documentary: Mexican Tucson, 1821-1856 [Working Paper Series, no. 22], compiled, translated, and edited by Kieran R. McCarty, p. 28. Tucson, The University of Arizona, Mexican American Studies & Research Center. [McCarty=s introduction to Neblina (1994) notes how Francisco Neblina, the native (O=odham) governor of Caborca, in 1835 correctly predicted the disappearance of his people from the mission communities of Saric, Tubutama, Oquitoa, and, for all practical purposes, Caborca. McCarty further mentions Enrique Tejeda, Anative captain general of the Papagos,@ an appointed position that has lasted im Sonora to the present. He also writes of Franciscan Father Faustino González, a native-born Spaniard who arrived at the mission of Caborca in 1805, who oversaw completion of the church there in 1809, and who died when he was more than 70 in 1840.]

    1994e                                   Return of the missions to the Franciscans. In Selections from A frontier documentary: Mexican Tucson, 1821-1856 [Working Paper Series, no. 22], compiled, translated, and edited by Kieran R. McCarty, p. 26. Tucson, The University of Arizona, Mexican American Studies & Research Center. [Introducing a portion of a May 25, 1830 letter of Fernando Grande (1994b), McCarty observes that the Grande report on Mission San Xavier del Bac is repeated for the other Pimería Alta missions. The missions were being handed over to Fray José María Pérez Llera, and this after Athe disruptive Spanish Expulsion of 1828,@ an expulsion order that included Spanish-born Franciscan missionaries.]

    1997a                                   Armaggedon in the missions. In A frontier documentary. Sonora and Tucson, 1821-1848, edited by Kieran R. McCarty, pp. 16-17. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. [A reprint of McCarty (1994a).]

    1997b                                   The authority of the Papago governors is renewed. In A frontier documentary. Sonora and Tucson, 1821-1848, edited by Kieran R. McCarty, p. 85. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. [In this introduction to three documents that follow, McCarty notes that a formal peace treaty between Mexicans and Papagos was written soon after May 11, 1843. The peace talks were held in Tucson in June, 1843. APapagos were not content with a single meeting, however high the level of participation. In fact, Sonoran officials were receiving protestations of loyalty from sectors of the Papaguería for nearly a year after their initial promise of loyalty at the June peace parley. The final and climactic declaration was made personally by (Gila River Pima) Culo Azul ... at Guaymas on April 28, 1844.@

                                                     McCarty also notes that in 1843 Aa joint force composed of an enormous gathering of Papagos and 250 Mexican troops also waged a joint campaign against the Apaches.@]

    1997c                                   The battle of Cóbota. In A frontier documentary. Sonora and Tucson, 1821-1848, edited by Kieran R. McCarty, p. 66. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. [ABy 1840,@ writes McCarty, Ait was well known that the principal source of these raids (by Papagos on Mexican cattle) was the so-called Tecolote district, most of which is still within the Tohono O=odham reservation in the United States. In 1840, however, the fortress-like village of Cóbota in the Cóbota hills just south of the present border, dominated the district, since it served district dwellers against pursuing Mexican ranchers. ... On May 11, 1840, 150 Altar auxiliaries clashed with more than a hundred Papagos near Cóbota in the Tecolote district of the Papaguería. One Mexican and twelve Papagos were killed.@]

    1997d                                   A description of the San Xavier and Tucson missions. In A frontier documentary. Sonora and Tucson, 1821-1848, edited by Kieran R. McCarty, p. 88. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. [McCarty introduces an anonymous document written in 1843 by someone in the Tucson office of the justice of the peace, one that describes in considerable detail the physical condition of the properties of both mission San Xavier del Bac and of its visita in Tucson.]

    1997e                                   The eyes and ears of Occidente on the Gila. In A frontier documentary. Sonora and Tucson, 1821-1848, edited by Kieran R. McCarty, pp. 5-6. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. [A reprint of McCarty (1994b).]

    1997f                                    A final report on the Pimería Alta. In A frontier documentary. Sonora and Tucson, 1821-1848, edited by Kieran R. McCarty, pp. 93-94. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. [McCarty=s introduction to a report by Father Francisco Xavier Vásquez, the diocesan pastor of the Altar, Sonora parish, on the situation of the missions of the Pimería Alta, explains that the College of Holy Cross in Querétaro, which had supplied Franciscans for those missions, had withdrawn its support in 1842. One Quereteran friar, however, Father Antonio González, Aby legally joining the Franciscan province of Guadalajara, which still staffed the missions of eastern Sonora,@ was able to continue alone in the Pimería Alta until his death late in 1843 or early in 1844. The purpose of Father Vásquez=s report was to describe the condition of the Pimería Alta missions for the Bishop of Sonora and Sinaloa.]

    1997g                                   General Urrea=s offensive against the Papagos. In A frontier documentary. Sonora and Tucson, 1821-1848, edited by Kieran R. McCarty, p. 80. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. [AWhile Tucson was seriously preparing for an imminent Papago attack, there was much preparation in central Sonora for a great April offensive called for by General Urrea on March 4, 1843. Exactly one month later, on April 4, Lt. Col. Felipe Flores, at the head of a force of some five hundred armed men, marched northward out of the Altar headquarters for a twenty-day campaign against he Papagos. By April 10, Flores had established his base camp is Fresnal Canyon, a spacious, well-watered ravine at the northwest corner of the Baboquivari range. Fresnal Canyon was centrally located to launch forays in six directions through the vast Papaguería. The perennial stronghold of Baboquivari Canyon lay only a few miles to the south.@]

    1997h                                   Greedy goldseekers and Papago gold. In A frontier documentary. Sonora and Tucson, 1821-1848, edited by Kieran R. McCarty, p. 60. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. [McCarty=s introduction to letters written in 1838 by Santiago Redondo (1997a, b) and Rafael Moraga (1997) notes that gold was discovered near the Papago settlement of Quitovac in 1834, thereby triggering unrest between Papagos and Mexicans. Governor José Urrea, to whom the Redondo letters are addressed, was from ATucson, (which) as always placed Papago loyalty first ... .@ McCarty also mentions the eloquence of Tónolic, a Papago leader from the village of Gu Vo (Kerwo), Awho defended the honor of his people.@]

    1997i                                    The immediate effects of the April campaign. In A frontier documentary. Sonora and Tucson, 1821-1848, edited by Kieran R. McCarty, p. 83. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. [AToward the end of April (1843), Comadurán at Tucson had sent a personal emissary, Carlos Castro, to (Pima leader) Culo Azul on the Gila River. Castro bore an offer of amnesty from General Urrea himself B if Azul could gather all of the Papago leaders and bring them to Tucson for a peace parley. The April offensive of 1843 made so great an impression on the Papagos that it is recounted to this day in Tohono O=odham oral history.@]

    1997j                                    Manuel Escalante defends the missions. In A frontier documentary. Sonora and Tucson, 1821-1848, edited by Kieran R. McCarty, p. 19. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. [A reprint of McCarty (1994c).]

    1997k                                   Papago unrest reaches Tucson. In A frontier documentary. Sonora and Tucson, 1821-1848, edited by Kieran R. McCarty, p. 68. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. [AIn late November 1842 a violent conflict broke out within the very walls of the Tucson presidio between desert Papagos and Tucson=s peaceful Apaches over a misunderstanding about stolen horses. Captain Antonio Comadurán, the presidial commander, came to the rescue and averted what could have become a major incident.@]

    1997l                                    The Papagos turn to raiding. In A frontier documentary. Sonora and Tucson, 1821-1848, edited by Kieran R. McCarty, p. 48. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. [In an introduction to an 1835 letter from Antonio Urrea (1997), McCarty notes how in December, 1834, an encounter between Mexican ranchers and Papago horse thieves had resulted in the deaths of three Papagos. This plunged the Papagos into some ten years of sporadic warfare with Mexicans, including Papagos= theft of an entire horse herd near Altar in February, 1835.]

    1997m                                  The Patriotic Section. In A frontier documentary. Sonora and Tucson, 1821-1848, edited by Kieran R. McCarty, pp. 34-35. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. [The APatriotic Section@ was a coalition of Sonoran frontier militiamen from the settlements on Tucson, San Xavier, Tumacácori, Cocóspera, Imuris, San Ignacio, Magdalena, Cucurpe, and Tupae formed in 1832 for mutual protection against Apaches. AFray Rafael Díaz, missionary at Cocóspera, invited volunteers from all the settlements to an organizational meeting at his mission scheduled for the night of May 20, 1832. There was a democratic election for military commander of the group, and Joaquín Vicente Elías of the well-known Arizpe family was chosen.@]

    1997n                                   A Pima prophecy. In A frontier documentary. Sonora and Tucson, 1821-1848, edited by Kieran R. McCarty, pp. 25-26. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. [A reprint, with APiman@ changed to APima@ in the title, of McCarty (1994e).]

    1997o                                   Return of the missions to the Franciscans. In A frontier documentary. Sonora and Tucson, 1821-1848, edited by Kieran R. McCarty, p. 22.. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. [A reprint of McCarty (1994e).]

    1997p                                   Tucson girds for defense. In A frontier documentary. Sonora and Tucson, 1821-1848, edited by Kieran R. McCarty, p. 74. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. [McCarty introduces three letters written by Tucson presidial commander Antonio Comadurán in March, 1843, letters that Areport on the alarming extent of native unrest throughout Sonora stirred up in conjunction with the western Papago revolt. ... Comadurán did not know that ... on March 4, the Sonoran governor, General José Urrea, had issued a circular to all the settlements of Sonora calling on them to contribute men and arms for a massive offensive to end the Papago War, which had dragged on since December, 1834.@]

    1997q                                   Victory in the Mogollons. In A frontier documentary. Sonora and Tucson, 1821-1848, edited by Kieran R. McCarty, pp. 45-46. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. [McCarty writes about an 1834 military campaign against Apaches, one which Aleft Tucson on September 16, added 200 Papagos, including some Gila Pimas, at the Gila River, and then penetrated the Pinal (Apache) heartland as far as the Salt River.@ That contingent returned to Tucson on October 1, but a second detachment of troops waged war against Apaches in the Mogollón Mountains of New Mexico later in the year.]

    2002                                     The time the owl called my grandma=s name. SMRC-Newsletter, Vol. 36, no. 130, (Spring), p. 24. Tucson, Southwestern Mission Research Center. [McCarty recounts a time between 1966 and 1971 when he was pastor of Mission San Xavier del Bac and a small Tohono O=odham boy came to get him to come to his house where his grandmother was dying and where James Mayor, a native practitioner, was waiting. The woman died or, as Kieran notes, ABrother Owl had called her name.@]

McCarty, Kieran R., translator and editor

    1987             Mission manifesto: a document. The Americas, Vol. 43, no. 3 (January), pp. 347-354. West Bethesda, Maryland, Academy of American Franciscan History. [This 1835 document was written by three Christian O'odham: Captain General Enrique Tejeda of Caborca, Governor Juan Antonio Valenzuela of Pitiquito, and Governor Francisco Neblina of Caborca, Sonora. In it they complain about the preemption of O'odham lands and pueblos, citing San Ignacio as having been taken over by Mexican settlers and fearing that same is happening at Caborca, Oquitoa, Tubutama, and Sáric.]

    1989             Un documento de la Pimería Alta de 1835: introducción, transcripción del texto en castellano y versión en inglés. Tlalocan, Vol. 11, pp. 327-338. México, Instituto de Investigaciones Históricas, Instituto de Investigaciones Filológicos, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. [The Spanish version of McCarty (1987), above.]

    1991             More secrets from the Sonoran triangle. Westfriars, Vol. 24, no. 1 (January), p. 8. Tucson, Franciscan Province of Saint Barbara. [McCarty writes about the historical connections that tie Sonora, Arizona, and Alta California together. He notes, for example, that Lt. José Joaquín Moraga, commander at the founding of the San Francisco presidio in 1776, was born a few miles upriver from Mission San Xavier del Bac. He also notes the fact that Father Pedro Font, diarist for the Anza expedition of 1775-76, built a church in the Piman community of Pitiquito and died and was buried there.]

    1991             Also see Kino (1991)

    1994             Selections from A frontier documentary: Mexican Tucson, 1821-1856 [Working Paper Series, no. 22]. Tucson, The University of Arizona, Mexican American Studies & Research Center. Map, illus. 30 pp. [This is a gathering of ten documents, given here in English translation, relating to the Mexican period history of Tucson and environs, documents dating 1824 to 1835. McCarty provides an introduction for each individual document, many of them relating to or otherwise involving Papago Indians as well as Mission San Xavier del Bac.]

    1997             A frontier documentary. Sonora and Tucson, 1821-1848. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. Map, notes, index. xv + 145 pp. [The full-length version of McCarty, translator and editor (1994), this is a collection McCarty=s translations of more than forty documents relating to Tucson and environs in the Mexican period, 1821-1848. Each document or group of documents is provided by McCarty with a background introduction, an introduction often containing additional information not supplied in the documents themselves. Similarly, his extensive endnotes provide further information. There is much here on the war fought between Papagos and Mexicans between 1834 and 1844 as well as a great deal of information concerning Mission San Xavier del Bac. Consult the volume=s index.]

    1998             Sonorans plan a new frontier. The 1849 report of Governor José Aguilar. Journal of Arizona History, Vol. 39, no. 4 (Winter), pp. 379-390. Tucson, Arizona Historical Society. [Added here are black-and-white photos of a Papago dwelling and of missions Tumacacori and Caborca. Aguilar lists the missions in the Pimería Alta, including San Xavier del Bac. Sonoran Governor Aguilar describes Ouitoa (Oquitoa) and Tubutama as "exclusively Papago settlements, with Atil annexed to them," while acknowledging there are nearby ranches abandoned because of Apaches and starvation. He says the former Papago villages of Bísanig, near Caborca, and Saric, near Tubutama, are now private ranches, but abandoned completely. He says that many Papagos "retired to the open desert" only after the missionaries left and have not returned to their former settlements "because outside settlers have moved in on their most fertile lands."]

McCarty, Kieran R., and John P. Schaefer

    1978             Bac. Arizona Highways, Vol. 54, no. 1 (January), pp. 16-31. Phoenix, Arizona Department of Transportation. [The text is by McCarty; the accompanying black-and-white photographs were taken by Schaefer. The text emphasizes the Spanish-period history of Mission San Xavier del Bac, but it also includes a brief description of its art and architecture. The twenty-one photographs by Schaefer include ten of scenes from the interior of the church.]

McCausland, Jim

    1994             Saguaro country. Sunset, Vol. 192, no. 2 (February), pp. 78-84. Menlo Park, California, Sunset Publishing Corporation. [Included here are color photos of Tohono O'odham Juanita Ahill harvesting saguaro and preparing the fruit. Other than photo captions, however, there is nothing in the text relating directly to the ethnobotany of the plant.]

McClaren, Marlys

    1973             Mexico. In Current Trends in Linguistics, edited by Thomas A. Sebeok, Vol. 10, pp. 1079-1099. The Hague and Paris, Mouton. [Passing mention is made on pages 1086-87 of Papago being spoken in Sonora.]

McClellan, Carole, and Lawrence Vogler

    1977             An archaeological assessment of Luke Air Force Range located in southwestern Arizona [Archaeological Series, no. 113]. Tucson, Cultural Resources Management Section, Arizona State Museum, The University of Arizona. Maps, refs. x + 142 pp. [There are brief remarks here concerning Papagos and Areneños (pp. 39-43) whose aboriginal territories were adjacent to and within the area now encompassed by Luke Air Force Range.]

McClintock, James H.

    1916             Arizona: prehistoric-aboriginal-pioneer-modern. Two volumes. Chicago, The S.J. Clarke Publishing Co. Maps, illus, index. 633 pp. [Scattered references to Papagos are found on pages 35-36, 172, and 175. There is a discussion of Mission San Xavier del Bac, with a photograph of the church, on pages 76-78, and other references to the mission are on pages 66, 132, 135 and 355.]

    1918             The friendly Pima of southern Arizona plains. Arizona, Vol. 8, nos. 5-7 (August), pp. 5-7. Phoenix, State Publishing Company. [Papago, Pima, and Quahatika (Kohatk) are listed as Piman speakers (p. 5), and mention is made of the discovery of a Papago burial cave near Phoenix.]

McClymonds, Neal E.

    1959a           Paleozoic stratigraphy of the Waterman Mountains, Pima County, Arizona. In Southern Arizona Guidebook II, edited by L.A. Heindl, pp. 66-76. Tucson, Arizona Geological Society. [A portion of the Waterman Mountains lies within the northeastern corner of the Papago Indian Reservation.]

    1959b           Precambrian and Paleozoic sedimentary rocks on the Papago Indian Reservation, Arizona. In Southern Arizona Guidebook II, edited by L.A. Heindl, pp. 77-84. Tucson, Arizona Geological Society. [The title is the abstract.]

McCool, Dan, and Richard Harding

    1979             Baboquivari endures as a center of Papago world. The Indian Trader, Vol. 10, no. 8 (August), pp. 3, 16, 24. Billings, Montana, The Indian Arts, Crafts & Culture Publication. [This article about Baboquivari Mountain, illustrated with three color photos, includes Papago legends concerning the mountain.]

McCool, Daniel

    1981             Federal Indian policy and the sacred mountains of the Papago Indians. Journal of Ethnic Studies, Vol. 9, no. 3 (Fall), pp. 57-59. Bellingham, Washington, Western Washington University. [The author concludes that because of such federal legislation as that embodied in the Indian Reorganization Act, Indian Civil Rights Act, and the Indian Religious Freedom Act, Papagos potentially have a great deal of control over mountains -- such as Baboquivari -- within the reservation=s boundaries.]

    1983             AIndian and non-Indian water development.@ Ph.D. dissertation, The University of Arizona, Tucson. Ix + 233 pp. [A summary of events surrounding the Papagos= negotiated settlement in 1982 concerning their ground water rights is given on pages 175-178.]

    1985             Indian voting. In American Indian policy in the twentieth century, edited by Vine Deloria, Jr., pp. 105-133. Norman, University of Oklahoma Press. [A considerable part of McCool=s data concerns Papago voting patterns in non-Indian elections between 1956 and 1980. He points out that Papagos usually vote the Democratic ticket and that in 1972 some 82% of those who voted cast their ballot for Morris Udall. Tabes are given for the voting years of 1960, 1964, 1968, 1972, 1976, and 1980.]

    1987             Command of the waters: iron triangles, federal water development, and Indian water. Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London, University of California Press. Maps, refs. cited, index. xii + 321 pp. [Included here is a succinct summary of events leading up to the 1982 passage of the Southern Arizona Water Rights Settlement Act which profoundly affected the rights of Papago Indians to underground and Central Arizona Project water supplies. Consult the index for additional references to Papagos. This is a published version of the author=s Ph.D. dissertation (1983).]

McCoy, Alan

    1991             It all began at San Xavier. Westfriars, Vol. 24, no. 6 (June), p. 5. Tucson, Franciscan Province of St. Barbara. [McCoy, who was the worldwide head of the Order of Friars Minor (Franciscans) at the time he wrote these three paragraphs, reminisces about his stay at Mission San Xavier del Bac in 1939-40 from where he worked among Tohono O=odham and Yaqui Indians at San Jose Mission in South Tucson. He was also chaplain for the government hospital then located on the San Xavier Indian Reservation.]

McCoy, Ronald

    1984             Circles of power. Plateau, Vol. 55, no. 4, pp. 1-32. Flagstaff, Museum of Northern Arizona. [ACircles of power@ are shields formerly used by Southwest and Plains Indians. A Papago plaited basketry shield in the collections of the Smithsonian Institution is illustrated on page 7, and Papago shields are mentioned on page 14.]

    1997             Legal briefs. NAGPRA goes into high gear. American Indian Art Magazine, Vol. 22, no. 4 (Autumn), pp. 99, 102, 107, 116. Scottsdale, American Indian Art, Inc. [Pages 107 and 166 tell about the proposed repatriation by the National Park Service, Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument, Ajo, Arizona of a large earthenware jar to the HiaCed O'odham descendants of the medicine man with whose grave the jar had once been associated. The jar had earlier been donated to the monument by one of the descendants.]

McCrady, Kristine A.

    1997             AMinimalism, functional categories and O=odham word order pattern.@ Master of Arts thesis, Arizona State University, Tempe. Illus. xi + 77 pp.

McDermott, Edwin J.

    1961             The saga of Father Kino. Arizona Highways, Vol. 37, no. 3 (March), pp. 6-14, 25-29. Phoenix, Arizona Highway Department. [This essay about the life and work of Father Eusebio Francisco Kino, S.J., pioneer missionary among the northern Piman Indians, is accompanied by photographs by David Muench of missions Caborca, Tubutama, Oquitoa, Tumacacori, and San Xavier del Bac as well as an excellent two-page map showing the region of Kino=s late seventeenth-century and early eighteenth-century travels in northern Sonora/southern Arizona. Drawings by artist Ted De Grazia accompany the article as well.]

McDonald, David R.

    1977             Masters= theses in anthropology: a bibliography of theses from United States colleges and universities. New Haven, HRAF Press. Index. 453 pp. [Eighteen masters= theses concerning Papago Indians are listed in the index.]

McDonald, Michael

    2002             Farming project=s hopeful vision of a future connected to its past. Seedhead News, no. 77 (Summer), pp. 1-3. Tucson, Native Seeds/SEARCH. [This article about gardening/farming at the Tohono O=odham village of Cowlic includes a photograph taken in the 1930's of the Pancho girls walking in a field flooded by rainwater. The essay is largely about efforts to renew the dryland farm at Cowlic.]

    2004             Blessings & laments. Danny Lopez prescribes an ancient diet to overcome modern disease. Seedhead News, no. 84 (Spring), pp. 1-3. Tucson, Native Seeds/SEARCH. [This article is reprinted from Tribal College Journal of American Indian Higher Education (Mancos, Colorado). In it McDonald tells about joining Tohono O=odham elder Danny Lopez and others in a San Juan=s day celebration and blessing of native crop fields and Lopez=s prescription for consumption of traditional O=odham foods to help ward off diabetes. A sidebar with this essay shows a photo of Lopez and his wife, Florence, planting in a field, and includes a text telling about TOCA, Tohono O=odham Community Action, and successful efforts in growing Tohono O=odham pink beans.]

McDowell, Malcolm

    1920             [Report on the Papago Indians, Arizona, datelined Sells, Arizona, April 8, 1919.] Reports of the Department of the Interior, fiscal year 1919, pp. 278-290. Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office. [This is an excellent overview of conditions among Papago Indians in 1919, one written by a member of the Board of Indian Commissioners based on his inspection of the reservation, including both the Sells and San Xavier units.]

McElroy, Keith

    1983-84       Santero art of the Southwest. Glass Art Society Journal, pp. 67-70. Corning, New York, Glass Art Society. [The art of Mission San Xavier del Bac is compared superficially with Spanish-period art in Mexico.]

McFarlane, Juretta C.

    1978             AAn orientation manual for non-Indian teachers of Papago students.@ Master of Science thesis, Department of Home Economics, The University of Arizona, Tucson. Maps, bibl. xix + 410 pp. [@This thesis was written as an orientation manual to introduce teachers to the history and culture of the Papago students and to educational challenges of the bicultural classroom.@]

McGee, W[illiam] J[ohn]

    1895             The beginnings of agriculture. American Anthropologist, Vol. 8, no. 4 (October), pp. 350-375. Washington, D.C., Anthropological Society of Washington. [Based on his observations in the Papaguería, McGee concludes that agriculture had its beginnings in arid, rather than in temperate or tropical, lands. He describes the flora and fauna of the Papaguería and provides a discussion of Papago culture under the heading, ACharacteristics of Human Life@ (pp. 369-374).]

    1896a           Expedition to Papagueria and Seriland. American Anthropologist, Vol. , no. 1 (March), pp. 93-98. Washington, D.C., Anthropological Society of Washington. [This is a brief account of McGee=s 1894 expedition through the territory of the Papago Indians for the purpose of making collections representing the arts and industries of the Papago for the enrichment of the National Museum. The emphasis here, however, is on the Seri Indians of Sonora, Mexico.]

    1896b           Expedition to Seriland. Science, Vol. 3 (new series), no. 66 (April 3), pp. 493-505. New York. [This published transcript of a talk by McGee presented to the Philosophical Society of Washington contains scattered comments concerning Papago and Seri Indians, including mention of Papago villages in Sonora. General observations concerning Papagos are on pages 501-502.]

    1896c           The relation of institution to environment. Annual Report of the Smithsonian Institution, 1895, pp. 701-711. Washington, D.C., Government Printing Office. [On pages 707-709 there is a discussion of Papago zooculture, agriculture, and of the Papagos= Aconquest@ of the environment.]

    1897             The beginning of zooculture. American Anthropologist, Vol. 10, no. 7 (July), pp. 215-230. Washington, D.C., Anthropological Society of Washington. [This is a discussion of the relationship between human beings, principally Papago Indians and other residents of the Papaguería in this case, and other animals of the region. There are considerable data here concerning Indian beliefs involving animals.]

    1898a           Papagueria. National Geographic Magazine, Vol. 9, no. 8 (August), pp. 345-371. Washington, D.C., National Geographic Society. [This is a discussion of the Papaguería, one that includes several photographs taken on McGee=s 1894 and 1894 explorations of the region. Data are here on both Arizona and Sonora Papagos.]

    1898b           Piratical acculturation. American Anthropologist, Vol. 11, no. 8 (August), pp. 243-249. Washington, D.C., Judd & Detweiler. [McGee says that Seri Indian arrow points imitate those of the Papago and Yaki (Yaqui). He also offers a discussion of various aspects of Papago life that have been influenced by the Apaches (pp. 344-45).]

    1898c           The Seri Indians [Seventeenth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology, 1895-96, part 1, pp. 1-344]. Washington, Government Printing Office. Maps, illus., bibl. [Although an ethnography of the Seri Indians, there are many scattered references to Papagos throughout, including the fact that the principal guides on the 1894 and 1895 expeditions were Papagos (Hugh Norris and José Lewis). McGee comments on Papago language, locations of Papago sites, acculturation, Papagos residing at the Costa Rica Ranch, relations with Seri Indians, physical appearance, temperament, centrality of water in the culture, pottery, importance of the barrel cactus, use of stone tools, fetishes, a racing game, and a Papago maiden enslaved by the Seris. Consult the index in McGee (1971).]

    1900             Primitive numbers [Nineteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology, 1897-98, part 2, pp. 821-851.] Washington, Government Printing Office. [Page 834: AThe devotee of the Cult of Quarters is unable to think or speak without habitual reference to the cardinal points; and when the quadrature is extended from space to time, as among the Papago Indians, the concept is so strong as to enthrall thought and enchain action beyond all realistic motives.@]

    1901             The old Yuma trail. National Geographic Magazine, Vol. 12, no. 3 (March), pp. 103-107; Vol. 12, no. 4 (April), pp. 129-143. Washington, D.C., National Geographic Magazine. [This two-part article is based on a journey made by McGee across what is now called El Camino del Diablo, a road connecting Sonoyta, Sonora and Yuma, Arizona. There are numerous references here to Papago Indians and McGee=s opinions concerning their origins, beliefs, etc. He observes that the community of Santo Domingo, Sonora, includes a half-dozen Papago huts in addition to other dwellings. He also says Papagos bury their dead in stone structures that are strewn with the bones of sacrificed horses.]

    1906             Desert thirst as disease. Interstate Medical Journal, Vol. 13, pp. 1-23. St. Louis. [This article is based in part on observations made of a dehydrated, but still-living, Mexican prospector whom McGee encountered in 1905 when he was camped at the Tinajas Altas in southwestern Arizona in the company of a Papago named José. McGee says the region was one "temporarily occupied by the Papago Indians at times of the cactus-fruit harvests."]

    1967             Piratical acculturation. In Beyond the frontier, edited by Paul Bohannan and Fred Plog, pp. 135-142. New York, The Natural History Press. [This is a reprint of McGee (1898b).]

    1971             The Seri Indians [Seventeenth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology, 1895-96, part 1, pp. 1-344]. Publisher=s preface by Robert McCoy; introduction by Bernard L. Fontana. Glorieta, New Mexico, The Rio Grande Press, Inc. Maps, illus., references cited, index. 406 pp. [This is a reprint, with material added by McCoy and Fontana and including additional photos, an index, and list of references cited, of McGee (1898c). The index lists the many mentions of Papagos throughout the text.]

    1983             The journal of W J McGee. In Tales from Tiburon: an anthology of adventures in Seriland, edited by Neil B. Carmony and David E. Brown, pp. 27-55. Phoenix, The Southwest Natural History Association. [This is an excerpt from the 1895 field diary of W J McGee=s journey to Tiburón Island in the Gulf of Mexico. He was accompanied to the island by five Papago Indians who served as guards and helpers. Papago Hugh Norris, who was the expedition=s interpreter, accompanied the group as far as Kino Bay. All are alluded to frequently in the diary. Also see McGee (2000).]

    1988             Desert thirst as disease. Journal of the Southwest, Vol. 30, no. 2 (Summer), pp. 228-53. Tucson, University of Arizona Press and the Southwest Center. [A reprint of McGee (1906).]

    2000             Trails to Tiburón. The 1894 and 1895 field diaries of W J McGee. Transcribed by Hazel M. Fontana; annotated, with an introduction by Bernard L. Fontana. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. Maps, illus., bibl., index. xxx + 168 pp. [McGee's two expeditions led from San Xavier del Bac to the Sonoran Coast next to Kino Bay and to Tiburón Island in the Gulf of California. On both journeys McGee was accompanied by a Papago interpreter, and there is a great deal of information here concerning Papagos encountered by McGee during these expeditions. Consult the index.]

McGee, W[illiam] J[ohn], and William Dinwiddie

    1907             [Description of the Papago hidden bean game.] In Games of the North American Indians [Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology, Vol. 24], by Stewart Culin, pp. 354-355. Washington, Government Printing Office. [Included with this description of the game is a drawing based on a Dinwiddie photograph taken in 1894 of Papagos playing the game.]

McGibney, J.R.

    1942             Trachoma among Indians of the United States of America. América Indígena, Vol. 2, no. 3 (July), pp. 20-23. México, D.F., Instituto Indigenista Interamericano. [The author suggests that early Spanish contact with the Pimas (Pimas and Papagos?) as well as with other Southwest tribes could account for the serious trachoma infection suffered by these people.]

McGowan, Dan

    1981             Mexico=s historic Rancho La Arizona. Arizona Highways, Vol. 57, no. 2 (February), pp. 30-35. Phoenix, Arizona Department of Transportation. [This is about the area in northern Sonora from which Arizona derived its name. Former Papago presence in the region is mentioned throughout.]

McGreevy, Susan B.

    2001             Indian basketry artists of the Southwest: deep roots, new growth. Santa Fe, School of American Research Press. Illus. 95 pp. [Tohono O=odham baskets are illustrated in color and in black-and-white on pages 42, 44, 45, 48, and 49. Featured is Tohono O=odham basket maker Annie Antone, with text concerning her as well as a photo of her on p. 48.]

McGuire, J.D.

    1896             A study of the primitive methods of drilling. Annual Report of the Smithsonian Institution, 1894; Report of the U.S. National Museum, pp. 625-756. Washington, Government Printing Office. [AThe Papagos of New Mexico (sic) made fire by plowing, as the writer is informed by an army officer who lived in their country for years and knew them thoroughly ... .@]

McGuire, Randall H.

    1979             Rancho Punta de Agua, Arizona State Museum Contribution to Highway Salvage Archaeology, no. 57. Tucson, Arizona State Museum. Illus., refs. cited. ix + 113 pp. [The Rancho Punta de Agua was established in 1855 on the Santa Cruz River on land that was later (1874) included within the boundaries of the San Xavier Papago Indian Reservation. This is a report of the archaeological investigation of the site undertaken in 1965. Papagos are mentioned in a recapitulation of the history of the ranch, and Papago pottery was recovered in the excavations.]

    1980             Ethnic groups, status and material culture at Rancho Punta de Agua. In Forgotten places and things: archaeological perspectives on American history [Contributions to Anthropological Studies, no. 3], compiled and edited by Albert E. Ward, pp. 193-203. Albuquerque, Center for Anthropological Studies. [Although both Mexican and Anglo American families occupied this ranch located on what in 1874 became the (San Xavier) Papago Indian Reservation, archaeological analysis was unable to discern differences in deposits of material remains making it possible to distinguish between the two groups. Most of the ceramics were of Papago manufacture.]

    1982a           Environmental background. In Hohokam and Patayan. Prehistory of southwestern Arizona, edited by Randall H. McGuire and Michael B. Schiffer, pp. 13-56. New York, London, [etc. etc.], Academic Press. [This is a discussion of the physiography, depositional processes, climate, hydrology, vegetation, wildlife, agriculture, and environmental change of southwestern Arizona, including the Papago Indian Reservation and Papaguería generally.]

    1982b           Ethnographic studies. In Hohokam and Patayan. Prehistory of southwestern Arizona, edited by Randall H. McGuire and Michael B. Schiffer, pp. 57-99. New York, London, [etc. etc.], Academic Press. [Included here are discussions of ethnographic studies of the Papago, Kohatk, and Sand Papago Indians. Photos of Papagos harvesting saguaro fruit are included.]

    1982c           A history of archaeological research. In Hohokam and Patayan. Prehistory of southwestern Arizona, edited by Randall H. McGuire and Michael B. Schiffer, pp. 101-152. New York, London, [etc. etc.], Academic Press. [Included here are a listing and discussions of archaeological research carried out on the Papago Indian Reservation as well as elsewhere in the Papaguería.]

    1982d           Problems in culture history. In Hohokam and Patayan. Prehistory of southwestern Arizona, edited by Randall H. McGuire and Michael B. Schiffer, pp. 153-222. New York, London, [etc. etc.], Academic Press. [One of the problems discussed here is that of the question of the relationship between the prehistoric Hohokam and historic Papago and Pima Indians (pp. 197-204). There is further discussion of Hohokam chronology and the extent to which it has been revealed in surveys and excavations in the Papaguería.]

    1982e           The study of ethnicity in historical archaeology. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, Vol. 1, no. 2 (June), pp. 159-178. New York, London, [etc. etc.], Academic Press. [Papagos are included in observations concerning ethnicity in nineteenth-century Arizona.]

    1982f            Summaries of previous field research projects. In Hohokam and Patayan. Prehistory of southwestern Arizona, edited by Randall H. McGuire and Michael B. Schiffer, pp. 433-503. New York, London, [etc. etc.], Academic Press. [Included here are summaries of archaeological site surveys and excavations carried out on the Papago Indian Reservation and throughout the Papaguería generally.]

    1983             Ethnic groups, status and material culture at Rancho Punta de Agua. In Forgotten places and things [Contributions to Anthropological Studies, no. 3], compiled and edited by Albert E. Ward, pp. 193-203. Albuquerque, Center for Anthropological Studies. [Begun in the late 1850s, Punta de Agua was a non-Indian ranch south of Mission San Xavier del Bac within the confines of what in 1874 became the San Xavier Papago Indian Reservation. This is a report on the archaeology of the site and on its documentary history. Papagos and Papago artifacts are a part of the story.]

    1991             On the outside looking in: the concept of periphery in Hohokam archaeology. In Exploring the Hohokam, edited by George J. Gumerman, pp. 347-382. Dragoon, Arizona, Amerind Foundation; Albuquerque, University of New Mexico Press. [There is a one-paragraph mention of the Tohono O=odham aboriginal residents of the Papaguería, a people Athe Spanish never successfully missionized.@ Which is a questionable observation.]

    1993             Charles C. Di Peso and the mesoamerican connection. In Culture and contact: Charles C. Di Peso's Gran Chichimeca, edited by Anne I. Woosley and John C. Ravesloot, pp. 23-38. Dragoon, Arizona, Amerind Foundation; Albuquerque, University of New Mexico Press. [McGuire briefly mention's Di Peso's views concerning the prehistoric and historic O'odham culture (pp. 27-28).]

McGuire, Randall H., and Ann V. Howard

    1987             The structure and organization of Hohokam shell exchange. Kiva, Vol. 52, no. 2 (Winter), pp. 113-146. Tucson, Arizona Archaeological and Historical Society. [There is considerable mention throughout of finds of prehistoric shell in the Papaguería of southern Arizona as well as discussion of the inadequacy of using the Pima/Papago ethnographic model in understanding prehistoric Hohokam shell manufacture and exchange.]

McGuire, Randall H., and Linda Mayro

    1978             Papago wells project: archaeological surveys near Kaka and Stoa Pitk, the Papago Reservation, Arizona. Archaeological Series, no. 120. Tucson, Cultural Resource Management Section, Arizona State Museum, The University of Arizona. 45 pp. [Report on a survey of roads proposed for access to two wells, one near Stoa Pitk and the other near Kaka, both in the northwestern section of the Papago Indian Reservation. Fourteen archaeological sites were located within the initially-proposed rights-of-way (seven in each), with most of the material being prehistoric. Papago materials were found as well. This was a surface survey only, with no archaeological excavations being carried out.]

McGuire, Randall H., and Michael B. Schiffer, editors

    1982             Hohokam and Patayan. Prehistory of southwestern Arizona. New York, London [etc. etc.], Academic Press. Maps, illus, appendices. xxvi + 657 pp. [Included here among eleven essays and nine appendices is information relating to the Papago (Tohono O'odham) and Sand Papago (Hia C-ed O'odham), and to archaeology carried out in the Papagueria west of the eastern boundary of the Papago Indian Reservation.]

McGuire, Randall H., and Denise Shay

    1982             Topical index to the primary archaeological literature. Appendix J. In Hohokam and Patayan: prehistory in southwestern Arizona, edited by Randall H. McGuire and Michael B. Schiffer, pp. 589-622. New York, London [etc. etc.], Academic Press. [Citations are here to Papago literature involving archaeological sites, ceramics, and ethnohistory, as well as to Papaguerian literature involving archaeological excavations, inhumations, land status, settlement pattern, archaeological surveys, and water control. There is also a bibliographic list of citations concerning archaeological projects sponsored by the Papago tribe.]

McGuire, Randall H., and María Elisa Villalpando

    1989             Prehistory and the making of history in Sonora. In Columbian consequences. Volume 1. Archaeological and historical perspectives, edited by David H. Thomas, pp. 159-177. Washington and London, Smithsonian Institution Press. [The authors briefly summarize the results of their work and that of Tom Hinton in the Altar Valley of Sonora where they carried out archaeological site surveys and where they located evidence of Papago villages in late prehistoric times.]

McGuire, Stryker

    1995             Arizona=s Sistine Chapel. Newsweek, Vol. 126, no. 22 (November 27), p. 88A. New York, Newsweek, Inc. [This is a three-paragraph article about the ongoing project of art conservation inside the church of Mission San Xavier del Bac. It is accompanied by Abefore@ and Aafter@ color photos by Paul Schwartzbaum and Helga Teiwes of portions of the painting of La Divina Pastora and by a color photo by Tom Ives of the southwest elevation of the exterior of the church.]

McGuire, Thomas R.

    1988a           Illusions of choice in the Indian Irrigation Service: the Ak Chin Project and an epilogue. Journal of the Southwest, Vol. 30, no. 2 (Summer), pp. 200-221. Tucson, University of Arizona Press and the Southwest Center. [The detailed history of a failed irrigation project (1912 to ca. 1984) on the Ak Chin Reservation, a place whose residents are a mix of Pima and Papago population.]

    1988b           Operations on the concept of sovereignty: a case study of Indian decision-making. Urban Anthropology, Vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 75-86. Brockport, New York, Institute for the Study of Man. [AFor the last several years, a proposal for a 90-year, 18,000-acre residential lease has been under consideration by the landowners and tribal offices of the San Xavier Reservation near Tucson, Arizona. While the proposal has been rejected the decision process generated widespread conflict within the Tohono O=odham (Papago) tribe.@]

    1990             Federal Indian policy: a framework for evaluation. Human Organization, Vol. 49, no. 3, pp. 206-216. Washington, D.C., Society for Applied Anthropology. [AThe Bureau of Indian Affairs has not developed a coherent set of standards for evaluating the impacts of specific actions on reservation-based Native Americans. Nor have the judicial, executive, and legislative branches of government offered clear policy directives to the implementing agency. ... However, ... three dominant policy objectives can be abstracted from the corpus of federal laws, regulations, and court decisions: tribal sovereignty, economic self-sufficiency, and cultural self-determination. Trade-offs among the objectives are examined in the context of a lease proposal on the San Xavier Reservation, and the effects of exogenous factors on their implementation are discussed.@]

    1991             Indian water rights settlements: a case study in the rhetoric of implementation. American Indian Culture and Research Journal, Vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 139-169. Los Angeles, American Indian Studies Center, University of California at Los Angeles. [The case study considered here in depth and in documented detail is that of the Tohono O=odham and their water rights as allocated to them in the wake of the Southern Arizona Water Rights Settlement Act of 1982. The focus is primarily on the San Xavier District of the Tohono O=odham Nation. A discussion of the failed attempt of a company to develop lands on the reservation for non-Indian housing and other uses as well as a discussion of the issue of disturbed Indian burials are also included. Excellent study.]

    1993             Introduction: notes on context and finality. In Indian water in the new West, edited by Thomas R. McGuire, William B. Lord, and Mary G. Wallace, pp. 1-4. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. [The water rights situation on the San Xavier Reservation is alluded to, with mention of a young Tohono O'odham councilwoman referring to a curse that was to last seven generations should the bones of her ancestors be disturbed by leveling the desert for a new 9,000-care farm.]

McGuire, Thomas R. and Marshall A. Worden

    1984             Draft. Socio-cultural impact assessment of the San Xavier/Tucson planned community, Papago Indian Reservation, Pima County, Arizona. Draft environmental impact statement (EIS): proposed lease of Papago community lands, (San Xavier District), facilitating development of the San Xavier/Tucson planned community along Interstate 19, Pima County, Arizona, Appendix XXV. Tucson, Bureau of Applied Research in Anthropology, Department of Anthropology, University of Arizona xiv + 267 pp. Bibl., appendices. [Chapter headings are Socio-cultural Impact Assessment and the San Xavier Planned Community; The Proposed Lease and Development Plan for the San Xavier Planned Community; The San Xavier Reservation: History and Present Conditions; Socio-cultural Impacts of the Proposed San Xavier Planned Community; Socio-cultural Implications of Alternative Land-Use Plans; and Mitigation Recommendations and Unavoidable Adverse Impacts of the San Xavier Planned Community.]

    1996             Economy, culture and environment at San Xavier. In Arizona's growth and the environment -- a world of difficult choices [Sixty-eighth Arizona Town Hall], edited by David A. de Kok, Marshall A. Worden, and Bruce A. Wright, pp. 103-116. Phoenix, Arizona Town Hall. [This is chiefly a discussion of the attitudes of O'odham living on the San Xavier Reservation toward non-Indian development on and near the reservation and non-Indians' use of O'odham water. The discussion is based on a survey conducted in 1984, but includes a summary of the community's history.]

McIntire, Elliott G.

    1977             The growth of the Papago Reservation. Historical Geography Newsletter, Vol. 7, nos. 1-2, pp. 66-67. Northridge, California, Department of Geography, California State University. [This is a chronological list of executive orders and acts of Congress that led to the formation of the Papago Indian Reservation in stages between 1874 and 1939. A map illustrates the growth of the reservation.]

McKasson, Molly

    1989a           Molly=s desert journal. Tucson Guide, Vol. 7, no. 1 (Spring), pp. 30, 32-33, 35-37. Tucson, Madden Publishing, Inc. [Included here are mentions of the use by Indians of the desert, or Ajo, lily, and of the powwow held each year by the Tohono O=odham at San Xavier del Bac (the Wa:k Pow Wow).]

    1989b           Molly=s desert journal. Tucson Guide, Vol. 7, no. 2 (Summer), pp. 24-27. Tucson, Madden Publishing, Inc. [Included is brief mention of the Tohono O=odham saguaro harvest and wine feast.]

    1989c           Molly=s desert journal. Tucson Guide, Vol. 7, no. 3 (Fall), pp. 24-27. Tucson, Madden Publishing, Inc. [Writing about butterflies, the author includes mention of butterflies on Baboquivari Peak and she quotes a Papago song about butterflies.]

    1989d           Molly=s desert journal. Tucson Guide, Vol. 7, no. 4 (Winter), pp.11-14, 16-17, 19-21. Tucson, Madden Publishing, Inc. [McKasson includes reflections on the month of December, or EDa Wa=ugad in Tohono O=odham, and some O=odham traditions in connection with this time of year. She includes a short version of the O=odham creation myth (pp. 16-17).]

    1990a           Quitobaquito: dust to water. Tucson Guide Quarterly, Vol. 8, no. 1 (Spring), p. 21. Tucson, Madden Publishing, Inc. [A discussion of Quitobaquito spring in Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument alludes to the ability of the Tohono O=odham to survive in this desert area in aboriginal times.]

    1991a           Molly's desert journal. Tucson Guide Quarterly, Vol. 9, no. 1 (Spring), pp. 10-12, 14-17. Tucson, Madden Publishing, Inc. [The annual first-Friday-after-Easter pageant sponsored by the Tucson Festival Society and which is held at Mission San Xavier del Bac is briefly described on pages 15-16. The Tohono O=odham circle dance is especially highlighted.]

    1991b           Molly's desert journal. Tucson Guide Quarterly, Vol. 10, no. 1 (Winter), pp. 11-12, 14, 16, 18-19, 22. Tucson, Madden Publishing, Inc. [A discussion of the geological origins of the Tucson Mountains (p.12) alludes to the fact that the Tohono O=odham once lived at the foot of Sentinel Peak (AA@ Mountain) and that their settlement was called chook shon.]

    1994             Molly=s desert journal. Tucson Guide Quarterly, Vol. 12, no. 4 (Winter), pp. 11-12, 14, 16-17, 19-23. Tucson, Madden Publishing, Inc. [McKasson writes about driving on the highway from Tucson toward Ajo over the Tohono O=odham Reservation to Hickiwan; the flora and geology; waila music; O=odham potter Rupert Angea of Hickiwan and his friendship bowls; and a circle dance at San Xavier.]

    2000             Molly's desert journal. Tucson Guide Quarterly, Vol. 18, no. 1 (spring), pp. 21-22, 24-26, 28-29, 35-36. Tucson, Madden Publishing, Inc. [McKasson writes about the site of the original Tucson at the foot of Sentinel Peak ("A" Mountain), noting the presence there in prehistoric times at least through the mid-19th century of O'odham peoples. She refers to O'odham Daniel Preston as "an eloquent speaker for his people," and notes his involvement among those planning for the future development of the land at the base of Sentinel Peak.]

McKee, Louise, and Richard Summers

    1941             Dusty desert tales. Caldwell, Idaho, Caxton Printers, Ltd. Illus. 191 pp. [Pages 17-76 consist of nine APima@ Indian tales. The authors Ahave also taken the liberty of using the word Pima to include both Pima and Papago Indians in order to avoid confusing the child reader. Pima and Papago cultures are almost identical, and many of the legends are similar.@]

McKenney, Wilson

    1951             Sacred cave of the Papagos. Westways, Vol. 43, no. 12, part l (December), pp. 2-3. Los Angeles, Automobile Club of Southern California. [Illustrated with several photos and a map, this is a discussion of the sacred cave on top of Los Picos del Pinacate in northwestern Sonora, Mexico, and the writer=s visit to this cave. There is some discussion of a Papago legend concerning the cave.]

McKinney, Jane

    1996             1996 father of the year awards. Ned Norris, Jr. Tucson Lifestyle, Vol. 15, no. 6 (June), pp. 46-47, 71. Tucson, Arizona, Citizen Publishing Company of Wisconsin, Inc. [A full page color photo of Norris and a small color family portrait by photographer Carter Allen accompany this biographical sketch of a Tohono O'odham who, at the time the article was written, was manager of the Tohono O'odham Nation's Desert Diamond Casino on the San Xavier Indian Reservation.]

McKittrick, Margaret

     1930            Papago Reservation. Bulletin, no. 21 (November), pp. 9-13. New York, Eastern Association on Indian Affairs. [This illustrated article includes a discussion of Papago organizations, medical situation, schools, land, wood marketing, agricultural experiments, and the San Xavier Reservation.]

McLean, David R., and Stephen M. Larson

    1979             Inferences from the distribution of plainware sherd attributes on Tumamoc Hill. Kiva, Vol. 45, nos. 1-2 (Fall-Winter), pp. 83-94. Tucson, Arizona Archaeological and Historical Society. [A discussion of the relatively high frequency of plainware pottery found on the summits of Afortified@ hill site in the Papaguería in prehistoric times, with particular emphasis on Tumamoc Hill next to Tucson, Arizona.]

McLuhan, T.C.

    [1985]          Dream tracks: the railroad and the American Indian, 1890-1930. New York, Harry N. Abrams, Inc. Illus., bibl., index. 208 pp. [Pages 48-49 include a quote from Gary Nabhan=s book, The Desert Smells Like Rain, regarding a Papago=s statement that saguaro cacti are really Indians, and there is a photograph of Athe wonder bus and trailer in Saguaro National Monument, near Papago Indian Reservation, Arizona.@ The note also says that the Papago Indians Alived fifty miles southwest of Tucson.@]

McNally, Mary

    1993             The 1985 Fort Peck-Montana Compact: a case study. In Indian water in the new West, edited by Thomas R. McGuire, William B. Lord, and Mary G. Wallace, pp. 103-113. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. [Mention is made of the fact that the Southern Arizona Water Rights Settlement Act of 1982 gave Tohono O'odham authority to market its water, subject to approval by the Secretary of the Interior.]

McNamee, Gregory

    2003             Arizona=s mountains. Arizona Highways, Vol. 79, no. 8 (August), pp. 18-43. Phoenix, Arizona Department of Transportation. [In a half-dozen paragraphs accompanied by three color photos by different photographers (pp. 34-37), McNamee describes the Baboquivari Mountains. He points out they are the center of the Tohono O=odham world and the home of I=itoi, the O=odham=s Ashaman deity.@ He also quotes the lines from an O=odham song: ABaboquivari stands there. Baboquivari stands there.@]

McNickle, D=Arcy

    1971             Americans called Indians. In North American Indians in historical perspective, edited by Eleanor B. Leacock and Nancy O. Lurie, pp. 29-63. New York, Random House. [Results of archaeological work by Emil Haury (1950) at Ventana Cave on the Papago Indian Reservation are summarized (pp. 49-50).]

McQuarry, Marisue

    1988             Ha:sañ baihidach masad: month of the saguaro crop. Native Peoples, Summer, pp. 18-23. Phoenix, Arizona, Heard Museum. [Illustrated with color photos, this article on the harvesting and use of saguaro fruit focuses on Papago Indian Juanita Ahil of Ali Chukson.]

Meals for Millions / Freedom from Hunger Foundation

    1980             Haícu bahidag esa. Planting fruit trees (and preserving fruit) on the Papago Indian Reservation. Tucson, Southwest Program, Meals for Millions/Freedom from Hunger Foundation. 8 pp. [Instructions for the planting and care of fig, pomegranate, peach, apricot, plum (prune) and date trees and grape vines on the Papago Reservation. Included are tips on how to prevent cattle from eating the young trees.]

Meals for Millions Foundation, Southwest Program, and Save the Children

    1980             O=odham I:waki. Wild greens of the Desert People. Tucson and Sells, Arizona, Meals for Millions Foundation, Southwest Program, and Save the Children. 25 pp. [A detailed description, including line drawings, of green leafy plants traditionally eaten by Papagos and Pimas as cooked greens.]

Means, Andrew

    1995             The waila music of the O'odham peoples of Arizona. Native Peoples, Vol. 8, no. 2 (Winter), pp. 34-40. Phoenix, Media Concepts Group, Inc. [With color photos by Aimee Madsen, this is an article about the social dance music -- chiefly polkas, waltzes, schottisches, and quadrilles -- played and danced to by Tohono O'odham and Gila River Pimas. Instruments are primarily the drum, guitar, fiddle, saxophone, and accordion.]

Mearns, Edgar A.

    1907             Mammals of the Mexican Boundary of the United States [Bulletin of the Smithsonian Institution, United States National Museum, no. 56]. Washington, Government Printing Office. [Mearns, a U.S. Army major and surgeon, accompanied the 1892-94 re-survey and re-marking team along the United States and Mexican boundary as biologist. He writes, AFrom the Santa Cruz to the Sonoyta River we were in the home of the Papago, who are devoted to agriculture and placer mining for gold. Their crops are uncertain owing to scant and irregular rainfall; but when there are no rains they subsist by washing out gold dust in the mountains or selling horses and cattle along the Southern Pacific Railroad. The fruit of the giant cactus (>sahuara=), the >pitaya,= >sinita,= >segura,= and other large cacti are preserved and stored for food on the roofs of their huts. In the Pozo Verde Mountains were seen clusters of tombs in which the Papago dead are deposited. These stone sepulchres are built with infinitely greater pains than the huts in which the occupants resided during their lives@ (p. 26). Also mentioned are a Papago/Yaqui village, Pozo de Luis or Vanori, west of the Baboquivari Mountains (p. 114) and the Papago settlement at Sonoyta (p. 116).]

Meckler, Steven

    1997             [Untitled.] Tucson Lifestyle City Guide, Summer, front cover. Tucson, Citizen Publishing Company of Wisconsin. [This is a color photo of the southeast elevation of the church of Mission San Xavier del Bac, one with a caption reading, APreservation work was recently completed on the historic Mission San Xavier del Bac on the Tohono O=odham Reservation.@]

Meek, George

    1966             Las misiones del Padre Kino. Letras de Sonora, núm. 7 (Verano), pp. 55-62. Hermosillo, Letras de Sonora. [This summary of the early history of the missions of the Pimería Alta founded by Father Eusebio Francisco Kino includes black-and-white photographs of missions Caborca, San Ignacio, Tubutama, Pitiquito, Tumacacori, and Oquitoa as well as of the excavated cranium of Father Kino.]

Meeks, Eric V.

    2001             ABorder citizens: race, labor, and identity in south-central Arizona, 1910-1965.@ Ph.D. dissertation, University of Texas at Austin. Bibl. [Tohono O=odham are among the border citizens considered in this dissertation.]

    2003             The Tohono O=odham, wage labor, and resistant adaptation, 1900-1930. Western Historical Quarterly, Vol. 34, no. 4 (Winter), pp. 468-489. Logan, Utah, Western Historical Association. [ABetween 1900 and 1930, federal reclamation, industrialization, and recruitment by the Bureau of Indian Affairs drove thousands of Tohono O=odham to take up wage work. The Tohono O=odham, however, challenged the blueprint drawn up by federal agencies for their >assimilation= by actively shaping their integration into the regional political economy.@]

Melham, Tom

    1982             Rocky vistas and wild valleys. North America=s Great Basin, Sonoran, Mojave, and Chihuahuan. In The desert realm: lands of mystery and majesty, by the National Geographic Society Special Publications Division, pp. 44-75. Washington, D.C., National Geographic Society. [Papago Indian Juanita Ahil and her saguaro fruit-gathering activities are discussed on pages 53 and 59.]

Membrino, Joseph R.

    1993             A federal perspective. In Indian water in the new West, edited by Thomas R. McGuire, William B. Lord, and Mary G. Wallace, pp. 57-70. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. [Mention is made of the Tohono O'odham's having filed suit against off-reservation water users in 1975 and the subsequent passage of the Southern Arizona Water Rights Settlement Act to forestall litigation.]

Merbs, Charles F.

    1989             Patterns of health and sickness in the preconquest Southwest. In Columbian consequences. Volume 1. Archaeological and historical perspectives on the Spanish borderlands west, edited by David H. Thomas, pp. 41-55. Washington and London, Smithsonian Institution Press. [Merbs includes a summary of the analysis by Donald Bahr and others (1974, 1983) of Piman beliefs concerning the etiology of disease. Bahr=s studies were based on work among Papago Indians.]

    1992             ABO, MN, and Rh frequencies among the Havasupai and other Southwest Indian groups. Kiva, Vol. 58, no. 1, pp. 67-88. Tucson, Arizona Archaeological and Historical Society. [Among the "other Southwest Indian groups" are the Tohono O'odham. Frequencies for these groups are compared.]

Merrill, F.J.H.

    1908             The mineral resources of Sonora. Mining and Scientific Press, Vol. 96, no. 1 (January), pp. 33-40. San Francisco, Dewey Publishing Company. [@About 35 miles northwest of Magdalena is Tubutama, where the Juárez Mining Co. is developing a copper property. This company also owns the Juárez gold mine 30 miles northwest of Caborca. This is an antigua [pre-1810?] mine which was long worked as a placer by the Papago Indians, who have found some large nuggets in the vicinity@(p. 26). Map included.]

Messmacher, Miguel

    1965             Caborca y Pitiquito. Boletín, núm. 22 (diciembre), pp. 13-17. México, D.F., Instituto de Antropología e Historia. [There is a black-and-white photo of the façade of Mission San Xavier del Bac on page 15 along with a brief discussion of the mission.]

Messner, Thomas, and John Piche

    1967             A visit to the Indian missions in Arizona. Provincial Annals, Vol. 29, no. 2 (April), pp. 134-14. Santa Barbara, California, Saint Barbara Province, Order of Friars Minor. [An account of a March, 1967 trip made by two third-year Franciscan theologians to Arizona, a trip which included visits to Chuichu, Covered Wells, Sells, and Topawa, all on the Papago Indian Reservation.]

Metcalfe, Jason L.

    1993             Conservation at Mission San Xavier del Bac. WAAC Newsletter, Vol. 15, no. 3 (September), pp. 20-23. Phoenix, Arizona, Western Association for Art Conservation. [This is an excellent summary of both exterior and interior conservation effected on the church of Mission San Xavier del Bac between 1989 and September, 1993.]

Metzger, Joan

    1987             Albert Sutton Reynolds: ordinary man, extraordinary photographs. Journal of Arizona History, Vol. 28, no. 4 (Winter), pp. 391-408. Tucson, Arizona Historical Society. [Mention is made of Reynold=s early 20th-century photographs of Papago Indians Ain their huts on the outskirts of Tucson.@ A photo on p. 403 shows his sister, Ella, seated by a cross on top of Grotto Hill on the San Xavier Indian Reservation, with the village showing in the background below. The view is toward the west-southwest.]

Metzler, William H.

    1960             AEconomic potential of the Papago Indians.@ Tucson, University of Arizona, Agricultural Experiment Station. 129 pp. [Unquestionably the most thorough study ever made concerning the economy of the Papago Indians and the Papago Indian Reservation, this draft study was never published and only a few copies were reproduced. Chapter headings are as follows: AFirst Impressions of the Papago Adjustment Problem@; AProblems of the Papagos@; AAgriculture on the Papago Reservation@; ALivestock on the Papago Reservation@; AMining, Industrial, and Business Development on the Reservation@; AWork for Wages: The New Economic Base for the Papagos@; ASocial and Cultural Factors Related to Economic Development@; and ASummary and Conclusions.@ The study is replete with statistical data.]

México. Instituto Nacional Antropología e Historia.

    1975             Las lenguas de México [México: panorama histórico y cultural, tomos 4 and 5]. México, SEP-INAH. [Papago is included among the languages listed in as general survey in volume 4.]

Meyer, James

    1939             Franciscan gleanings. Franciscan Herald, Vol. 27, no. 3 (March), pp. 94-95. Chicago, Franciscan Fathers of the Sacred Heart Province. [There is a note on page 94 concerning Father Augustine Schwarz, Aa native of Chicago@ who entered the Franciscan Order June 19, 1907, who was ordained a priest June 26, 1914, and who is now (1939) ASuperior of the Mission of Topawa, Arizona,@ on the Papago Indian Reservation.]

Michaels, G.R.

    1935             Tumacacori, priestly monument of the ages. Arizona Highways, Vol. 11, no 2 (February), pp. 14-15, 21. Phoenix, Arizona Highway Department. [This is a thumbnail sketch of the history of Mission Tumacacori, one illustrated with a black-and-white photo and an engraving which portrays the main doors at Mission San Xavier del Bac.]

Michler, N[athaniel]

    1859             From the 111th meridian of longitude to the Pacific Ocean. In Report on the United States and Mexican Boundary Survey, by William H. Emory [Executive Documents of the House of Representatives, no. 135, 34th Congress, 1st session], Vol. 1, part 1, pp. 101-125. Washington, Cornelius Wendell. [Mission San Xavier is described on p. 118 as being in a town ceded by the Mexicans to the Papago Indians; Pozo Verde, Sonora, is described as the site of an old Papago ranchería, and mention is made of Papagos= use of the saguaro cactus (p. 121); Papago ranchería of Cobota is noted (p. 122); a colored engraving of AAreneños-subtribe of the Papagos@ faces p. 123; and on p. 123, the Papago village at Sonoyta is mentioned and it is noted that the Papagos, once a formidable tribe, wander from San Xavier as far west as the Tinajas Altas. It is also said that Papagos waged unceasing war against Mexicans; the Papagos= god dwells high on Baboquivari Mountain; Papagos are superstitious about living near water; Papago women do all the labor; Papago women carry water in ollas on their heads; Papagos are relatively well off in worldly goods, growing wheat and corn and raising cattle and horses; Papagos make use of the fruit of saguaros and organ pipe cactus (Apitaya@); they consume a non-alcoholic drink made from Achie@ (chia) seeds; they are an inoffensive tribe; and the sub-tribe called Arenenos live on the salt lakes near the head of the Gulf of California and subsist on fish. Illustrations accompanying the essay include color lithographs based on Arthur Schott delineations of Papago women harvesting organ pipe cactus fruit and Arenenos spear fishing at the head of the Gulf of California. Michler began helping survey the boundary in December, 1854 and worked into 1855.]

    1987             From the 111th meridian of longitude to the Pacific Ocean. In Report on the United States and Mexican Boundary Survey, by William H. Emory, Vol. 1, part 1, pp. 101-125. Austin, Texas State Historical Association. [Reprint of Michler (1859).]

Middendorf, Bernard

    1957             Letter of Father Middendorf, S.J., dated from Tucson 3 March 1757. Translated and edited by Arthur D. Gardiner. Kiva, Vol. 22, no. 4 (June), pp. 1-10. Tucson, Arizona Archaeological and Historical Society. [This letter from Tucson was written to Father Rector Juan Antonio Balthasar. In it he describes in detail the activities of a punitive expedition, which he accompanied, against Northern O=odham who in 1756 had rebelled against Father Alonso Espinosa at Mission San Xavier del Bac. He concludes by asking that the items he requested be sent to him, especially since the nearest source of supply is Mission San Ignacio some sixty leagues away. The original holograph letter is reproduced here in facsimile, and Gardiner makes it clear in his introduction that Middendorf=s attempt to establish a permanent mission in Tucson was a failure.]

Miguel, Larry

    1974a           I=m a poet. In Arrow VI, edited by T.D. Allen, p. 9. s.l., s.n. [This 11^th grade Papago student asks others in this poem to notice that he is a poet.]

    1974b           Proud. In Arrow VI, edited by T.D. Allen, p. 9. s.l., s.n. [A poem by an 11^th grade Papago student in the Phoenix Indian School proclaims his pride in himself and his tribe.]

Miguel, Nellie

    1980             Totoñ / ants. In Tohonno O=odham ha cegtoidag c ha=icu a:ga, p. 34. Waitsburg, Washington, Coppei House Publisher for the San Simon School. [Papago and English versions of a poem by a Papago woman about ants who, she writes, Alive in harmony.@]

   1982a            Mañ eda al cemj; when I was small. In Mat hekid o ju; when it rains, edited by Ofelia Zepeda, pp. 32-33. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. [Papago and English versions of a poem by a Papago reflecting on the things she did as a child that are no longer done by Papago children.]

    1982b           [Untitled.] In Mat hekid o ju; when it rains, edited by Ofelia Zepeda, pp. 30-31. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. [Papago and English versions of a poem by a Papago about the everyday, ordinary things about her life that she likes.]

Miksicek, Charles H.

    1979             From parking lots to museum basements: the archaeobotany of the St. Mary=s site. Kiva, Vol. 45, nos. 1-2 (Fall-Winter), pp. 131-140. Tucson, Arizona Archaeological and Historical Society. [This discussion of evidence for cultivated materials from a prehistoric site at the edge of Tucson, Arizona, includes a quote from Father Eusebio Kino concerning Piman farming at San Xavier in the 1690s. It further asserts that the corn found at this prehistoric site is Aessentially identical to that cultivated by the historic Papago.@]

    1980             Prehistoric maize from the north-central Papagueria. In Excavations at Gu Achi [Publications in Anthropology, no. 12], by W. Bruce Masse, pp. 343-352. Tucson, National Park Service, Western Archeological Center. [Includes mention of Papago reliance on wild foods as opposed to cultivated foods, with figures from Castetter and Bell (1942). Gu Achi is on the Papago Indian Reservation.]

Miles, Candice

    1994             San Ignacio del Babocomari. Phoenix Home & Garden, Vo. 14, no. 12 (October), pp. 44-51, 107. Phoenix, PHG, Inc. [This illustrated article about a southern Arizona ranch dating from 1832 notes, ADespite his passion and remarkable determination, Padre Kino=s accelerated learning program was not universally accepted among the usually peaceful and accommodating Pimas. Afer his death in 1711, opposition to the Spaniards= agenda became more common, particularly when the plan included forced labor, military conscription, and exposure to cholera, alcoholism, and other diseases as well as mandatory conversion to Christianity. By 1773 (sic), when the Jesuits were pulled out of the territory, the small flocks of remaining faithful converts also had to combat mounting waves of increasingly angry Apache raiding parties. Not surprisingly, the small mission communities were soon abandoned.@

                             Good prose, perhaps, but terrible history.]

Miles, Charles

    1963             Indian and Eskimo artifacts of North America. New York, Bonanza Books. [A Papago burden basket (kiho) is illustrated on page 4, with the caption on page 5. Also illustrated, although the author didn=t know what they are, are four quince kut Papago gambling sticks (p. 213, illus. 10.38).]

Miles, Guy H., and William F. Henry

    1975(?)        An experimental program for ethnic minority youth from the rural Southwest. Minneapolis, North Star Research Institute. 71 pp. [This is the fourth volume in a 4-volume final report on a program conducted for the Manpower Administration of the U.S. Department of Labor. Among the youth involved in this program with respect to education were Tohono O=odham.]

Miles, William

    1851             Journal of the sufferings and hardships of Capt. Parker H. French=s overland expedition to California which left New York City, May 13th, 1850, by way of New Orleans, Lavacca and San Antonio, Texas, El Paso, on the Rio Grande, the River Gila to San Diego on the Pacific and landed at San Francisco December 14. Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, printed at the Valley Spirit Office. 26 pp. [Parker French=s party of emigrants encountered twenty APimas@ nine miles outside of Tubac in what was then northern Sonora. They bought some meat from the Indians, who are briefly described (p. 22).]

    1916             Journal of the sufferings and hardships of Capt. Parker H. French=s overland expedition to California which left New York City, May 13th, 1850, by way of New Orleans, Lavacca and San Antonio, Texas, El Paso, on the Rio Grande, the River Gila to San Diego on the Pacific and landed at San Francisco December 14. New York, Cadmus Book Shop. [A reprint of Miles (1851).]

    1965             Journal of the sufferings and hardships of Capt. Parker H. French=s overland expedition to California which left New York City, May 13th, 1850, by way of New Orleans, Lavacca and San Antonio, Texas, El Paso, on the Rio Grande, the River Gila to San Diego on the Pacific and landed at San Francisco December 14. Austin, Texas, Pemberton Press. [A reprint of Miles (1851).]

    1970             Journal of the sufferings and hardships of Capt. Parker H. French=s overland expedition to California which left New York City, May 13th, 1850, by way of New Orleans, Lavacca and San Antonio, Texas, El Paso, on the Rio Grande, the River Gila to San Diego on the Pacific and landed at San Francisco December 14. Fairfield, Washington, Ye Galleon Press. [A reprint of Miles (1851).]

Miller, Charles A.

    1979             A whole town powered by the sun. Mechanix Illustrated, Vol. 75, no. 615 (August), pp. 20-21. Greenwich, Connecticut, CBS Publications. [Seven photos and a brief article tell about the U.S. Department of Energy/National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) photovoltaic array solar generator at the village of Schuchulik on the Papago Indian Reservation.]

Miller, G. Lynette

    1975             Weave a basket. Woman=s Day Native American Indian Crafts, no. 1, pp. 54-55, 92. Greenwich, Connecticut, Fawcett Publications, Inc. [Photograph of a Papago coiled basket from the collections of the Museum of the American Indian is on page 55.]

Miller, Jonathan

    1977             Tucson R & R: take two days and lay back. Sundancer, Vol. 6, no. 6 (June), pp. 37, 62, 64. Los Angeles, East/West Network, Inc. [This article about Tucson in the Hughes Airwest in-flight magazine has a black-and-white photo of the patio of Mission San Xavier del Bac (p. 37). There is no mention of the mission or reservation in the article.]

Miller, Joseph

    1939             Mission San Xavier del Bac. Christendom's glorious shrine. Arizona Highways, Vol. 15, no. 12 (December), pp. 6-9, 42. Phoenix, Arizona Highway Department. [A dozen black-and-white photos of both the interior and exterior of Mission San Xavier del Bac, including the main cross in the Papago cemetery, accompany this extensive article on the history of the mission. Father Kino's role in founding the mission is elaborated in considerable detail and the church interior is described in even more detail.]

Miller, Joseph, editor

    1962             Arizona cavalcade. The turbulent times. New York, Hastings House. Illus., index. 306 pp. [Reprinted here are articles and letters from the Tucson Star newspaper from 1879, 1880, and 1908 concerning Mission San Xavier del Bac, the Papagos who lived at San Xavier, and frequent Apache raids on the community. Among the articles are observations on the poor condition of the church, theft of a silver altar service, and reminiscences of María Martínez de Berger concerning her life at San Xavier which began about 1850.]

Miller, Kristie

    2004             AI have been waiting for it all my life.@ The congressional career of Isabella Greenway. Journal of Arizona History, Vol. 45, no. 2 (Summer), pp. 121-142. Tucson, Arizona Historical Society. [It is noted here that Congresswoman Isabella Greenway, as a member of the Indian Affairs Committee of the House of Representatives, used her influence to keep the Papago Indian Reservation open to mineral entry and mining by non-Indians during the Great Depression.]

Miller, Merle, and Evan Rhodes

    1965             Only you, Dick Daring, or how to write one television script and make $50,000,000. New York, Bantam Books. 278 pp. [A chapter entitled, AA Small Lie@ tells about the Gila River Pimas= refusal to allow a crew to film the story of WWII hero, and Pima Indian, Ira Hayes on the Gila River Indian Reservation. So some of the filming was done instead on the San Xavier Indian Reservation with Papagos hired as extras. References to the San Xavier Reservation and to Papagos are on pages 184, 185, 188, and 190.].

Miller, Myron, photographer

    1981-82       [Photograph of a quilt.] Lady's Circle Editor's Choice Patchwork Quilts, Vol. 1, no. 2 (Winter), outside back cover. New York, Lopez Publications, Inc. [This is a photograph of a quilt made in 1966 by Goldie Richmond, a trader and quiltmaker who lived at San Simon on the Papago Indian Reservation. The quilt, which won the First Premium blue ribbon at the 1966 Arizona State Fair and which is in the collections of the Arizona State Museum, depicts various traditional Papago Indian activities. It was also included is a selection of the 100 best quilts of the 20th century.]

    1982             [Photograph of a quilt.] In Patchwork Quilts, edited by Carter Houck, p. 49. Skokie, Illinois, Publications International. [Identical to Miller (1981-82).]

Miller, Robert J.

    1981             AChavez Pass and biological relationships in prehistoric central Arizona.@ Ph.D. dissertation, Arizona State University, Tempe. 287 pp. [Cranial and other measurements were made on skeletal materials recovered from a series of archaeological sites in central Arizona, and those data were compared with measurements of historic Eastern and Western Pueblo and Pima and Papago populations. AThe pronounced differences observed among the present-day series may stem from village isolation in historic times, or may be due to different ancestral origins.@]

Miller, Sherman

    1964             Tropic of Tucson. Tucson, Rutz Press. Illus. 142 pp. [This breezy, and largely contemporary, look at Tucson includes a note to the effect that the name ATucson@ is derived from two Papago words that mean ABlack Base.@ Miller also provides a three-page summary of Father Eusebio Kino=s having founded Mission San Xavier del Bac, Athe >White Dove of the Desert,= as the Spanish and Indians called it,@ and an account of the Spanish Acanes of office@ and how the tradition survives in the San Xavier community to the present.]

Miller, Skip

    1987             Environmental setting. In The San Xavier Archaeological Project [Southwest Cultural Series, No. 1, Vol. 1], by Mary L. Heuett, Skip Miller, Julio L. Betancourt, and Thomas W. Stafford, Jr., section 2A. Tucson, Cultural & Environmental Systems, Inc. [Miller describes the land forms, climate, soils, vegetation, and wildlife of an 18,729-acre unit of land within the boundaries of the San Xavier Indian Reservation that had been proposed for lease and development of a planned community. Tables provide lists of the plants and animals.]

Miller, Tom

    1976             Papago Indians are chicken scratching . . . . Country Music, Vol. 4, no. 8 (May), p. 16. New York, KBO Publishers, Inc. [About so-called Achicken scratch@ music of the Papago Indians, a Anon-traditional form of Indian popular music which resembles an Eastern European polka, with turkey in the straw pacing, a strong bass line, some oompah oompah, and is heavily Mexican in influence.@ A black-and-white photo shows a group of Papagos dancing to chicken scratch music in the Lucky Dollar, a bar in South Tucson.]

    1981             On the border. Portraits of America=s southwestern frontier. New York, Harper & Row. Maps, bibl., index. xiii + 226 pp. [This book about events along the United States and Mexico boundary devotes seven paragraphs to the Papago Indian Reservation, with an overview of its environment, history, and contemporary dealings through the international fence.]

    1984             A bloom on the desert. Northwest Orient, Vol. 125, no. 3 (March), pp. 29-39. St. Paul, Minnesota, Halsey Publishing Company. [A series of vignettes of various people living in Tucson, one story is about John P. Schaefer, a man who has published photographs of Mission San Xavier del Bac as well as of Papago Indians. A photo of Schaefer shows the mission in the background.]

    1986a           Indians and the government. In Arizona: the land and the people, edited by Tom Miller, p. 178. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. [Included here is a brief discussion of the government-built community of San Lucy on the Gila Bend Papago Reservation and of urban encroachment next to the San Xavier Reservation.]

    1986b           Papago chicken scratch. In Arizona: the land and the people, edited by Tom Miller, p. 108. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. [A color photo and a discussion of Papago Achicken scratch@ music and dance as played by Joe Miguel & the Blood Brothers for Canyon Records in Scottsdale, Arizona.]

    1986c           (Viva la chimichanga! In Arizona: the land and the people, edited by Tom Miller, p. 214. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. [About a deep-fried wheat flour tortilla wrapped around a filling such as refried beans, stripped, beef, chicken, or chile -- one that may have been standard Papago fare even before they became popular among the general public in the 1950s.]

    1987             A little hell on earth, or is the Sierra del Pinacate some strange paradise? Even this Mexican wasteland has its protectors. New Times, Vol. 18, no. 51 (December 16-22), pp. 30, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44-45. Phoenix, New Times. [An overview account of the Pinacates in northwestern Sonora, one heavy on the 20th century with information up to 1987. Papagos are included in the story.]

    2000             Jack Ruby=s kitchen sink. Washington, D.C. National Geographic Society. Map, illus. xxi + 250 pp. [One of the many episodes in this book of Aoffbeat travels through America=s Southwest@ is about a man killed by a falling saguaro cactus he had downed with his shotgun. In telling the story, Miller refers to the cactus as Ha:san, Athe word for saguaro within the Tohono O=odham Nation, which exalts the cactus in its traditions, ceremonies, and lore.@]

Miller, Tom, editor

    1986             Arizona: the land and the people. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. Illus., bibl., index. 297 pp. [Scattered mention of Papagos occurs throughout. Also see Josephy (1986), Miller (1986a, b, c), and Nabhan (1986).]

Miller, Wick R.

    1967             Uto-Aztecan cognate sets [University of California Publications in Linguistics, Vol. 48]. Berkeley and Los Angeles, University of California Press. Map, bibl. 83 pp. [This monograph consists of 514 Uto-Aztecan cognate sets. Papago is one of nineteen Uto-Aztecan languages whose cognates are listed.]

    1983a           A note on extinct languages of northwest Mexico of supposed Uto-Aztecan affiliation. International Journal of American Linguistics, Vol. 49, no. 3 (July), pp. 328-334. Chicago, University of Chicago Press. [Papago enters into the comparative discussion.]

    1983b           Uto-Aztecan languages. In Handbook of North American Indians, edited by William C. Sturtevant, Vol. 10, Southwest, edited by Alfonso Ortiz, pp. 113-124. Washington, Smithsonian Institution.

    1984             The classification of Uto-Aztecan languages based on lexical evidence. International Journal of American Linguistics, Vol. 50, no. 1 (January), pp. 1-24. Chicago, University of Chicago Press. [Papago is listed as a ASonoran language,@ a member of ATepiman@ in the ACentral Group.@]

    1996             The ethnography of speaking. In Handbook of North American Indians, edited by William C. Sturtevent, Vol. 17, Languages, edited by Ives Goddard, pp. 222-243. Washington, Smithsonian Institution. [Miller writes that Papagos expect to hear speeches at rituals (p. 229); Coyote is the "wooly comrade" in Papago speech (p. 231); Papagos had well developed ceremonial speech and prayer (p. 232); Papagos use open sounds in their songs (p. 233) and have a "salt language" (p. 235); Papagos indulge in speech play (p. 237); and Papagos view dialects as being bounded (p. 238).]

Mills, Dean P.

    1976             Desert of children. A novel of the Southwest. Iowa City, Iowa, Pearce Douglas Press. 164 pp. [Baboquivari Mountain, Stoa Pitk village, Papagos, and Papago songs, as well as a saguaro harvest, become a small part of the story of this really bad novel about a Great Depression-era non-Indian family making its way in southern Arizona.]

Mills, Guy H., and William F. Henry

    1974             An experimental program for ethnic minority youth from the rural Southwest. Volume 4. Springfield, Virginia, National Technical Information Service. 71 pp. [AThis report contains a detailed description of the general framework of a program for Chicano, Navajo, and Papago youths living in the rural parts of Southwestern states.]

Mills, Hazel E.

    1932             AJacobo Sedelmayr: a Jesuit in Pimería Alta, 1736-1767.@ Master of Arts thesis, University of California, Berkeley. Map. 274 pp. [This thesis recounts the activities of Father Sedelmayr among Piman Indians, including those at San Xavier del Bac, during the mid-18th century. Included are transcripts of letters and documents written by Sedelmayr in Latin, Spanish, and in his native German. Also see Dunne (1955, 1957) and Sedelmayr (1996, 1997.)]

    1936             Father Jacobo Sedelmayr, S.J. Arizona Historical Review, Vol. 7, no. 1 (January), pp. 3-18. Tucson, University of Arizona. [This article about Father Jacobo Sedelmayr,. S.J., provides a synopsis of information contained in Mills (1932).]

Min, Maung M.

    1965             APetrography and alteration of the Kitt Peak area, Pima County, Arizona.@ Unpublished Master of Science thesis, The University of Arizona, Tucson. 90 pp. [The area described lies entirely within the boundaries of the Papago Indian Reservation.]

Minckley, W.L.

    1999             Fredric Morton Chamberlain's 1904 survey of Arizona fishes, with annotations. Journal of the Southwest, Vol. 41, no. 2 (Summer), pp. 177-237. Tucson, The Southwest Center, University of Arizona. [Chamberlain made a survey of fish in the Santa Cruz River in the immediate vicinity of San Xavier, where he examined the river on March 27 and 29, 1904. He found Gila chub and topminnow, and he makes mention of the fact the J.M. Berger, farmer-in-charge at the San Xavier Indian agency, was desirous of introducing catfish in addition to the carp already introduced by him in nearby downstream Silver Lake.]

Minckley, W.L., and David E. Brown

    1982             Southwestern wetlands. In Biotic communities of the American Southwest -- United States and Mexico [Desert Plants, Vol. 4, nos. 1-4], edited by David E. Brown, pp. 223-287. Superior, Arizona, The University of Arizona for the Boyce Thompson Southwestern Arboretum. [Figure 150 on page 229 is a black-and-white photo of Acut banks and dead mesquite trees along Santa Cruz River, near San Xavier, Pima County, Arizona. Once one of the finest mesquite bosques in the Southwest. Ground water pumping has now virtually destroyed this interesting community.@]

Minckley, W.L., and Thomas O. Clark

    1984             Formation and destruction of a Gila River mesquite bosque community. Desert Plants, Vol. 6, no. 1 (Summer), pp. 23-30. Superior, Arizona, The University of Arizona for the Boyce Thompson Southwestern Arboretum. [Mention is made (p. 23) of the destruction of the San Xavier Indian Reservation bosque of mature Honey and Velvet mesquite trees. Also see Minckley and Brown (1982).]

Miner, Carrie M.

    2003             Butterfly silent, butterfly beautiful and other Indian myths. Arizona Highways, Vol. 79, no. 3 (March), pp. 18-21. Phoenix, Arizona Department of Transportation. [The author asserts -- without any kind of documentation -- a presumed Tohono O=odham legend that accounts for the origin of butterflies. Given the inclusion of pine trees in the story, the attribution is unlikely. The author also observes, probably correctly, that some 240 species of butterflies inhabit the homeland of the Tohono O=odham.]

Minnis, Paul E.

    1984             Native food plants of the American Southwest. Masterkey, Vol. 58, no. 1 (Spring), pp 3-8. Los Angeles, Southwest Museum. [Includes mention of the use of saguaro fruit by Pima and Papago Indians.]

    1985             Social adaptation to food stress: a prehistoric southwestern example. Chicago and London, University of Chicago Press. x + 239 pp. [This is a study of the prehistory of the Río Mimbres Valley in southwestern New Mexico, one which mentions (p. 74) that efforts to grow drought resistant Papago corn in this region in modern times failed because the seed Aburned up,@ even though it was watered weekly.]

Mitchell, Janet

    1991             Festivals & fiestas. Tucson Guide Quarterly, Vol. 9, no. 1 (Spring), pp. 19. 21-23, 26-28, 30-31. Tucson, Madden Publishing, Inc. [Among the upcoming fiestas and festivals listed here are the San Xavier Pageant and Fiesta held at Mission San Xavier del Bac (Friday, April 3, 1991) and the third annual waila festival, a performance by Tohono O=odham of waila music at the Arizona Historical Society on April 27, 1991.]

Mitchell, John D.

    1933             Lost mines of the great Southwest, including stories of hidden treasures. Phoenix, The Journal Company, Inc. Illus. 174 pp. [This is perhaps the granddaddy book of lost treasure stories. Included here is a tale B and it is a tale B of priests and mining at Mission San Xavier del Bac.]

    1947             Bells of old Guevavi. Desert Magazine, Vol. 10, no. 5 (March), pp. 9-10. El Centro, California, Desert Press, Inc. [Another lost treasure story, this one about Mission Guevavi in southern Arizona, a place founded by Jesuits for the Northern O=odham in the late 17^th century. The story is that the mission=s bells were made from silver-copper ore mined nearby, and that ore continued to be extracted from the mine as late as the early 20^th century.]

    1948             Lost treasure of Del Bac. Desert Magazine, Vol. 11, no. 9 (July), pp. 15-16. El Centro, California, Desert Press, Inc. [Illustrated, this is a re-telling of the legend of Padre Eusebio Kino, Mission San Xavier del Bac, and the reputed silver mine of La Esmeralda, supposedly two leagues southwest of Bac. References are made to Papagos throughout.]

    1950a           Lost silver mine of the Jesuits. Desert Magazine, Vol. 14, no. 1 (November), pp. 25-26. Palm Desert, California, Desert Press, Inc. [This is a hokum story about a legendary silver mine, La Purísima Concepción, said to be located about twelve miles south of Mission Tumacacori. In telling the tale, Mitchell alludes to the 1750 (sic) Pima revolt against he Spaniards.]

    1950b           Silver mine of the old Opata Indians. Desert Magazine, Vol. 13, no. 11 (September), pp. 31-32. Palm Desert, California, Desert Press, Inc. [This is a lost treasure story, a mine said to have existed in the San Cayetano Mountains near San Cayetano de Tumacacori Mission. This story is that the Jesuits operated the mine and that the Arich ore was ... mined and carried to the adobe furnace on the backs of Pima, Papago, and Opata neophytes.@]

    1953a           Lost mines & buried treasures along the old frontier. Palm Desert, California, Desert Magazine Press. Illus. 240 pp. [Included here are tales of mines and treasures at Mission Tumacacori in the Pimería Alta, printed by a publisher who should have known better B but who pandered to the insatiable taste of the public for lost treasure stories.]

    1953b           Lost treasure of Sonoyta ... . Desert Magazine, Vol. 16, no. 4 (April), pp. 25-26. Palm Desert, California, Desert Press, Inc. [This is a totally fanciful tale -- one which greatly confuses historic facts -- concerning a presumed lost Padre Mine and treasure at Mission San Marcello del Sonoydag, a Jesuit mission destroyed in the Pima Revolt of 1751. Mitchell also tells how a A128-year-old Papago medicine man@ told him on his death bed where the lost mine was located, but Mitchell apparently never sought it out.]

    1970a           Lost mines & buried treasures along the old frontier. Glorieta, New Mexico, Rio Grande Press. Maps, illus. 240 pp. [A reprint of John D. Mitchell (1953a).]

    1970b           Lost mines of the great Southwest, including stories of hidden treasures. Glorieta, New Mexico, Rio Grande Press. Maps, illus. 174 pp. [A reprint of John D. Mitchell (1933).]

    1990a           Lost mines & buried treasures along the old frontier. Glorieta, New Mexico, Rio Grande Press. Maps, illus. 240 pp. [A reprint of John D. Mitchell (1953a).]

    1990b           Lost mines of the great Southwest, including stories of hidden treasures. Glorieta, New Mexico, Rio Grande Press. Maps, illus. 174 pp. [A reprint of John D. Mitchell (1933).]

Mithun, Marianne

    1996a           The description of the native languages of North America: Boas and after. In Handbook of North American Indians, edited by William C. Sturtevent, Vol. 17, Languages, edited by Ives Goddard, pp. 43-63. Washington, Smithsonian Institution. [Mention is made of Kenneth Hale's dissertation on the Papago language (p.52); of Ofelia Zepeda's work on her native language of Papago (pp. 58, 61); of Dean and Lucille Saxton's studies of the Papago language (pp. 59, 61); and of Jane Hill's work on the language (p. 61).]

    1996b           Overview of general characteristics. In Handbook of North American Indians, edited by William C. Sturtevent, Vol. 17, Languages, edited by Ives Goddard, pp. 137-157. Washington, Smithsonian Institution. [It's noted (p. 151) that in the Papago language, inalienable possessions include body parts, clothing, kin, tools (scissors, pot, bottle, basket, plate, pocket knife, shovel), and stirrups, saddles, houses, and cars.]

Mitich, Larry W.

    1972             The saguaro -- a history. Cactus and Succulent Journal, Vol. 44, no. 3 (May-June), pp. 118-129. Reseda, California, Cactus and Succulent Society of America. [This history of the discovery of and reporting on the saguaro by non-Indians includes some discussion of the use and importance of the plant and its fruit to Papago Indians. Photo of a Papago woman harvesting the fruit is included.]

Mitsui, James M.

    1997             From as three-cornered world: new and selected poems. Seattle and London, University of Washington Press. x + 98 pp. [One of the poems in this gathering is titled, ATohono O=odham Indian cemetery.@]

Miyashita, Mizuki

    2002             ATohono O=odham syllable weight: descriptive, theoretical and applied aspects.@ Ph.D. dissertation, The University of Arizona, Tucson. [AThis dissertation is a model of a unified study of three linguistic aspects: description, theory and application. Tohono O=odham syllable weight is investigated within these linguistic aspects.@]

Miyashita, Mizuki; Richard Demers, and Delbert Ortiz

    2003             Grammatical relations in Tohono O=odham: an instrumental perspective. In Word order and scrambling, edited by Simin Karimi, chapter 3. Malden, Massachusetts, and Oxford, England, Blackwell Publishers.

Miyashita, Mizuki, and Laura A. Moll

    1999             Enhancing language material availability using computers. In Revitalizing indigenous languages. Papers presented at the annual Stabilizing Indigenous Languages Symposium (5^th, Louisville, Kentucky, May 15-16, 1998), edited by Jon A. Reyhner, chapter 9. Flagstaff, Arizona, Northern Arizona University, Center for Excellence in Education. [AThis paper describes the use of computer technology to produce an updated online Tohono O=odham dictionary.@ The goal is to combine the Mathiot (n.d., 1973a) and Saxton, Saxton, and Enos (1983) dictionaries, but using the official Alvarez-Hale orthography.]

Miyoshi, Kozo

    1994             Far East and Southwest. The photography of Kozo Miyoshi. Introduction by Trudy W. Stack. Tucson, Center for Creative Photography, The University of Arizona. Illus. 47 pp. [This gathering of black-and-white photographs by Japanese photographer Miyoshi includes 1992 images of the village chapels in the Tohono O'odham communities of Kupk, Pia Oik, San Pedro, and Kohatk. Listed in the "checklist for the exhibition" are additional photos, not included in this catalogue, of chapels in the villages of Haivana Nakya, Hickiwan, Pisinemo, and South Komelik.]

Mizen, Mamie L.

    1966             Federal facilities for Indians. Tribal relations with the federal government. Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office. Map, index. x + 856 + v pp. [Report prepared for the Committee on Appropriations, U.S. Senate, 1965-66. Scattered references to Papagos include data concerning utilities provisions (percentages if households with electricity, radios, television sets, telephones); health and sanitation; educational and cultural development; anti poverty programs; political organization; employment situation activities; hospital accessibility; housing adequacy; school attendance; recreation; road construction and utilities provision; major items of tribal concern; law and order, including court systems; and library facilities.]

Moeur, B[enjamin] B.

    1933             A protest: rights of Arizona, its citizens and residents invaded by withdrawal order of Secretary of the Interior Wilbur of October 28, 1932. s.l., s.n. Map. 28 pp. [This is a gathering of letters, statements, and other documents protesting the withdrawal of lands within the Papago Indian Reservation from mineral entry. The withdrawal order reads in part: A... all Papago lands covered by Executive Order of February 1, 1917, be temporarily withdrawn from, all forms of mineral entry or claim under the public land mining law until further notice, pursuant to the authority found in section 4 of the Act of March 3, 1917 (44 Stat. L. 1347); in order that Congress may consider the claim of the Indians to the mineral rights within those lands.@ Moeur, a physician, was Governor of Arizona.]

Moffitt, Dan B.

    1985             Papago hero. Tucson Magazine, June-July, pp. 44-46. Tucson, Tucson Magazine, Inc. [This is a biographical sketch of Joe McCarthy, a WWI veteran who was born in the village of Littlefield in the Papago country in October, 1895, and who for many years lived on the San Xavier Reservation. At the time this article was published, McCarthy, who is shown in a black-and-white photograph dressed in his First World War army uniform, was eighty-nine years old. Also see McCarthy (1985).]

Molina, Jesús Joseph Javier de

    1997             Father Molina to Governor Vildósola. In The presidio and militia on the northern frontier of New Spain, a documentary history. Volume two, part one. The Californias and Sinaloa-Sonora, 1700-1765, compiled and edited by Charles W. Polzer and Thomas E. Sheridan, pp. 335-342. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. [This is a January, 1741 document written by the Jesuit visitor of the northern missions. He writes, "Although they have been converted, the Papagos, a part of the Pimería Alta, are losing their souls because they have no desire to go to church or to attend their catechism classes. Furthermore, they marry and interchange women according to their pagan custom. They live such a heathen life because their lands are incapable of being cultivated, of supporting a mission, or even of providing a pasture for a horse herd. These lands produce only a small bean, and are almost totally lacking in water, forcing the inhabitants to drink from batequis (water holes). Since their territory does not provide for all of their sustenance, the Papagos therefore come to work in the missions and ranches for three months or more each year."]

Molina M., Flavio

    1973             Eusebio Francisco Kino, S.J., el más culto de los conquistadores. México, D.F., Obra Nacional de la Buena Prensa, A.C. [A discussion of the life of Father Eusebio Francisco Kino, S.J., and his missionary work among the Piman Indians of Sonora. Illustrations are taken without acknowledgment from Polzer (1972).]

Monahan, A.C.

    1934             Deep wells. Indians at Work, Vol. 1, no. 22 (July 1), p. 22. Washington, D.C., Office of Indian Affairs. [One quarter of the money allocated by the Office of Indian Affairs for the drilling of deep wells for range improvement as a drought relief measure will be used on the Papago and Navajo Indian reservations.]

Moncrief, Justin

    1949             Covered Wells, Arizona. Provincial Annals, Vol. 11, no. 4 (April), p. 200. [Santa Barbara, California], Province of Saint Barbara [of the Order of Friars Minor]. [A news note about this Papago Reservation community which observes that there are 68 students in the Catholic school there.]

    1952             Project work. Indian Sentinel, Vol. 32. no. 4 (April), inside back cover. Washington, D.C., Bureau of Catholic Indian Missions. [An appeal from Franciscan missionary Father Justin Moncrief for help with catechism classes among some 180 Papago children attending non-parochial schools on the Papago Reservation and in Ajo, Arizona.]

    1953a           [Letter to the editor.] Indian Sentinel, Vol. 33. no. 6 (June), p. 88. Washington, D.C., Bureau of Catholic Indian Missions. [A letter in which thanks is given for support of the Papago summer vacation school in Ajo, Arizona.]

    1953b           Papagos honor Holy Cross. Indian Sentinel, Vol. 33. no. 5 (May), pp. 74, 79. Washington, D.C., Bureau of Catholic Indian Missions. [A description, with one photograph, of the Papago celebration of the feast of Holy Cross (Santa Cruz) held by the hillside grotto of St. Catherine=s Mission in Ajo, Arizona, probably in May, 1952.]

Mong, Rebecca, editor

    1996             Mileposts: a mission renewed. Arizona Highways, Vol. 72, no. 3 (March), p. 54. Phoenix, Arizona Department of Transportation. [This is a brief notice of the ongoing conservation project being carried out on the church at Mission San Xavier del Bac.]

Monk, Joseph A.

    1905             Arizona sketches. New York, The Grafton Press. [Included on p. 10 is a black-and-white photograph of the south-southwest elevation of the church of Mission San Xavier del Bac. The new balconies are in place, but no reconstruction has yet begun on the atrium and cemetery walls.]

Monson, Gale

    1980             Distribution and abundance. In The desert bighorn: its life history, ecology, and management, edited by Gale Monson and Lowell Sumner, pp. 40-51. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. ["The Papago Indian Reservation has numerous mountain ranges suitable for bighorn, but numbers have declined rapidly and it was estimated in 1972 that not more than fifty were left (Brown, 1972)."]

Montana, Lupe

    1953a           Etoi. In The new trail, revised edition, p. 24. Phoenix, Phoenix Indian School Print Shop. [A story of the Papagos= Elder Brother as told by an 18-year-old Papago student.]

    1953b           The Papago house. In The new trail, revised edition, p. 13. Phoenix, Phoenix Indian School Print Shop. [An essay about Papago house construction.]

Montana, Virginia

    1980a           Ali / a baby. In Tohonno O=odham ha cegtoidag c ha=icu a:ga, p. 14. Waitsburg, Washington, Coppei House Publisher for the San Simon School. [A poem , here in Papago and English, by a Papago women comparing babies to ripe, delicious saguaro fruit.]

    1980b           Cioj ñ-we:nag / my brother. In Tohonno O=odham ha cegtoidag c ha=icu a:ga, p. 10. Waitsburg, Washington, Coppei House Publisher for the San Simon School. [Papago and English versions of a poem by a Papago about news received by her family of her brother=s death.]

    1982a           >Ali / a baby. In Mat hekid o ju; when it rains, edited by Ofelia Zepeda, pp. 36-37. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. [A reprint of V. Montana (1980a).]

    1982b           Ceoj ñ-we:nag / my brother. In Mat hekid o ju; when it rains, edited by Ofelia Zepeda, pp. 38-39. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. [A reprint of V. Montana (1980b.)]

Montané Martí, Julio C.

    1989             Juan Bautista de Anza. Diario del primer viaje a la California, 1774. Hermosillo, Sociedad Sonorense de Historia. Maps. vi + 121 pp. [The first half of this book consists of Montané's discussion of Anza and the 1774 expedition made by him, Father Francisco Garcés, and others from Tubac westward through the Papago country to Alta California and Monterey and back via the Gila River and San Xavier del Bac. Also see Bolton, translator and editor, 1930e.]

Monthan, Guy, and Doris Monthan

    1979             Nacimientos. Nativity scenes by Southwest Indian artists. Flagstaff, Northland Press. [Included are nativity scenes made by Papago Indians Domingo and Chepa Franco, all of them using saguaro ribs in their construction.]

Montooth, Charles

    1975             Land of extremes shaped our shelters. Arizona [supplement of the Arizona Republic], November 16, pp. 82-87. Phoenix, The Arizona Republic. [The author observes: AAt the time the founding fathers were forging a constitution in Philadelphia, the Spaniards were building San Xavier del Bac, a great mission church south and west of Tucson. ... A vision was laid out to the Papago of something higher and finer than anything he had ever encountered. Architecture became the physical expression of God. ... San Xavier del Bac is indigenous to its climate and site. It also owes part of its appearance to the architectures of Spain and North Africa.@]

Mooney, James

    1896             The Ghost Dance religion and the Sioux outbreak of 1890 [Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology, 1892-1893, Vol. 14, part 2, pp. 641-1136]. Washington, Government Printing Office. Maps, bibl., index. [Mooney says that according to the best information available, the Ghost Dance never spread to the Papago Indians (p. 805).]

    1911             Pápago Indians. Catholic Encyclopedia, Vol. 11, pp. 000-000. New York, Robert Appleton Company. [An overview by anthropologist Mooney of Papago Indian culture and history, with emphasis on the latter. When the essay was written, Papagos resided on the San Xavier and Gila Bend reservations, Ascattered in villages throughout Pima County,@ and Athe rest being in Sonora, Mexico.@] {also online at <http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11451c.htm>, copyright 1999}

    1928             The aboriginal population of America north of Mexico [Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collection, Vol. 80, no. 7 (February)]. Washington, D.C., The Smithsonian Institution. Bibl. 40 pp. [Mooney writes that A... the Pima and Papago apparently continued to increase until the American occupation about 1850" (p. 21). He estimates Papago population in 1680 at 6,000, and in 1907, at 5,800 (p. 22). He also alludes to Sonoran Papagos (p. 21).]

    1973             The Ghost Dance religion and the Sioux outbreak of 1890 [Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology, 1892-1893, Vol. 14, part 2, pp. 641-1136]. Reprint edition, with an introduction and additional bibliography by Bernard L. Fontana. Glorieta, New Mexico, Rio Grande Press. [A reprint of Mooney (1896), with additional material by Bernard Fontana.]

Moore, Helen Lenore

    1925             "The Papago Indians of Arizona and Sonora." Master of Arts thesis, University of Southern California, Los Angeles. Illus., bibl. vi + 92 leaves, [19] leaves of plates.

Moore, Josiah, and Patricia P. Paylore

    1984             The Papago Tribal Council=s Chairman speaks frankly to Arid Lands Newsletter. Arid Lands Newsletter, no. 20 (January), pp. 4-6. Tucson, Office of Arid Studies, University of Arizona. [Text of an interview between Moore, Papago Tribal Council Chairman, and editor Paylore concerning education, housing, the Tat Momolikut Dam, Papago cooperative efforts as exemplified in livestock management, and tribal government. Photos of Moore and an area behind the dam are included.]

Moore, Kirke T.

    1902             Quajaiti, a village of the desert. University of Arizona Monthly, Vol. 4, no. 6 (April), pp. 183-187. Tucson, University of Arizona. [Illustrated. This is a discussion of the Kohatk village of AQuajaiti@ (Kohatk). Discussed are means of farming, threshing, harvesting, dependence on rainfall, role of the medicine man in the harvest, organized rabbit hunt, weapons, pottery, basketry, Atiswin party,@ and a desert storm. The village is described, including the number and kinds of houses.]

Moore, Yndia S., compiler

    1958             Butterfield Overland Mail across Arizona, 1858-1861. Introduction by Eleanor Sloane. Tucson, Arizona Silhouettes for the Arizona Pioneers= Historical Society. Map, illus. 32 pp. [Published to commemorate the arrival in Tucson in 1858 of the stage of the Butterfield Overland Mail, this booklet contains a reminiscence by A.S. Reynolds of a time in 1852 when Leander (Leandro) Spofford was Athe one-man mail route from Sonora, Mexico.@

                             AHe said that he came up from Altar up through the Altar Valley, crossing the Santa Cruz near the San Xavier Mission, then, along the river and skirting the base of the Tucson Mountains until he reached the old mission on the west bank. Here he crossed the river coming into the pueblo by a road that led him to the southwest gate. ... Mr. Spofford always traveled alone, and often on foot, taking his bearings by the stars by night and his compass by day.@]

Moraga, Rafael

    1997a           Diary of operations to pacify and restore law and order in the Tecolote district of the Papaguería. In A frontier documentary: Sonora and Tucson, 1821-1848, translated and edited by Kieran R. McCarty, pp. 66-67. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. [Written from the ACóbota battlefield@ on May 11, 1840, Moraga tells about a battle between Mexicans and Papagos in the Cóbota hills in which a dozen Papagos were killed and many wounded and in which only one Mexican died and in which eight were wounded. Also see McCarty (1997c).]

    1997b           [An excerpt, dated April 27, 1838, from a diary of a campaign through the gold fields in Papago Indian country.] In A frontier documentary: Sonora and Tucson, 1821-1848, translated and edited by Kieran R. McCarty, pp. 63-65. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. [Moraga writes about his meeting with Tónalic, the Papago leader of Cubó (Kerwo), at the Sonoran settlement of Soñi, as well as with the Papago officials of Carricito, Ayoma, and Tac. Tónalic acknowledged he knew of the dangers of a Papago uprising against Mexicans. However, AMany Papagos were not formally Christians, he explained, but they all knew that God had created them and had suffered for them, and they also knew there was a loving Mother who intercedes with her Son for all living beings.

                             APapagos believe that all men are one and, even though Papago skins are darker, that God loves them equally with all the others and cares for them despite their offenses against Him, for they know that God does not want them to steal from or do harm to their fellow man. Papagos feel guilty when they do so.

                             APapagos also believe, Tónalic continued, that God placed many good things on this earth so that all creatures may survive, not just a few. He created the stars in the heavens and set forth His grandeur and power.

                             AOn this particular land he created the Papagos. For their survival He endowed it with resources. He also willed this land not be taken from them. Against those who might try, the Papagos still should not wish to make war.@

                             Moraga further explains in detail the confrontation between Mexican miner Diego Celaya and the Papago governor of Carricito, one that concerned a strong disagreement over water.]

Morales Garduño, Martha G.

    1981             Los Pápagos. México, D.F., Instituto Nacional Indigenista. Map. illus. 6 pp. [Provided here is an overview of the Papago Indians who in 1981 were living in northwestern Sonora. Included are brief sections concerning history, urbanization, demography (300 said to be living in Sonora), language, dress, settlement pattern, economy, religion, crafts, social organization, political organization, festivals, and inter-ethnic relations.]

Moreillon, Judi

    1997             Sing down the rain. Illustrated by Michael Chiago. Introduction by Danny Lopez. Santa Fe, New Mexico, Kiva Publishing, Inc. 26 pp. [This is a color illustrated, hardcover book for elementary school-age children, one that in rhymed verse tells the story of the Tohono O'odham's saguaro harvest festival. The poems are meant to be read aloud by a chorus.]

    1999             The candle and the mirror: one author=s journey as an outsider. New Advocate, Vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 127-140. Boston, Christopher-Gordon Publishers. [The author tells of her concern about the lack of literature to serve as a mirror and candle to reflect and illuminate the lives of Tohono O=odham children, and how her involvement with Tohono O=odham that led to her writing a children=s book (Moreillon 1997) was simultaneously painful and affirming.]

Moreno, Diego, and José María Bustamante

    1997             To the native governors of Oquitoa, Átil, and Tubutama. In A frontier documentary: Sonora and Tucson, 1821-1848, translated and edited by Kieran R. McCarty, p. 118. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. [In a message written October 20, 1846 in response to a petition by Valverde, Tereso, and Cristóbal (1997), the local justices of th peace for the Altar political district say that on June 14, 1846, the Sonoran government decreed that Aall revenue resulting from the use of lands formerly under the administration of Indian missions now be transferred to a fund supporting a school and a teacher for the education of the young people of this political district ... .@ Moreover, they write, the National Decree of March 5, 1845, relieved the local priest of any jurisdiction over former mission lands, such as those contested by the O=odham in Tubutama, Oquitoa, and Átil.]

Morgan, Richard J., Jr.

    1995             A guide to historic missions and churches of the Arizona-Sonora borderlands. Tucson, Adventures in Education, Inc. Maps, illus., appendices, refs. xi + 116 pp. This well-illustrated guide to the Spanish-period missions of northern Sonora (including southern Arizona) has photos and text concerning many of the missions of the Pimería Alta, missions Tumacácori and San Xavier del Bac included.]

    1997             The German Jesuits of the Old West. German Life, Vol. 5, no. 3 (October/November), pp. 42-45. Grantsville, Maryland, Zeitgeist Pub. [Included here are thumbnail sketches of service by Germanic Jesuits among natives of the Pimería Alta in the 18th century. Included with the article is a photo of the southeast elevation of the church and convento wing of Mission San Xavier del Bac.]

Morgan, T.J.

    1890a           Proposed removal of certain Indians. In Senate Executive Documents, no. 71, 51^st Congress, 1^st session, Vol. 9, pp. 3-4. Washington, Government Prionting Office. [Commissioner of Indian Affairs Morgan responds favorably to demands by non-Indians, especially ranchers who claimed their cattle were being stolen by Papagos, for removal of Papagos on the Gila Bend Reservation to lands on other reservations.]

    1890b           Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs. Fifty-ninth Annual Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, 1890, pp. III-CXLV. Washington, Government Printing Office. [The report is dated September 5, 1890, and is addressed to the Secretary of the Interior. Page XLV: AUnder date of February 24, 1890, the President granted authority for making allotments on the Papago of San Xavier Reservation, in Arizona, and Special Agent J.J. Rankin was assigned that duty. June 18, 1890, we reported that he had completed his work and submitted duplicate schedules of 291 allotments.@]

Morris, Donald H.

    1960             APapago Indian dentition: a study of sexual dimorphism in dentition.@ Unpublished Master=s thesis, The University of Arizona, Tucson. Maps, illus., bibl. [Morris examined the dentition of ninety-six Papagos between the ages of 13 and 21 years to determine whether or not there are significant sex differences in the occurrence of dental morphological traits. He concludes there are no such differences.]

    1965             AThe anthropological utility of dental morphology.@ Ph.D. dissertation, The University of Arizona, Tucson. Illus., bibl. xix + 328 pp. [Tohono O=odham are the principal subjects of this study.]

    1966             Morphological analysis and age in permanent dentition of young American Indians. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, Vol. 25, no. 1 (July), pp. 91-96. Philadelphia, Wistar Institute of Anatomy and Biology. [Report of a study of dentition carried out among about two hundred Papago Indian youths, ages 13 through 21. AThe data do not support that morphological loss is as strongly dependent on age as one might suspect. It is suggested that function may be more important than age in obliterating the finer dental morphology.@ Illustrated.]

    1967             Maxillary premolar variation among the Papago Indians. Journal of Dental Research, Vol. 46, no. 4 (July-August), pp. 736-738. Chicago, International Association for Dental Research. [Three Papago teenagers out of 200 sampled had maxillary premolars grossly different from those of the rest of the sample. These differences are described. Genealogical study indicated no consanguinity in the last three generations. Illustrated.]

Morton, Perry W., and Lester Reynolds

    1959             Answer before the Indian Claims Commission. The Papago Tribe of Arizona, petitioner, v. the United States of America, defendant. Docket No. 345. Washington, D.C., U.S. Government Printing Office. 30 pp. [This is the federal government=s response to the petition filed by the Papago Tribe of Arizona requesting that it be compensated for wrongful taking of lands and minerals. It is the response to Marks (n.d.).]

Moser, Mary B.

    1988             Seri history (1904): two documents. Journal of the Southwest, Vol. 30, no. 4 (Winter), pp. 469-501. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press and the Southwest Center. [These two documents, translated from Spanish and Seri respectively and edited and annotated by Moser, tell the story of a Mexican encounter with Yaquis and, to some extent, Seri Indians on Tiburon Island in the Gulf of California. Papagos are involved in the encounter on the side of the Mexicans. There is considerable information here on Seri/Papago relations.]

Mosk, Sanford A.

    1939             Economic problems in Sonora in the late eighteenth century. Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 8, no. 3 (September), pp. 341-345. Berkeley, University of California Press. [Mosk writes about the handover of mission properties in the Pimería Alta after the expulsion of the Jesuits in 1767 to Aroyal commissaries@ who were to handle the administration until the arrival of Franciscan replacements. Over a period of about two years the civil commissaries looted mission properties for themselves, and Aonly a small amount of property was recovered from them.@]

Mott, Dorothy C.

    1939             "Natani Yazi," Little Captain. Arizona Highways, Vol. 15, no. 10 (October), pp. 4-5, 27-28. Phoenix, Arizona Highway Department. [This article about Dean Byron Cummings of the University of Arizona mentions his role in directing the excavation and restoration of (the prehistoric) Martinez Hill ruin (on the San Xavier Reservation), and Papago is listed among the various Arizona tribes some of whose people know and respect Cummings.]

Mouat, D.A., and B.D. Treadwell

    1978             Resource inventory of Pima County and the Papago Indian Reservation, a manual to accompany the map atlas [Applied Remote Sensing Report, no. 1]. Tucson, Office of Arid Land Studies, The University of Arizona. Map, refs. 66 pp. [AThe publication is a manual made to accompany a map atlas of 1:62,500 scale maps depicting cultural and natural resources in Pima County and the Papago Indian Reservation in southern Arizona.]

Mowery, Thomas M

    1968             Premise and home environmental health survey. Papago Indian Reservation. Tucson, U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Health Services and Mental Health Administration, Indian Health Service, Health Program Systems Center. Map, bibl. 18 pp. + appendices. [Presented here are results of an environmental survey of 965 homes representing about 90% of the population of the Papago Indian Reservation.]

Mowry, Sylvester

    1858a           Report on the Indian tribes of Arizona Territory. Executive Documents of the Senate, no. 11, Vol. 1, 35th Congress, 1st session, Report of the Secretary of the Interior, Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, pp. 584-593. Washington, William A. Harris, printer. [Report is written in Washington, D.C., November 10, 1857, and is addressed to J.W. Denver, Commissioner of Indian Affairs. Mowry mentions Mission San Xavier del Bac (p. 585); he says that APimos@ have Spanish title to their lands, and such may also be the case with Papagos (p. 586); he says Papagos aid whites in their fights with Apaches (p. 587); he mentions the 1857 battle on the Gila River fought with APimos,@ Papagos, and Maricopas on one side against Yumas, Mohaves, Yampais, Tonto Apaches, and one or two Diegueños on the other (p. 587-588); and he writes that Papagos inhabit villages south of the Gila River, that their habits are much like those of the APimos,@ and that they are on friendly terms with the Mexicans.]

    1858b           Report on the Indian tribes of Arizona Territory. House Executive Documents, no. 2, Vol. 2, part 1, 35th Congress, 1st session, Report of the Secretary of the Interior, Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, pp. 584-593. Washington, Cornelius Wendell, printer. [Identical to Mowry (1958a).]

Moyah, Carlos

    1991             O=odham saguaro fruit gatherer. In 1992. Indians of the Pimería Alta [calendar], pp. [15]-[16]. Nogales, Arizona, Pimería Alta Historical Society. [Featured in this calendar entry for June, 1992 is a drawing of a saguaro fruit gatherer done by an artist of Pima and Apache descent. Captions are in O=odham, Spanish, and English as is the brief biographical sketch of the artist.]

Moyano, Francisco. See Fontana 1987a

Muench, David

    1978             [Untitled.] Arizona Highways, Vol. 54, no. 1 (January), front cover. Phoenix, Arizona Department of Transportation. [This is a color photo of the south-southwest elevation of the church of Mission San Xavier del Bac illuminated at night with artificial light. A caption (p. 1) says, AThe Mission is no longer lit in order to save energy.@]

    1983             Baboquivari. Arizona Highways, Vol. 59, no. 4 (April), outside back cover. Phoenix, Arizona Department of Transportation. [Full-page color photograph showing Baboquivari Peak=s western face. The photo was taken on the Papago Indian Reservation.]

Muench, David; Dick Carter, and Ted De Grazia

    1961             With photographer and artist in the land of Kino. Arizona Highways, Vol. 37, no. 3 (March), pp. 16-24. Phoenix, Arizona Highway Department. [This is a portfolio of eight color photos by Muench and two by Dick Carter as well as a painting by De Grazia, AFather Kino brings cattle into Alta Valley.@ The photos include views of the Northern Piman missions at Tubutama, Caborca, Pitiquito, Cocospera, Oquitoa, and Magdalena.]

Muench, Josef

    1944             One of the numerous chapels on the Papago Indian reservation. Arizona Highways, Vol. 20, no. 12 (December), p. 37. Phoenix, Arizona Highway Department. [Black-and-white photograph of a small adobe chapel, possibly that in the village of San Luis.]

    1948             Mission night. Arizona Highways, Vol. 24, no. 12 (December), p. 2. Phoenix, Arizona Highway Department. [A color photo of Mission San Xavier del Bac deeply silhouetted against a sunset. Southwest elevation.]

    1960             Early evening - San Xavier. Arizona Highways, Vol. 36, no. 9 (September), outside back cover. Phoenix, Arizona Highway Department. [A color photo of Mission San Xavier del Bac taken at sunset, one showing the silhouette of the mission=s southeast elevation.]

Muench, Joyce R.

    1939             Papago baby shrine. Arizona Highways, Vol. 15, no. 10 (October), p. 16. Phoenix, Arizona Highway Department. [Two black-and-white photos of the rock-pile shrine at Santa Rosa, including one with a water bird effigy in it, accompany this 10-paragraph essay about the Papago children's shrine, which the author calls the "Baby Shrine." In this version of the story, three babies were placed in a hole beneath the rocks to stave off drought.]

    1943a           Author gives legend source. Desert Magazine, Vol. 6, no. 9 (July), p. 26. El Centro, California, Desert Publishing Company. [Muench responds to the criticism by Julian Hayden (1943) of her earlier article, saying that the version of the Papago children=s shrine she collected came from a state senator who said it was told to him the way she reported it.]

    1943b           Shrine of three babies. Desert Magazine, Vol. 6, no. 5 (March), pp. 13-15. El Centro, California, Desert Publishing Company. [The story of a child-sacrifice shrine, one located north of Quijotoa on the Papago Indian Reservation. It includes a brief discussion of the Wiikita and its attendant ceremony. Two photographs of the shrine by Josef Muench are included. This version of the story differs from those more generally told in that it says three, rather than four, children were put to death, and it says it was done because of a drought rather than a flood.]

    1958             Golden days of Tumacacori. Arizona Highways, Vol. 34, no. 9 (September), pp. 16-25. Phoenix, Arizona Highway Department. [Accompanied by eight photos of Tumacácori by Josef Muench, this is a fairly detailed history of this 1691-founded Spanish mission in southern Arizona. The work of the Jesuit and Franciscan missionaries among Pimas and Papagos is discussed and the church is described as well.]

Mulford, A. Isabel

    1896             A study of the Agaves of the United States. Seventh Annual Report of the Missouri Botanical Garden, pp. 47-100. St. Louis, Board of Trustees of the Missouri Botanical Garden. [Mulford presents information from a letter received by her from Professor James W. Toumey stating that in May, 1894 a party of Papago Indians were camped in the Catalina Mountains some fourteen miles from Tucson for the purpose of making mescal (the food, and not the drink) from Agave Palmeri. The mescal is first cooked, then stripped of the epidermis and fibers and finally dried. Large quantities are gathered in the spring and carried back to the (San Xavier) reservation where it is an important food supply. The Papagos also make rope from the epidermis and fibers.]

Muenchrath, Deborah A.

    1995             AProductivity, morphology, phenology, and physiology of a desert-adapted Native American maize (Zea mays L.) cultivar.@ Ph.D. dissertation, Iowa State University, Ames. 210 pp. [This Astudy examined the responses of Tohono O=odham maize, a landrace native to the Sonoran Desert, and a modern hybrid, adapted to the North Central U.S., to five irrigation regimes. ... The drought resistance of Tohono O=odham maize is attributable to a combination of small plant size, phenological and reproduction plasticity, and stomatal responsiveness.@]

Mullen, Robert J.

    1997             Architecture and its sculpture in viceregal Mexico. Austin, University of Texas Press. Maps, illus., glossary, bibl., index. x + 263 pp. [Included in this broad survey are accounts B and photographs B of Pimería Alta missions San Xavier del Bac and Oquitoa, with emphasis on their architecture.]

Munro, Pamela

    1983             Selected studies in Uto-Aztecan phonology. International Journal of American Linguistics, Vol. 49, no. 3 (July), pp. 277-298. Chicago, University of Chicago Press. [Included in this essay is a study of s and esh in Tübatutabal in contrast to the distribution of v and w in Pimic (i.e., Papago and Pima) languages.]

Munroe, Willard N.

    1987             Earthquake. Tucson Guide, Vol. 5, no. 1 (Spring), pp. 32-33. Tucson, Madden Publishing Company. [An article about the earthquake which struck northeastern Sonora and southern Arizona in 1887 notes that the tremor collapsed the walls around the cemetery at Mission San Xavier del Bac and makes the assertion that it also caused the cracks in the center of the arches in the nave and crossing.]

Munson, Robert W.

    1976             Don Ignacio and Doña Eulalia Elías and the history of their hacienda on the Babocomari: Camp Wallen. The Cochise Quarterly, Vol. 6, no. 1 (Spring), pp. 3-11. Douglas, Arizona, Cochise County Historical and Archaeological Society. [Mention is made of a Mexican punitive expedition in September, 1834 searching for Apaches headed by Ignacio Elías Gonzáles Romo de Vivar and which included Papago troops.]

Murbarger, Nell

    1948             Saguaroland. Frontiers, Vol. 12, no. 5, pp. 144-148. Philadelphia, Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. [Mention is made of the importance to Papagos of saguaro for food, drink, and shelter. The wine feast is briefly discussed, as are Papago religious beliefs involving the saguaro.]

Murdock, John R.

    1933             Arizona characters in silhouette. Tempe, Arizona State Teachers College at Tempe. Illus. 100 pp. [These brief biographical sketches, which appeared initially in the Arizona Republic newspaper in Phoenix in April and May, 1933, include brief accounts of Father Eusebio Kino, S.J., and Francisco Garcés, O.F.M., early Spanish missionaries among the Northern Piman Indians.]

    1939             Arizona characters in silhouette. Fray Marcos de Niza edition. [Phoenix], s.n. Illus. 151 pp. [A new and somewhat different printed version of Murdock (1933).]

Murphy, Mernice

    1936a           La Fiesta de los Vaqueros. Arizona Highways, Vol. 12, no. 1 (January). Phoenix, Arizona Highway Department. [February 20, 1936 was AIndian Day@ at Tucson=s annual Fiesta de los Vaqueros, with AApaches, Yaquis, Pimas, Papagos and other tribes competing in their traditional sports and dances.@]

    1936b           In the land of giant candles. Arizona Highways, Vol. 12, no. 1 (January), pp. 6-7, 17. Phoenix, Arizona Highway Department. [The author mistakenly asserts that Father Eusebio Kino began construction on the present church of Mission San Xavier del Bac in 1692 (he had nothing to do with its construction, which occurred between 1783 and 1797). She also writes about Papagos living in Tucson gathering saguaro fruit and attending church at San Xavier in the 18th century -- all conjectural.]

Murray, Laura

    1936a           San Xavier=s house in order. Indians at Work, Vol. 3, no. 14 (March 1), pp. 9-13, 51. Washington, D.C., Office of Indian Affairs. [This article deals with numerous improvements being made on the San Xavier Reservation. There is discussion here of cattle raising, overgrazing, formation of a cattlemen=s association, building of charcos, drilling wells, and building new houses. Two good black-and-white photos are included, one showing a Papago woman with a great ball of devil=s claw and the other showing a group of women sitting outside a ramada preparing food.]

    1936b           A story of the Papagos. Indians at Work, Vol. 3, no. 24 (August 24), pp. 39-42, 51. Washington, D.C., Office of Indian Affairs. [This is an article about the March 21-22, 1936 revival of Papago dances, songs, and dramatizations held on the San Xavier Reservation.]

Myrick, David F.

    1975             Railroads of Arizona. Volume 1. The southern roads. Berkeley, California, Howell-North Books. Maps, illus., index. 477 pp. [It is mentioned (p. 44) that before the arrival of Spaniards there was a Papago village at Tucson at the foot of AA@ Mountain, and the history of the church at San Xavier del Bac is briefly recounted. There is a quote from Papago Indian Matilda Ornita, born in 1869, who recalled the very early years after the arrival of the first train in Tucson in 1880: AI watched and saw it come. It brought material of all kinds such as coffee, beans, sugar, dress goods and many other things that wagon trains usually brought. ...@ Myrick also writes about Papago trackers hired in an unsuccessful effort in 1887 to track some train robbers (p. 100); about a spur built in 1973 to Papago-owned land on the Ak Chin reservation (p. 137); about approval given in 1882 for a right-of-way across the San Xavier Reservation for a road that was never built (p. 255); and about Papago laborers working in 1902 on the railroad grade near Tombstone for the El Paso and Southwestern Railroad (p. 451).]

    1993             Quijotoa: boom and bust in the Arizona desert. Journal of Arizona History, Vol. 34, no. 2 (Summer), pp. 117-154. Tucson, Arizona Historical Society. [This is the history of mining activity that took place in the second half of the 19th century in the Quijotoa district on what in 1916 became the Papago Indian Reservation. There is also mention here of the church at Vaiva Vo built in 1914 by Father Tiburtius Wand and discussion of the Picacho Mine, also on the reservation.]