GGG

Gabel, Norman E.

    1931             "Martinez Hill Ruin." Master's thesis. University of Arizona, Tucson. Illus. 71 pp. [This is a report on the 1929-1930 excavation of Martinez Hill Ruin on the flats beneath the east side of Martinez Hill on the San Xavier Indian Reservation. Four of seven "mounds," each labeled a "pueblo," were excavated and ruins on Martinez Hill were examined without being excavated. The ceramics, stone work, bone and shell work, and architecture are described, and speculations are offered concerning agriculture and the society and religion of the prehistoric peoples (subsequently labeled "Hohokam") who created the site. No historic-period artifacts were found.]

    1939             Physical anthropology and the Papago Indians. Kiva, Vol. 4, no. 6 (March), pp. 23-26. Tucson, Arizona Archaeological and Historical Society. [A discussion of physical anthropology in general with emphasis on the physical characteristics of the Papago (pp. 25-26). Data resulted from field work carried out during the summer of 1938.]

    1941             "A comparative racial study of the Papago." Ph.D. dissertation, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University. Illus., bibl. [Presented here are a body of physical data concerning Papago Indians and such other Southwest tribes as the Yaqui, Zuni, Hopi, and Navajo. Chapters include: Introduction; Measurements and Indices; Morphological Observations on the Tribes; and Conclusions.]

    1949             A comparative racial study of the Papago. University of New Mexico Publications in Anthropology, no. 4. Albuquerque, University of New Mexico Press. [This is the published version of Gabel (1941).]

    1950a           The physical status of the Papago. In For the Dean: essays in honor of Byron Cummings, edited by Erik K. Reed and Dales S. King, pp. 189-200. Tucson, Hohokam Museum Association; Santa Fe, Southwestern Monuments Association. [This study provides a physical description of the Papago by means of the usual anthropometric techniques and comparisons with other Southwest tribes, including the Yaqui, Hopi, Zuni, and Navajo. A table of "Measurements and indices of 219 Papago" appears on page 192.]

    1950b           The skeletal remains of Ventana Cave. In The stratigraphy and archaeology of Ventana Cave, by Emil W. Haury and others, pp. 473-520. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press and Albuquerque, The University of New Mexico Press. [Gabel provides a brief comparison between measurements of prehistoric crania found during excavations at Ventana Cave on the Papago Indian Reservation with measurements of Papago crania. He suggests the possibility of a direct relationship between the prehistoric Hohokam and modern Papago, though Athe evidence is not conclusive.@]

Gaillard, David D.

    1894             The Papago of Arizona and Sonora. American Anthropologist (old series), Vol. 7, no. 3 (July), pp. 293-296. Washington, D.C., Anthropological Society of Washington. [Gaillard was an army officer on the U.S. and Mexico Boundary Survey in the 1890s. His discussion concerns the Papagos in general, with comments on their territory, population, housing, occupations, language, marriage, manufactures, burial of the dead, ceremonies, history and religion.]

    1896             The perils and wonders of a true desert. Cosmopolitan, Vol. 21, no. 6 (October), pp. 592-605. Irvington-on-the Hudson, The Cosmopolitan Press. [This article includes information on the Papagos' use of saguaro (p. 600) as well as on their houses, on their waiting for the coming of a Messiah known as "Montezuma," the drought of 1896 in the Papaguería, population, pastoralism, crops, and etc. (pp. 600-602). There are photos of a "Papago Wickiup" (p. 593), "Casa Grande, in which the Papagos say 'Montezuma' dwelt" (p. 599), and "Baboquivari Peak, Papagos' sacred mountain -- abode of their God of War 'Si-e-huh'" (p. 602).]

Gaither-Banchoff, Kevin

    1995             Gardens, eats, and workshops -- March madness at Sylvester House. Seedhead News, no. 48 (Spring), pp. 2-3. Tucson, Native Seeds/SEARCH. [An article about activities of Native Seeds/SEARCH includes photos and written information about the assumption by Tohono O'odham Angelo Joaquin, Jr. of the position of executive director of Native Seeds/SEARCH.]

Galaviz de Capdevielle, Elena

    1967             Rebeliones indígenas en el norte del reino de la Nueva España (siglos XVI y XVII). México, Editorial Campesina. Maps, illus., bibl., index. 219 pp. [A map on p. 41 shows land in Mexico occupied by the Papago; Papagos are briefly mentioned on pages 47 and 50; and Papagos as a group are discussed on p. 51. This study first appeared as a dissertation and was published in 1963 in Mexico City by the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM).]

Gale, David, editor

    1999             When the rain sings. Poems by young Native Americans. Washington, D.C., National Museum of the American Indian, Smithsonian Institution; New York, Simon & Schuster. Illus. 74 pp. [This gathering of poems by young Native Americans includes nine poems by Tohono O'odham youngsters (pp. 41-58). A Tohono O'odham basket showing the man-in-the-maze is illustrated in color on p. 41.]

Gale, Robert E.

    1965             "The Geology of Mission Copper Mine, Pima Mining District, Arizona." Ph.D. dissertation, Stanford University, Stanford, California. 176 pp. (AAT 6512779) [The Mission Copper Mine is on the San Xavier District on the Papago Indian Reservation.]

Galinier, Jacques

    1988             Quitovac, el centro ceremonial. Sonora Mágica y Desconocida, núm. 64, p. 25. Hermosillo, Comunicación Social del Noroeste de México. [This article is taken from Mexico Indígena, núm. 14, año 3 (1987), published by the Instituto Nacional Indigenista in Mexico City. It concerns the Sonoran settlement of Quitovac and its importance as a center for the annual wi:gita (vikita) ceremony.]

    1991             From Montezuma to San Francisco: the wi:gita ritual in Papago (Tohono O'odham) religion. Journal of the Southwest, Vol. 33, no. 4 (Winter), pp. 486-538. Tucson, University of Arizona Press and the Southwest Center. [Translated by Adelaide and Donald Bahr from the manuscript written in French, this is a detailed analysis of the wi:gita ritual, especially that performed by Papagos at Quitovac, Sonora. It is based on a study of the literature as well as on Galinier's first-hand observations of the ceremony in July, 1986 and on data from subsequent interviews with informants.]

    1997             De Montezuma á San Francisco: el ritual Wi:gita en la religion de los Papagos (Tohono O'odham). In De hombres y dioses, edited by X. Noquez and A. López Austin, pp. 255-326. Zamora, Michoacán, El Colegio de Michoacán. [A study of the Papago wi:gita ritual, largely as carried out at Quitovac in northwestern Sonora, Mexico.]

Galvez, Augustine

    1953             Papago desert. In The new trail, rev. ed., p. 1. Phoenix, Phoenix Indian School Print Shop. [This is the title of a drawing by Papago Indian student Galvez.]

Galvez, Elias

    1982             Pisinemo. Westfriars, April, pp. 6-7. Santa Barbara, St. Anthony Seminary High School. [A Franciscan priest writes of his experience at Pisinemo on the Papago Indian Reservation over his nearly three years in residence there.]

Gandára (sic), Manuel María

    1840             El Gobernador del Departamento de Sonora a sus inhabitantes Sonorenses. Ures, Sonora, Impr. Del Gobierno de Sonora, á cargo de J.P. Siqueiros. [The lengthy sub-title of this imprint, a copy of which is in the Bancroft Library at the University of California at Berkeley, concerns the May, 1840 uprising of Papago Indians in the vicinity of Altar, Sonora, and steps being taken under the authority of Governor Gándara to quell it.]

Garate, Donald T.

    1994a           Cultural diversity on the Anza Trail. Noticias de Anza, Vol. 3, no. 1 (January), pp. 1-2. San Francisco, National Park Service, Western Regional Office, Division of Planning, Grants & Environmental Quality. [Excerpted from a talk given by Garate in November, 1992, it is pointed out here that the route taken by Juan Bautista de Anza and the colonists who went from Mexico City to San Francisco, California in 1775-1776 passed through the lands of many Indian peoples, Sobaipuri, Pima, and Papago among them.]

    1994b           Juan Bautista de Anza National Historic Trail. Tucson, Southwest Parks and Monuments Association. Maps, illus., suggested reading. 15 pp. [This booklet is about the trail taken in 1775-1776 by Juan Bautista de Anza and colonists who ultimately ended up in San Francisco, California. En route they traveled northward down the Santa Cruz River through the Pimería Alta. Missions Tumacácori and San Xavier del Ba are mentioned, and there is a color photo of Mission San Xavier by Jack Dykinga on page 10.]

    1999a           Mission 2000: bringing mission records to life after 300 years. Archaeology Southwest, Vol. 13, no. 4 (Fall), pp. 10-11. Tucson, Center for Desert Archaeology. [Garate describes a computerized list of entries from 18th-century mission registers from southern Arizona and northern Sonora being generated by him for Tumacacori National Historical Park=s web site. These records reveal considerable data concerning O'odham, as well as Yaqui and Opata Indians.]

    1999b                                   Missions of the Pimería Alta. Tucson, Southwest Parks and Monuments Association. Map. 2 pp. [This is a large printed sheet with a map of the Pimería Alta and photographs of its missions and mission ruins on one side and one-paragraph accounts of the missions on the other. Garate also includes quotes from reports of Bishop Antonio de los Reyes from 1772 and 1784, although Reyes seems never actually to have visited any of these missions in person and his descriptions of them are second hand and occasionally suspect.]

    1999c                                   Pedro de la Cruz B alias, Chihuahua. Conspirator, scapegoat, victim. s.l., s.n. Illus., appendices, glossary, sources, index. 68 pp. [This is the documented story of a Northern Piman Indian upon whom much of the blame for the 1751 Pima Revolt fell, and who is here well-defended against the charge by Garate. In telling the story, the author translates into English and otherwise elaborates upon many original Spanish documents relating to the Pima Revolt.]

    2000a                                   Historian follows the Anza trail. Arizona Insight, January, pp.12-13. Phoenix, Arizona Humanities Council. [Garate tells how and why he became interested in the life of the younger Juan Bautista de Anza and the kinds of research he has conducted in learning about him. He mentions that the Anza family had a ranch in the vicinity of Guevavi in the Pimería Alta in the eighteenth century. It was Anza who led colonists from Mexico City to San Francisco, California, in 1775-1776.]

    2000b                                   Los Santos Ángeles de Guevavi. An interpretive and informational guide to the Guevavi Mission, Tumacácori National Historical Park / San Cayetano de Calabazas. An interpretive and informational guide to the Calabazas Mission, Tumacácori National Historical Park. Tucson, Southwest Parks and Monuments Association. Illus. 16 pp. [Here are historical summaries of two Spanish-period mission sites in southern Arizona, churches founded to administer to the O=odham.]

    2003a                                   Juan Bautista de Anza: Basque explorer in the New World. Reno and Las Vegas, University of Nevada Press. Maps, illus., appendices, glossary, index. xxi + 323 pp. [This biography of Spanish Basque entrepreneur and soldier Juan Bautista de Anza, 1693-1740, touches frequently on his dealings and those of others with the Pimas Altos (Northern O=odham) of the Pimería Alta (consult the book=s index under AIndios@). Also mentioned is Jesuit missionary José Javier who was assigned briefly to Mission San Xavier del Bac but who died and was buried in San Ignacio in 1737.]

    2003b                                   Pima rebellion. Glyphs, Vol. 53, no. 8 (February), pp. 6-8. Tucson, Arizona Archaeological and Historical Society. [Garate gives English translations of seven documents relating to the 1751 rebellion of Piman Indians against the Spaniards. One such document is the testimony of Cristóbal, who is identified as the Governor of San Xavier. He says it was because of his warning that the village missionary, Father Pauer, was able to escape, and he states further that he and his band never joined in the rebellion, blaming mainly the village Acaptain@ and another Indian incarcerated in Tubac accused of being a witch doctor (hechichero).]

Garate, Donald T., compiler, editor and translator

    1994             Nuevo reglamento de los correos. Newsletter, March, pp. 3-4. Nogales, Arizona, Pimería Alta Historical Society. [This is part of the February 15, 1779 regulation for the distribution of mail, one issued by Teodoro de Croix, Commandant General of the Interior Provinces. Reproduced here in facsimile, in Spanish transcription, and in Garate=s translation into English, this segment relates to Sonora, including the Pimería Alta. It provides, among other things, that A... correspondence will be dispatched in the afternoon by messenger on the 24^th day of every month to arrive at daybreak on the 25^th at the Presidio of San Agustín at Tucson.

                             AIn the afternoon from this Presidio it will continue on to arrive at the break of day on the 16^th at the Mission of Tubutama.

                             AThe mail will also leave in the afternoon from Tubutama on the 27^th day to arrive at dawn at the presidio of Santa Gertridis at Altar on the 28^th.

                             AOn the same day of the 28^th, it will depart for the town of San Ildefonso de la Cieneguilla, where it will arrive on the same day ... .@]

    1997             Eusebio Francisco Kino, un recuerdo. [Tumacacori, Arizona], Tumacácori National Historical Park. Illus. 27 pp. [Here are facsimiles, transcripts in Spanish, and translations into English of five documents by Jesuit missionary Eusebio Francisco Kino, pioneer European among the North Piman Indians, or directly concerning him and his work and travels. None directly concerns Indians, with four of the five documents relating to matters of finance and supplies]

Garcés, Francisco

    1854             Diario y derecho que seguió el M.R.P. Fr. Francisco Garcés en su viage hecho desde Octubre de 1775 hasta 17 de Setiembre de 1776, al Río Colorado para reconocer las naciones que habitan sus márgenes, y á los pueblos del Moqui del Nuevo-México. In Documentos para la historia de México, 2nd series, Vol. 1, pp. 225-374. México. [Father Garcés traveled with the 1775-76 Anza colonizing expedition from San Xavier del Bac to Yuma before branching off on his own on a journey that took him up the Colorado River, to parts of Southern California, back to the Colorado River to the Hopi country, back down the Colorado to Yuma, and back down the Gila and on to San Xavier del Bac. There are many references to Papagos throughout. Fr. Garcés was the first Franciscan pastor of the O'odham community at Mission San Xavier del Bac.]

    1900             On the trail of a Spanish pioneer. The diary and itinerary of Francisco Garcés (missionary priest) in his travels through Sonora, Arizona, and California, 1775-1776. Translated, edited, and annotated by Elliott Coues. New York, Francis P. Harper. Two volumes. Maps, illus., index. xxx + 312 and vii + 296 pp. [This is a translation into English of Garcés (1854), except that Coues translated a manuscript version that was in the Bureau of American Ethnology at the Smithsonian Institution. Consult the volumes' index under "Papabi-ootam," "Papago res.," "Papaguera," "Papahi - Ootam," "papavi-ootam," and "Papavo."]

    1930              See Bolton, translator and editor, 1930t, u, v, and w

    1965             A record of travels in Arizona and California 1775-1776. Translated and edited by John Galvin. San Francisco, John Howell-Books. Map, illus., glossary, index. ix + 113 pp. [This is a translation into English of Garcés (1854), except that Galvin worked from a copyist's manuscript in his personal possession prepared by a contemporary of Father Garcés. References to Papagos are found on pages v, 5-6, 6, 89, 91, and 93.]

    1968             Diario de exploraciones en Arizona y California en los años de 1775 y 1776 [Instituto de Investigaciones Históricas, Cuadernos, Series documental, núm. 6], introducción y notas de John Galvin. México, D.F., Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. [This is a Spanish version of Garcés (1965), with the Spanish from a copyist's version being reproduced here. There is no index.]

    1976a           [Letter to Governor Juan de Pineda]. In Desert documentary: the Spanish years, 1767-1821 [Historical Monograph, no. 4], by Kieran R. McCarty, pp. 13-14. Tucson, Arizona Historical Society. [Writing from San Xavier del Bac on February 21, 1769, Father Garcés explains that on the previous day, February 20, Apaches attacked the village of San Xavier, managing to steal horses and cattle and to wound a Pima in the arm. They also attacked the convento where the two-soldier escort stayed. Most San Xavier villagers were away at the time gathering agave. The only livestock remaining at Bac after the attack were Athree yoke of oxen, a little over thirty head of cattle, twenty mares and a few colts@ as well as the riding horses Awhich were out to pasture.@ Garcés also observes that the two Piman villages between Tucson and the Gila River Awere abandoned due to Apache pressure.@ He says Tucson is completely abandoned during agave harvesting times, and gives further details concerning the Apache threat. He also distinguishes between APimas@ and APapagos,@ the latter presumably those people living in the desert to the west.]

    1976b           A new beginning in the missions. In Desert documentary: the Spanish years, 1767-1821 [Historical Monograph, no. 4], by Kieran R. McCarty, pp. 8-10. Tucson, Arizona Historical Society. [On July 29, 1768, Father Francisco Garcés, O.F.M., reports to Captain Juan Bautista de Anza that on June 30 he arrived at his new mission station of San Xavier del Bac. He says that the Tucson Pimas want no missionary other than himself, and he says that his two soldier escorts at San Xavier are doing very well. He invited Anza to visit and to stay in the Acaptain=s room,@ a room Athat reflects the poverty of St. Francis of Assisi.@]

Garcia, Timothy

    1977             [Untitled.] Sun Tracks, Vol. 3, no. 2 (Spring), p. 24. Tucson, American Indian Student Club and the Department of English, University of Arizona. [This is a six-sentence story of how the animals came to call the land in which they lived the desert. Garcia was a student at the Santa Rosa School on the Papago Indian Reservation.]

García y Alva, Federico, editor

    1905-07       México y sus progresos. Album-directorio del Estado de Sonora. Hermosillo, Sonora, Gobierno del Estado. [This is a historical and geographical description of the State of Sonora, one well-illustrated with black-and-white photographs and which has a two-page description of the "Raza Papaga." There is also considerable information on the involvement of Papagos in the early 20th-century Mexican campaign against Seri Indians, including photos of mounted Papago scouts.]

Gardiner, Arthur D. See Middendorf (1957)

Gardulski, Anne F.

    1980             "A structural and petrologic analysis of a quartzite-pegmatite tectonic, Coyote Mountains, southern Arizona." Master of Science thesis, The University of Arizona, Tucson. [The area of study is entirely within the Papago Indian Reservation.]

Gary, Malcolm C.

    1977             "Reproductive variability among Papago women born 1891-1930." Ph.D. dissertation, University of Colorado, Boulder. 132 pp. [Reproductive variability for Papago women born between 1891 and 1930 is investigated using genealogical data contained in the Papago Population Register. Results indicate that a dramatic shift in reproductive behavior for Papago women has taken place since 1900 and some possible explanations for the shift are discussed.]

Gasser, Robert E.

    1976             Hohokam subsistence: a 2,000 year continuum in the indigenous exploitation of the lower Sonoran Desert. Archaeological Report, no. 11. Map, illus., bibl. iv + 64 pp. Albuquerque, USDA Forest Service, Southwestern Region. [Included here is information about the Papaguería, Papagos, and Papago ethnobotany.]

    1979             Seeds, seasons, and ecosystems: sedentary Hohokam groups in the Papaguería. Kiva, Vol. 44, nos. 2-3 (Winter-Spring), pp. 101-111. Tucson, Arizona Archaeological and Historical Society. ["Variability and seasonality in archaeobotanical and archaeological remains from three adjacent ecosystems in the Papaguería of south-central Arizona are examined in relation to settlement-subsistence hypotheses. A three ecosystem model is developed which indicates that the Hohokam in the Papaguería were able to maintain sedentary villages by utilizing, in different manners, three distinct ecosystems. It is suggested that the Hohokam in this desert region intermittently maintained agricultural field houses in the creosote plains, cacti gathering camps on mountain slopes, and permanent villages and fields on major wash flood plains. To some extent, sedentism in the Papaguería depended upon exploitation of non-flood plain ecosystems." The areas studied are north and east of Gu Komelik (North Komelik).]

    1980             Gu Achi: seeds, seasons, ecosystems. In Excavations at Gu Achi [Publications in Anthropology, no. 12], by W. Bruce Masse, pp. 313-342. Tucson, National Park Service, Western Archeological Center. [Includes mention of Papagos' harvesting of mesquite beans, tansy mustard seeds, cholla buds, paloverde seeds, saguaro fruit, cotton, and Sacaton grass seeds, with data largely from Castetter and Bell (1942).]

    1980-81       Hohokam use of desert plant foods. Desert Plants, Vol. 2, no. 4 (Winter), pp. 216-234. Tucson, The University of Arizona for the Boyce Thompson Southwestern Arboretum. [Using data drawn largely from Castetter and Bell (1942), the author alludes to Papago preparation and consumption of corn and saguaro fruit, to the collection and consumption of seeds of grass (Sporobolus), and to the preparation of fields for farming.]

    1982             Are roasting pits always roasting pits? Kiva, Vol. 47, no. 3 (Spring), pp. 171-176. Tucson, Arizona Archaeological and Historical Society. [Although Papagos are not mentioned by name in the article, data concerning Papagos -- as evidenced by references cited -- are freely drawn upon in this article that asserts pits sometimes seen by archaeologists as roasting pits were never used for that purpose.]

    1987             Macrofloral analysis. In The archaeology of the San Xavier Bridge Site (AZ BB:13:14), Tucson Basin, southern Arizona [Archaeological Series, no. 171], edited by John C. Ravesloot, part 3, pp. 303-318. Tucson, University of Arizona, Arizona State Museum, Cultural Resource Management Division. [Reported on here are the various floral remains recovered in this Tanque Verde phase prehistoric Hohokam site on the San Xavier Indian Reservation. Included were charred seeds of the saguaro as well as evidence of corn, cotton, bean, agave, mesquite, acacia, locoweed, legumes cholla, hedgehog cactus, prickly pear cactus, and other plants.]

Gasser, Robert E., and Scott M. Kwiatkowski

    1991a           Food for thought: recognizing patterns in Hohokam subsistence. In Exploring the Hohokam, edited by George J. Gumerman, pp. 417-459. Dragoon, Arizona, Amerind Foundation.; Albuquerque, University of New Mexico Press. [There is a brief discussion here of settlement and subsistence patterns of the Tohono O'odham and the Hiach-eD O'odham (Sand Papagos). It is noted that the Tohono O'odham took advantage of three desert microenvironments: mountains, bajadas, and floodplains. They gathered saguaro fruit in the bajadas (p. 421).]

    1991b           Regional signatures of Hohokam plant use. Kiva, Vol. 56, no. 3, pp. 207-226. Tucson, Arizona Archaeological and Historical Society. [The authors quote Crosswhite (1981: 57) on the importance of tepary beans in the diet -- and in the culinary preference -- of the Papago Indians (Tohono O'odham) (p. 18). ]

Gastelo, Albert M.

    1963             Eusebio Francisco Kino. Padre on horseback. In Explorations [Arizonac 1963], unpaged. Tucson, Devilaire, Sunnyside High School. [This is a nine-page report by a high school student on the life of Father Eusebio Francisco Kino, S.J., pioneer missionary among the Northern Piman Indians, one with the typographical error of A1771" in place of the correct A1711" for the date of Father Kino=s death.].

Gatschet, Albert S.

    1877             Indian languages of the Pacific states and territories. Magazine of American History, Vol. 1, no. 3 (March), pp. 145-171. New York and Chicago, A.S. Barnes & Company. [In a paragraph discussing Piman linguistics, Papago is referred to as a dialect spoken on the "Papago Reserve" in southwestern Arizona (p. 156).]

    1886             Ethnologic notes. American Antiquarian and Oriental Journal, Vol. 8, no. 1 (January), pp. 65-67. Chicago, F.V. Revell. [Allusion is made to the November 5, 1882 field work of H.F.C. ten Kate among Indians of the Southwest and northern Mexico, with Papagos mentioned specifically (pages 66-67). He mentions the book on Southwest Indians published by ten Kate in Holland in 1885.]

Gaynor, Gary

    1992             Joseph Enos, O'odham medicine man and Director of the Gila River Arts & Crafts Center, blessing the NS/S demonstration garden during San Juan celebration this June. Seedhead News, No. 38 (Autumn), p. 16. Tucson, Native Seeds/SEARCH. [Black-and-white photograph shows Enos holding a bowl of incense while wafting the fumes with a bird feather.]

Geare, R.J.

    1916             Diseases prevalent among Indians of the Southwest and their treatment. The Red Man, Vol.. 8, no. 6 (February), pp. 202-210. Carlisle, Pennsylvania, The Carlisle Indian Press. [All data are drawn from Hrdlicka (1908). Various Papago remedies for headache, stomachache, earache, and consumption are mentioned on page 209. The author writes, "The Papago Indians seem to be healthier than some of the other Southwestern Indians" (p. 302), whatever that may mean.]

Gebhardt, Rudolph C.

    1931             "Geology and mineral resources of the Quijotoa Mountains." Master of Science thesis, The University of Arizona, Tucson. [The Quijotoa Mountains are on the Papago Indian Reservation.]

Geiger, Maynard

    1939a           The kingdom of St. Francis in Arizona (1539-1939). Santa Barbara, California, s.n. Illus. 55 pp. [This booklet summarizes the history of Franciscan missionary activities in Arizona, including a lengthy section on the 20th-century work of Franciscans among Papago Indians. Photos are included of churches at Imika (i.e., Emika), Topawa, Pisinemo, San Francisquito, and Cowlic as well as of Spanish-period missions San Xavier del Bac, La Purísima Concepción de Caborca, San José de Tumacácori, San Antonio de Oquitoa, San Pedro y San Pablo del Tubutama, and San Diego de Pitiquito.]

    1939b           The kingdom of St. Francis in Arizona (1539-1939). Provincial Annals, Vol. 1, no. 3 (June), pp. 32-35. [Santa Barbara, California], [Franciscan] Province of Santa Barbara. [A note by Father Maynard about his book (Geiger 1939a), in which he says it was printed in an edition of 2,000 copies of which the first 1,600 "were disposed of" within three weeks.]

    1944             The Rev. Walter Tracy, O.F.M., (1901-1943). Provincial Annals, Vol. 6, no. 1 (January), pp. 47-50. Santa Barbara, California, [Franciscan] Province of Santa Barbara. [This is an obituary of Father Walter Tracy, one which includes a long letter by Father Nicholas Perschl about Father Walter and his tenure at Mission San Xavier del Bac as praeses of the mission community. Father Walter once fell off the roof of the mission's kitchen while repairing the roof, and he died soon after from various causes. He lived from 1901 until his death on October 19, 1943.]

    1953             A voice from San Xavier del Bac (1802-1805). Provincial Annals, Vol. 16, no. 1 (July), pp. 5-11. Santa Barbara, California, Province of Santa Barbara, Order of Friars Minor. [The "voice" is that of Father Ignacio Joseph Ramírez y Arellano, O.F.M., who was stationed among the Papagos at Mission San Xavier del Bac from 1802 until his death there is 1805. Translations of parts of some of his letters to relatives are provided here. They describe conditions at the mission and mention Papagos, Pimas, and Apaches.]

    1967a           Father Bonaventure Oblasser, O.F.M. (1885-1967). Provincial Annals, Vol. 29, no. 2 (April), pp. 5-6. Santa Barbara, California, Province of Santa Barbara, Order of Friars Minor. [This is a biographical sketch of a Franciscan missionary who worked primarily among the Papago Indians throughout his priestly life. He was buried in the Indian cemetery in Topawa on the Papago Indian Reservation.]

    1967b           Father Gerard Brenneke, O.F.M. (1882-1966). Provincial Annals, Vol. 29, no. 2 (April), pp. 11-12. Santa Barbara, California, Province of Santa Barbara, Order of Friars Minor. [An obituary of Father Gerard, a Franciscan missionary who saw active duty among Papago and Pima Indians. He served at Old San Solano Mission at Cababi on the Papago Indian Reservation between 1916 and 1918.]

    1967c           The New Catholic Encyclopedia. Provincial Annals, Vol. 29, no. 3 (Autumn), pp. 58-59. San Francisco, Franciscan Fathers of California. [Noted here is the fact that a photograph of Mission San Xavier del Bac appears in Vol. 9 on page 963 of the recently-issued New Catholic Encyclopedia.]

Gelsinan, Tom

    1993             Archives of Sonora & the Southwest U.S. Report on Research, Vol. 9, no. 2 (Spring), pp. 22-23. Tucson, The University of Arizona, Office of the Vice President for Research. [This is about a project being carried out by Father Kieran R. McCarty, a former parish priest at Mission San Xavier del Bac, to search out original documents supplying information on the early religious and commercial activity of the region (Sonora/Arizona). McCarty, who is shown in a photo wearing church vestments as he stands in front of the church at San Xavier, was given a $10,000 grant to carry out the work.]

Gentry, Howard S.

    1982             Agaves of continental North America. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. Maps, illus., refs., glossary, index. xiv + 669 pp. [Castetter, Bell, and Grove (1938) are cited as Gentry makes passing mention of the use of Agave palmeri by Papago, Pima, and Apache Indians (p. 447).]

Genung, Charles B.

    1982             Yavapai County memories, 1863-1894. Compiled, and with an introduction by Kenneth M. Calhoun. The Smoke Signal, nos. 43 & 44 (Spring & Fall), pp. 33-72. Tucson, Tucson Corral of the Westerners. [Genung arrived in Arizona in 1863 and in 1864 he trailed a murder suspect from the Hassayampa River south to San Xavier del Bac and to Tubac, failing to find him. He mentions Papagos and a "white man" named "Alejandro" living at San Xavier del Bac.]

George, Jean C.

    1983             One day on the desert. Illustrated by Fred Brenner. New York, Crowell. Illus. 48 pp. [This book for young readers explains how animal and human inhabitants of the Sonoran Desert of Arizona, including a mountain lion, roadrunner, coyote, tortoise, and members of the Papago Indian tribe adapt to and survive in the desert's merciless heat.]

Gercke, Daniel J.

    1939             [Report on Catholic missionary work among Indians within the Diocese of Tucson.] Our Negro and Indian Missions, January, p. 30. Washington, D.C., The Commission for Catholic Missions among the Colored People and the Indians. [Includes a note saying, "The Sisters of St. Joseph of Orange are now at the San Xavier and the Topawa Missions (for Papagos) in place of the Immaculate Heart Sisters."]

Gespass, Suzanne R.

    1989             AControl and use of pronouns in the writing of Native American children.@ Ph.D. dissertation, The University of Arizona, Tucson. Illus. 181 pp. [AThis study investigated pronoun assignment from the point of view of the writer. Pronouns and other referring expressions were examined in the writing of six Native American (Tohono O=odham) children over two years while in the third and fourth grade.@]

Getty , Harry T.

    1945             Some characteristics of the folklore of the Indians of Arizona. University of Arizona Bulletin, Vol. 16, no. 1 (January), pp. 29-31. Tucson, University of Arizona. [A short, general discussion of some of the folklore of Arizona Indians. Ee-ee-toy (Elder Brother) is noted as a culture hero to the Papago and Pima (p. 31). Getty cites Ruth Underhill's Singing for Power (1938) as his source that Papago and Yuma tales are strongly associated with songs.]

    1950a           Ethnic history of Tucson, Arizona. In For the Dean: essays in anthropology in honor of Byron Cummings, edited by Erik K. Reed and Dale S. King, pp. 201-222. Tucson, Hohokam Museum Association; Santa Fe, Southwestern Monuments Association. [This is a brief ethnohistorical sketch of Tucson, Arizona. References to Papagos are on pages 213, 214, and 220. An estimated population of 600 Papagos lived in Tucson in 1950 (p. 213).]

    1950b           "Interethnic relationships in the community of Tucson." Ph.D. dissertation, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois. [Includes data on Papagos living in Tucson.]

Ghozeil, Sue

    1973             TV model effect. Education Periscope, Vol. 12, no. 5 (November), pp. 2-3. Tucson, College of Education, The University of Arizona. [About a project utilizing televised puppets to teach Papago pre-school children "a few concepts and principles about numbers and question-asking."]

Gibson, Lay J.

    1985a           Demand/absorption analysis. San Xavier/Tucson planned community: economic and demographic projections. Part II-A: population growth and aggregate demand for dwelling units. Draft environmental impact statement (EIS): proposed lease of Papago community lands, (San Xavier District), facilitating development of the San Xavier/Tucson planned community along Interstate 19, Pima County, Arizona, Appendix IX. [Tucson], for Santa Cruz Properties c/o Carl Winters. [This and subsequent reports in the series were prepared in connection with a proposed planned non-Indian community on the southeastern portion of the San Xavier Reservation -- one which failed to come to fruition.]

    1985b           Demand/absorption analysis. San Xavier/Tucson planned community and Tucson metropolitan region: a comparative analysis. Part II-B: employment growth. Draft environmental impact statement (EIS): proposed lease of Papago community lands, (San Xavier District), facilitating development of the San Xavier/Tucson planned community along Interstate 19, Pima County, Arizona, Appendix XIV. [Tucson], for Santa Cruz Properties c/o Carl Winters.

    1985c           Moderate demand/absorption scenario. Demand/absorption analysis. San Xavier/Tucson planned community and Tucson metropolitan region: a comparative analysis. Part IV-B. Employment growth. Draft environmental impact statement (EIS): proposed lease of Papago community lands, (San Xavier District), facilitating development of the San Xavier/Tucson planned community along Interstate 19, Pima County, Arizona, Appendix XVII. [Tucson], for Santa Cruz Properties c/o Carl Winters. 22 pp. [This is a presentation of long-range forecasts (30 years) concerning employment in both the proposed community and in the neighboring greater Tucson area.]

    1985d           Moderate demand scenario. Demand/absorption analysis. The San Xavier/Tucson planned community and the Tucson metropolitan region: a comparative analysis. Part IV-A: Population growth and the aggregate demand for dwelling units. Draft environmental impact statement (EIS): proposed lease of Papago community lands, (San Xavier District), facilitating development of the San Xavier/Tucson planned community along Interstate 19, Pima County, Arizona, Appendix XVI. [Tucson], for Santa Cruz Properties c/o Carl Winters. 6 pp. [This study offers the "most likely case" projections for the need for houses in the 30 years following the period of the study.]

    1985e           Moderate supply scenario. Supply analysis. The San Xavier/Tucson planned community: economic and demographic projections. Part III-A: assumed land supply by land use type. phase/option, and year. Draft environmental impact statement (EIS): proposed lease of Papago community lands, (San Xavier District), facilitating development of the San Xavier/Tucson planned community along Interstate 19, Pima County, Arizona, Appendix XV. [Tucson], for Santa Cruz Properties c/o Carl Winters.

    1985f            Moderate supply scenario. Supply analysis. The San Xavier/Tucson planned community: economic and demographic projections. Part III-B: number of dwelling units and projected population for dwelling unit type, phase/option, and year. Draft environmental impact statement (EIS): proposed lease of Papago community lands, (San Xavier District), facilitating development of the San Xavier/Tucson planned community along Interstate 19, Pima County, Arizona, Appendix X. [Tucson], for Santa Cruz Properties c/o Carl Winters. 4 pp. [The title is the abstract.]

    1985g           Moderate supply scenario. Supply analysis. The San Xavier/Tucson planned community: economic and demographic projections. Part III-C: number of schools, potential enrollments, and source of enrollments by dwelling unit type, phase/option, and year. Draft environmental impact statement (EIS): proposed lease of Papago community lands, (San Xavier District), facilitating development of the San Xavier/Tucson planned community along Interstate 19, Pima County, Arizona, Appendix XI. [Tucson], for Santa Cruz Properties c/o Carl Winters. 12 pp. [Described here is the Amost likely case" situation over a 30-year period from 1986 through 2016.]

    1985h           Supply analysis. San Xavier/Tucson planned community: economic and demographic projections. Part I-A: assumed land supply by land use type, phase/option, and year. Draft environmental impact statement (EIS): proposed lease of Papago community lands, (San Xavier District), facilitating development of the San Xavier/Tucson planned community along Interstate 19, Pima County, Arizona, Appendix XIII. 12 pp. [Tucson], for Santa Cruz Properties c/o Carl Winters. 12 pp. [Projections in the report cover the years 1985 through 2009. Five phasing options are considered.]

    1985i            Supply analysis. San Xavier/Tucson planned community: economic and demographic projections. Part I-B: number of dwelling units and projected resident population by dwelling unit type, phase/option, and year. Draft environmental impact statement (EIS): proposed lease of Papago community lands, (San Xavier District), facilitating development of the San Xavier/Tucson planned community along Interstate 19, Pima County, Arizona, Appendix VII. [Tucson], for Santa Cruz Properties c/o Carl Winters. 13 pp.

    1985j            Supply analysis. San Xavier/Tucson planned community: economic and demographic projections. Part I-C: number of schools, potential enrollments, and source of enrollments by dwelling unit type, phase/option, and year. Draft environmental impact statement (EIS): proposed lease of Papago community lands, (San Xavier District), facilitating development of the San Xavier/Tucson planned community along Interstate 19, Pima County, Arizona, Appendix VIII. 12 pp. [Tucson], for Santa Cruz Properties c/o Carl Winters. 13 pp.

    1985k           Supply analysis. San Xavier/Tucson planned community: economic projections. Part I-D: required supply of health services, fire protection services, and law enforcement services by phase/option, and year. Draft environmental impact statement (EIS): proposed lease of Papago community lands, (San Xavier District), facilitating development of the San Xavier/Tucson planned community along Interstate 19, Pima County, Arizona, Appendix XII. [Tucson], for Santa Cruz Properties c/o Carl Winters. 13 pp.

    1985l            Supply analysis. San Xavier/Tucson planned community: economic and demographic projections. Part I-E: assumed surface characteristics by land use type, phase/option and year. Draft environmental impact statement (EIS): proposed lease of Papago community lands, (San Xavier District), facilitating development of the San Xavier/Tucson planned community along Interstate 19, Pima County, Arizona, Appendix XVIII. 27 pp. [Tucson], for Santa Cruz Properties c/o Carl Winters. 13 pp. [This report describes the surface characteristics before, during, and post-construction.]

Gifford, Edward W.

    1918             Clans and moieties in Southern California. University of California Publications in American Archeology and Ethnology, Vol. 14, no. 2 (March), pp. 155-219. Berkeley, University of California Press. [Included is a detailed discussion of Piman (Pima and Papago) clan and moiety organization, with Pima data deriving from Frank Russell (1908) and Papago data from Edward S. Curtis (1908a). There are also data concerning Papago moieties, clans, village and moiety exogamy and descent as obtained by Alfred L. Kroeber from Tohono O'odham interpreter Juan Dolores (pp. 176-177).]

    1928             Pottery making in the Southwest University of California Publications in American Archeology and Ethnology, Vol. 23, no. 8 (May), pp. 353-373. Berkeley, University of California Press. [A map on page 353 indicates that Papago potters used the paddle-and-anvil method of making pottery, and Papagos are included in a table on pages 264-265 indicating the same information.]

    1933             The Cocopa. University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology, Vol. 31, no. 5, pp. 257-334. Berkeley, University of California Press. [Brief mention of Papagos as follows: Papagos living near Somerton, Arizona, who buried (rather than cremated) their dead and who danced with rattles for Yumas for agricultural products, but who were "finally killed by Mexicans" (p. 262); a friendly Papago group who visited the coast for seafood (p. 262); and Papagos as growers of tepary beans (p. 316).]

    1936             Cultural relations of the Gila River and lower Colorado tribes. American Anthropologist, Vol. 38, no. 4 (October-December), pp. 679-682. Menasha, Wisconsin, American Anthropological Association. [This is an analysis of a study with the same title by Leslie Spier (1936). It examines Papago, Pima, Maricopa, Cocopa, and Yuma Indian cultural relationships. Comparative tables are included.]

    1940             Cultural element distributions: XII, Apache-Pueblo. Anthropological Records, Vol. 4, no. 1. Berkeley, University of California Press. [The Kikimai Papago and Huhula Papagos are among the Indian groups compared in Gifford's cultural element distribution list.]

Giffords, Gloria

    n.d.              Spanish colonial missions. [Tucson], Southwest Parks and Monuments Association. Map, illus. [This is one large sheet of paper printed on both sides and folded, map style, into segments. It includes brief printed descriptions of mission San Xavier del Bac and Tumacácori, and it includes a drawing of the dome, drum, crossing, sanctuary, and east transept of the church of San Xavier del Bac with its various architectural elements labeled.]

Gila River Arts & Crafts, Inc.

    n.d.               Gila Heritage Park. Sacaton, Arizona, Gila River Arts & Crafts, Inc. Illus. 14 pp. [This is a booklet describing the Gila Indian Center's Heritage Park on the Gila River Indian Reservation. One of its fourteen pages is devoted to the Papago. The four-paragraph account emphasizes traditional aspects of the old-time Papago life.]

Gilbert, Bil

    1982             Adaptable coatis flourish from mountain to jungle. Smithsonian, Vol. 12, no. 11 (February), pp. 86-90, 92, 94-95. Washington, D.C., Smithsonian Associates. [Included in this article about the coati (Nasua narica) is mention of a coati kept as a pet on the Papago Indian Reservation. The coati ripped apart a mop and used the parts as elements to build a platform nest in a paloverde.]

Gilbert, Joanna

    1974             Tucson -- for horses and people only. Flightime, Vol. 9, no. 3 (March), pp. 11, 13. Los Angeles, East/West Network, Inc. ["... Fall offers the University of Arizona Intercollegiate Rodeo as well as the Papago Rodeo and Fair on the Papago Indian Reservation in Sells, Arizona" (p. 11). Flightime is the in-flight magazine of Continental Airlines.]

Giles, Fr., O.F.M.

    1920a           A mission farm. Franciscan Herald, Vol. 8, no. 8 (August), pp. 358-359. Chicago, Friars Minor of the Sacred Heart Province. [This is principally a letter from Father Vincent, a teacher at St. John's Indian School at Komatke on the Gila River Indian Reservation, making a strong plea for funds for a farm for the school -- a school primarily serving Pima, Papago, and Apache students. A photo on page 359 shows the school, nuns, and Indian students.]

    1920b           A mission school and its needs. Franciscan Herald, Vol. 8, no. 7 (July), pp. 309-312. Chicago, Friars Minor of the Sacred Heart Province. [There is a discussion here, largely in the form of a letter from the school's superior, Fr. Antonine Willenbrink, of St. John's Indian School on the Gila River Indian Reservation. This boarding school serves Pimas, Papagos, and Apaches.]

    1920c           Tears and smiles. Franciscan Herald, Vol. 8, no. 6 (June), pp. 262-263, 266. Chicago, Friars Minor of the Sacred Heart Province. [Included here is a letter from Father Nicholas Perschl, O.F.M., discussing construction by Papagos of a new church in the Papago Reservation village of Sil Nakya. Fr. Nicholas presents the history of the church, one dedicated on March 24, 1920, in the name of St. Maurice. A photo of the new church is on page 262.]

Gill, George A.

    1967             The changing Indians of the Southwest. Journal of American Indian Education, Vol. 6, no. 2 (January), pp. 20-25. Tempe, Arizona State University. [Listed here are five Office of Economic Opportunity community action programs being carried out by the Papago Tribe (p. 13). Some general education information concerning the Papagos is also listed (p. 25).]

Gillespie, William B.

    1987             Vertebrate remains. In The archaeology of the San Xavier Bridge Site (AZ BB:13:14), Tucson Basin, southern Arizona [Archaeological Series, no. 171], edited by John C. Ravesloot, part 3, pp. 271-301. Tucson, University of Arizona, Arizona State Museum, Cultural Resource Management Division. [Gillespie's study of vertebrate remains recovered from a prehistoric archaeological site on the San Xavier Reservation revealed "some 40 taxa represented by a total of 2527 specimens." Predominantly represented were jack rabbit followed by the cottontail. Deer were present as were muskrat and rock squirrel, the latter two since extirpated from the Tucson Basin.]

Girton, M.L.

    1926             Where Indians are trained for citizenship. Progressive Arizona, Vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 25-26. Tucson, Automobile Club of Arizona.

Gish, Jannifer W.

    1991             Current perceptions, recent discoveries, and future directions in Hohokam palynology. Kiva, Vol. 56, no. 3, pp. 237-254. Tucson, Arizona Archaeological and Historical Society. [Gish notes that her studies of surface pollen rain in traditional Tohono O'odham crop gardens has indicated a proliferation of Tidestromia-type pollens in fallow fields, suggesting that previous cultivation of the fields has increased their receptivity to the growth of this plant in the amaranth family (p. 243). She also notes (p. 239) the storage of dried squash blossoms by Papagos.]

Gladwin, Winifred J., and Harold S. Gladwin

    1930             The red-on-buff culture of the Papaguería. Medallion Papers, no. 4, pp. 75-133. Globe, Arizona, Gila Pueblo. [With a map included, this is a report of an archaeological site survey of the so-called "red-on-buff" culture of the Papaguería. There is a "crude" overview of Papago culture on pages 116-117. Modern Papago red-on-buff pottery is presented as one of four red-on-buff divisions within the Papaguería, and a Papago olla of the historic period is shown in Plate XVI (facing p. 122).]

Glanzberg, Joel

    1994             Water harvesting traditions in the desert Southwest. Permaculture Drylands Journal, no. 20 (August), pp. 8-11. Santa Fe, Permaculture Drylands Education and Research Institute. [Brief mention is made of O'odham floodwater, or akchin, farming with the use of weirs constructed near the mouths of arroyos.]

Goddard, Ives

    1996             Introduction. In Handbook of North American Indians, edited by William C. Sturtevent, Vol. 17, Languages, edited by Ives Goddard, pp. 1-16. Washington, Smithsonian Institution. [Papago (Tohono O'odham) is listed as a Uto-Aztecan language in a table called the "Consensus Classification of the Native Languages of North America."]

Goddard, Pliny E.

    1912             Indians of the Southwest [Handbook Series, no. 2]. New York, American Museum of Natural History. Map, illus., index. 191 pp. ["South of the Gila, far into Old Mexico, live the Papago whose language is closely related to that of the Pima. Since they live rather on the wild products of the desert than upon agriculture they are less settled in their habits" (pp. 130-131). Papago pottery is mentioned briefly on pages 143-145 and Papago basketry on pages 149-151, including an illustration of a Papago plaited bowl.]

    1913             Indians of the Southwest [Handbook Series, no. 2]. New York, American Museum of Natural History. Map, illus. 191 pp. [A second printing of Goddard (1912).]

    1915             The present condition of our knowledge of the North American languages. In Anthropology in North America, by Franz Boas and others, pp. 182-228. New York, G.E. Stechert & Co. ["The name 'Piman' was used by (John Wesley) Powell as the name for the group of languages spoken in Arizona and Sonora (Mexico) by the Pima, Nevome, Papago and related tribes" (p. 200). And "Juan Dolores is mentioned as having made an analysis of the Papago and has published a list of verb stems" (p. 200.]

    1972             The present condition of our knowledge of the North American languages. In Anthropology in North America, by Franz Boas and others, pp. 182-228. New York, Kraus Reprint. [A reprint of Goddard (1915).]

    1976             Indians of the Southwest. Publisher's preface by Robert B. McCoy; introduction by Bernard L. Fontana. Glorieta, New Mexico, Rio Grande Press. Map, illus., bibl., index. [xiii] + 191 pp. [With added illustrations, publisher's preface, and introduction, this is a reprint of Goddard (1913).]

Goddard, Samuel P., Jr.

    1965             Presentation of statue. In Acceptance of the statue of Eusebio Francisco Kino presented by the State of Arizona [House Document, no. 158, 89^th Congress, 1^st session], pp. 25-27. Washington, United States Government Printing Office. [The statue being presented in the Capitol Rotunda in Washington, D.C. is that of Father Eusebio Francisco Kino. In his remarks, Governor Goddard talks about Mission San Xavier del Bac and the ASobaiporis@ among whom Kino introduced cattle, and he also remarks on Kitt Peak on the Papago Indian Reservation and the Papagos= referring to astronomers as Amen with the long eyes.@]

Godwin, Fran

    1993             Mission San Xavier: a treasure too rich to lose. Footprints, Vol. 6, no. 9 (September), pp. 1-3. Tucson, Southern Arizona Guides Association (SAGA). [Godwin reports on a gathering of SAGAS members at Mission San Xavier del Bac to hear talk by Bernard Fontana concerning the conservation project underway at the mission. Mission history and a history of the project to date are included.]

Goehring, Mark

    1983             O=odham to Papago to O=odham. An interview with two O=odham writers. Coyote, February, pp. 1, 3-4. [Tucson], Food Conspiracy Community Access Project, Inc. [The two Tohono O=odham writers who are interviewed here at length are Danny Lopez and Ofelia Zepeda. Questions to which both responded concern perceived changes in Papago traditions , the future, and the creation of literature with a newly-written language. There are photos of both Lopez and Zepeda.]

Goetzmann, William H., and Glyndwr Williams

    1992             The atlas of North American exploration from the Norse voyages to the race to the Pole. New York [etc. etc.], Prentice Hall General Reference. Maps, illus., bibl., index. 224 pp. [A map and text titled, ACalifornia: Island or Peninsula?@ discusses and illustrates the explorations of Father Eusebio Francisco Kino in the Pimería Ata and elsewhere in the period 1687-1702. Missions Guevavi, Tumacácori, and San Xavier del Bac are indicated on the map (pp. 120-121). A second map and text (pp. 126-127), ADeserts, Mountains, and Canyons: Spanish Interior Explorations, 1774-76,@ discusses and shows the routes or travel through the Pimería Alta of Juan Bautista de Anza and Father Francisco Garcés, the latter based at San Xavier del Bac.]

Gogol, John M.

    1982             Papago Indian basketry. American Indian Basketry, Vol. 2, no. 1 [whole issue no. 5] (February), pp. 8-9. Portland, John M. Gogol. [A seven-paragraph essay and four black-and-white photographs provide a superficial overview of the Papago basketry. Papago basketmaker Lolita Manuel is featured.]

Goldberg, Isaac

    1935             As told by the pioneers: Isaac Goldberg. Arizona Historical Review, Vol. 6, no. 2 (April), pp. 74-82. Tucson, University of Arizona with the cooperation of Arizona Pioneers Historical Society. [Goldberg, who arrived in Arizona as an adult in 1863, recalls events in connection with the 1871 massacre of Apaches at Camp Grant by Papagos, Anglos, and Mexicans who were living at San Xavier and in Tucson.]

Goldman, Jonathan C.

    1984             ABefore the water comes: a short range plan for Papago water resource development.@ Master of Science thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge. Maps. 68 pp. [The title is the abstract.]

Goldman, Stanford M.; Maurice L. Sievers, and David W. Templin

    1971             Radiculomyopathy in a Southwestern Indian due to skeletal flourosis. Arizona Medicine, Vol. 28, no. 9 (September), pp. 675-677. Phoenix, The Arizona Medical Association, Inc. [Presented here are findings concerning a 55-year-old Papago man who suffered from the second reported case in the United States of flouritic radiculomyopathy.]

Goldman, Stanford M.; Maurice L. Sievers, William K. Carlile, and Samuel L. Cohen

    1972             Roentgen manifestations of diseases in Southwestern Indians. Radiology, Vol. 103, no. 2 (May), pp. 303-306. Easton, Pennsylvania, The Radiological Society of North America. [A discussion of the disease patterns of Southwestern Indians over a 15-year period at the Phoenix Indian Medical Center where Papagos comprise 8% of the patients. It's noted that fluoride levels in the water supplies from the Gila Bend (Papago) Reservation are four to eight times higher than the U.S. Public Health Service recommended standard (p. 303), and that the highest incidence of diabetes mellitus occurs among the more obese Papago and Pima tribes (p. 306).]

Goldwater, Barry M.

    1966             Introduction. In Father Kino in Arizona, by Fay J. Smith, John L. Kessell, and Francis J. Fox, pp. xi-xvii. Phoenix, Arizona Historical Foundation. [Senator Goldwater writes about various people who have written about or attempted to honor Father Eusebio Francisco Kino, pioneer missionary among the Northern Piman Indians. He also writes about the successful effort by historians and archaeologists in locating the grave of Father Kino in Magdalena, Sonora in 1966.]

Gonzáles. Héctor

    1981             bi'kita: ceremonia pápago. Mexico Indígena, núm. 54 (septiembre), pp. 10-12. México, D.F., Instituto Nacional Indigenista. [This is a description of the vikita ceremony held at Quitovac, Sonora in the early 1980s.]

González R., Luis, compiler and editor

    1977             Etnología y misión en la Pimería Alta, 1715-1740 [Series de Historia Novohispana, núm. 27], México, Instituto de Investigaciones Históricas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Maps, appendices, bibl., index. 359 pp. [This is a gathering of seven primary documents by five men who were Jesuit missionaries in Sonora in the 18^th century (Campos 1977a, b; Cañas 1977, Genovese, Januske 1977, and Velarde 1977a, b). Six of these documents relate to the missions of the Pimería Alta. González provides detailed introductions for each of these documents, providing biographical details concerning their authors and placing the documents in historic context. He also adds voluminous footnotes. The book=s appendices includes lists of the governors of Sonora from 1734 to 1787, Jesuit authorities from 1661 to 1767, and a report from Pedro de Rivera on the state of the missions in Sinaloa and Sonora in 1727, one with no specific mention of Pimería Alta missions.]

Goode, G. Brown

    1898             Report upon the exhibit of the Smithsonian Institution and the United States National Museum at the Cotton States and International Exposition, Atlanta, Ga., 1895. In Annual Report of the Smithsonian Institution, 1896, pp. 613-635. Washington, Government Printing Office. [Mention is made of the Bureau of American Ethnology exhibit of Papago, Seri, and Cherokee materials set up by W J McGee (pp. 632-634). There is also a brief ethnographic account the Papago (pp. 633-634), one probably written by McGee.]

Goodman, Audrey

    2002             Translating Southwestern landscapes: the making of an Anglo literary region. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. Illus., notes, bibl., index. 256 pp. [Goodman devotes some of her book to contrasting Mary Austin=s translation of American Indian verbal art to the works of Tohono O=odham Ofelia Zepeda, suggesting that, AAnglo translators of the modernist period@ are not Apossessors of local knowledge@ but are Aproducers of an imagined locality and an invented art@(p. 136).]

Goodman, Yetta, and Sandra Wilde

    1985             Writing development in third and fourth grade Native American students [Occasional Papers, no. 14]. [Tucson, Arizona], Arizona Center for Research and Development, Program in Language and Literacy, College of Education, University of Arizona. Illus. 58 pp. [This study, focusing on children=s production of written language, took place on the Tohono O=odham (Papago) Indian Reservation. Social context, linguistic systems, and the creation of meaning as aspects of the writing process were studied among ten O=odham 3^rd and 4^th grade children who provided more than 200 stories.]

Goodwin, Grenville

    1969             The social organization of the Western Apache. Tucson, University of Arizona Press. xxii + 701 pp. [According to Goodwin, Papagos were variously called "sand house people" or "rope lying under their feet people" by Western Apaches. Relations between the two groups were described as being continually warlike, with most conflicts occurring between Papagos and the San Carlos group of Western Apaches.]

Goodwin, Grenville, and Keith H. Basso

    1971             Western Apache raiding and warfare. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. Illus. xii + 330 pp. [There are a few mentions here of Apache encounters with Papagos in times when warfare and raiding characterized the relationship between them.]

Goodwin, Katherine R.

    1998             Entrada. The first century of mapping the Greater Southwest, an exhibition. In The mapping of the entradas into the Greater Southwest, edited by Dennis Reinhartz and Gerald D. Saxon, pp. 152-206. Norman, University of Oklahoma Press. [This well-illustrated chapter on the topic of its title includes a ca. 1743 reproduction of AA Passage by Land to California,@ a map drawn by Father AEusebius Francis@ Kino and which shows the region of the Pimería Alta. It is not mentioned in the text, but the map was drawn by Kino in 1701 and first published in 1705.]

Goodyear, Albert C., III

    1975a           "Hecla II and III: an interpretive study of archaeological remains from Lakeshore project, Papago Indian Reservation, south central Arizona." Ph.D. dissertation, Arizona State University, Tempe. 420 pp. [Archaeological remains recovered from Hecla Mine located in the Slate Mountains, Sells Papago Reservation, are analyzed from a human ecology and systems framework. These remains span the period ca. A.D. 300-1400 and are considered to belong to both a Hohokam and Sells phase occupation. The problem specifically examined was how these different human populations utilized biotic resources native to the paloverde-saguaro plant community through time.]

    1975b           Hecla II and III: an interpretive study of archaeological remains from Lakeshore project, Papago Indian Reservation, south central Arizona. Anthropological Research Papers, no. 9. Tempe, Department of Anthropology, Arizona State University. 401 pp. [This is the published form of Goodyear (1975a).]

    1975c           The historical and ecological position of protohistoric sites in the Slate Mountains, south central Arizona. Columbia, South Carolina, Institute of Archeology and Anthropology, University of South Carolina. 57 pp. [This discussion is based on archaeological work carried out near the Slate Mountains on the Papago Indian Reservation. The emphasis is on late prehistoric sites of the ca. A.D. 1400 period, but with Papago ethnography frequently cited. Included is speculation concerning prehistoric saguaro fruit gathering, based partly on Papago models (pp. 31-33, 43-48, and 50).]

    1977             The historical and ecological position of protohistoric sites in the Slate Mountains, south central Arizona. In Research strategies in historical archaeology, edited by Stanley South, pp. 203-239. New York, San Francisco and London, Academic Press. [Reprint of Goodyear (1975c).]

Goodyear, Albert C., III, and Alfred E. Dittert, Jr.

    1973             Hecla I: a preliminary report on archaeological investigations at the Lakeshore project, Papago Reservation, south central Arizona. Anthropological Research Papers, no. 4. Tempe, Department of Anthropology, Arizona State University. Map, illus., bibl. 81 pp. [This report concerns archaeological sites on that portion of the Papago Indian Reservation where Hecla Mining Company is constructing the Lakeshore Mine. Data from each site were recorded, features were mapped, photographs were taken, and intensive surface collections were made.]

Goodyear, Lucille J.

    1975             Sights and sites around Tucson. Pen, Vol. 50, no. 5 (August), pp. 3-7. Denver, Federal Postal Employees Association, Intergovernmental Employees Association. [An article about Tucson includes a photo of the inner patio of Mission San Xavier del Bac with a wooden ox cart in the foreground. A paragraph is devoted to a description of the mission.]

Gordon, Gordon

    1931             Root eaters of Papago land. Progressive Arizona, Vol. 11, no. 13 (December), pp. 6, 24. Tucson, Arizona Automobile Association. [Three pictures and an interesting article on "Sand Papagos," but no precise location given. Includes brief mention of Ammobroma, the "sand root," eaten by the Papagos in this region. Also mentioned are Elder Brother and Papago salt pilgrimages.]

Goss, Robert C.

    1969             AThe principal retable of the church of San Xavier del Bac.@ Master of Arts thesis, The University of Arizona, Tucson. Illus., bibl. 173 pp. [This is a description and analysis of the retablo mayor of Mission San Xavier del Bac.]

    1972             The problem of erecting the main dome and roof vaults of the church of San Xavier del Bac. Kiva, Vol. 367, no. 3 (Spring), pp. 117-127. Tucson, Arizona Archaeological and Historical Society. [This illustrated article provides an analysis of the means by which builders constructed the main dome and vaults of Mission San Xavier del Bac, Arizona, during the late 18th century. It is based on visual inspection of the church and on the author's knowledge of building methods of the period.]

    1974             The San Xavier altarpiece. Photographs by Helga Teiwes. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. Illus., notes, bibl., index. 94 pp. [This is a detailed art historical study of the retablo mayor or main altarpiece, of Mission San Xavier del Bac. It is the published version of Goss (1969).]

    1975             The churches of San Xavier, Arizona and Caborca, Sonora: a comparative analysis. Kiva, Vol. 40, no. 3 (Spring), pp. 165-179. Tucson, Arizona Archaeological and Historical Society. [A comparative analysis of San Xavier del Bac and N.S. de la Purísima Concepción de Caborca. Goss concludes there can be little question that the Caborca church was intended as a copy of that at San Xavier del Bac. Both churches were intended for use by Northern Piman Indians. Illustrated.]

Gould, Frank W.

    1973             Grasses of the southwestern United States. Reprint edition. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. [Various grasses are mentioned as having been located on the Papago Indian Reservation: Tridens eragrostoides (Baboquivari Mountains, pp. 96-97); Chloris chloridea (Vamori School and on the route between Indian Oasis {Sells} and Santa Rosa, p. 130); Muhlenbergia polycaulis Scribn. (Baboquivari Mountains, pp. 210-211); Muhlenbergia duboides C.O. Gooding (Baboquivari Mountains, p. 217); Muhlenbergia Emersleyi Vasey (Baboquivari Mountains, pp. 219-220); Seteria Scheelei (Steud.) Hitchc. (Baboquivari Mountains, p. 271); Panicum capillare var. stramineum (Hitchcock and Chase) Gould (Sells, p. 283); Panicum capillare Hitchc. and Chase (Quinlan Mountains, p. 291); and Panicum antidotale Retz (Sells, p. 292).]

Graham, Hatch

    1980             The impact of modern man. In The desert bighorn: its life history, ecology, and management, edited by Gale Monson and Lowell Sumner, pp. 288-309. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. ["Papago, Havasupai, and Hualapai Indians kill bighorn regardless of age or sex whenever the opportunity presents itself, according to Hal Coss and James Blaisdell of the National Park Service." The author also says that "certain Papago Indians always camped during the height of the dry season to hunt bighorn that came to drink."]

Graham, J.D.

    1852             Lt. Col. J.D. Graham=s report, addressed to Colonel J.J. Abert, Chief of the Corps of Topographical Engineers. Senate Executive Documents, Vol. 15, no. 121, pp. 1-65. 32d Congress, 1^st session. Washington, D.C. [Pages 40-47 include Graham=s itinerary of his movements along the Santa Cruz River and in the vicinity of Tucson. (627 in serial set.)]

Graham, Patrick E., and Judson H. Taylor

    1969             Reservations and tribal customs, history and language. Journal of American Indian Education, Vol. 8, no. 3 (May), pp. 19-26. Tempe, Arizona State University. [The authors surveyed a dozen Papago students who were enrolled in the All-Indian upward Bound project sponsored by Arizona State University and the U.S. Office of Economic Opportunity. Data were collected concerning students' attitudes towards reservations, tribal customs, language, and tribal history. Papago was one of seven tribes in the study.]

Grande, Fernando M.

    1994a           Observations classified as secret concerning the missions of Pimería Alta. In Selections from A frontier documentary: Mexican Tucson, 1821-1856 [Working Paper Series, no. 22], compiled, translated, and edited by Kieran R. McCarty, p. 21. Tucson, The University of Arizona, Mexican American Studies & Research Center. [This repot was written in Magdalena on November 1, 1828 by the Commissioner General of Pimería Alta. In it he cynically proposes means by which the Northern Pimans, who had had impressed upon them by the Franciscan missionaries Athat all mission properties are the legal and rightful possession of the Indians alone,@ could be deprived of their properties. AIf the central administrator is a prudent and patient man, the entire wealth of the missions can be liquidated before the Indians realize it.@]

    1994b           To the Governor of Occidente. In Selections from A frontier documentary: Mexican Tucson, 1821-1856 [Working Paper Series, no. 22], compiled, translated, and edited by Kieran R. McCarty, p. 27. Tucson, The University of Arizona, Mexican American Studies & Research Center. [Written in Cucurpe on May 25, 1830, to a different governor than the man addressed by Grande in his November 1, 1828 letter, this is a complete reversal of his earlier views (Grande 1994a). He notes that, AAll Pimería Alta mission property has now been returned by formal inventory to the administration of the friars.@ He writes at length concerning Mission San Xavier del Bac:

                             AIts satellite mission, some ten miles north, is the Indian village of Tucson, across from a presidio of the same name.

                             AThe fields at San Xavier are extensive, and they would all be under cultivation if it were not for the decadence of our presidios, which formerly bought up all the surplus from mission harvests.

                             AWith the San Xavier mission district, there are two other Indian villages, Santa Ana and Santa Rosa, which flock to San Xavier to help with the harvest, all of which could be much more productive if properly administered. Indian tribes from the Gila River also arrive here in great numbers to pass the frugal winter season, but they return home in the spring.

                             ASince San Xavier lost more than it gained under civil administration, its residence was closed with all its tools and furnishings inside. Citizens Juan González and Ignacio Sardina oversaw the closing down of all mission operations. Now, however, these tools and furnishings are being handed over to the religious by the native governor, Juan Ignacio Zapata.

                             AJustice is exercised in this village by a representative of the mayor of law and order in Tucson. Both Tucson and San Xavier are in the political district of Arizpe.@]  

    1997a           Observations classified as secret concerning the missions of Pimería Alta. In A frontier documentary. Sonora and Tucson, 1821-1848, edited by Kieran R. McCarty, pp.17-18. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. [A reprint of Grande (1994).]

    1997b           To the Governor of Occidente. In A frontier documentary. Sonora and Tucson, 1821-1848, edited by Kieran R. McCarty, p. 23. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. [A reprint of Grande (1994b).]

Granger, Byrd H.

    1960             Will C. Barnes' Arizona place names, revised and enlarged by Byrd H. Granger. Illustrated by Anne M. Peck. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. Maps, illus., bibl., index. xix + 519 pp. [Granger attempts to explain the origins of place names in Arizona, building on the earlier efforts of Will C. Barnes (1935). Her arrangement is by county and alphabetically within each county. The Papago Indian Reservation is covered in entries for Pima, Pinal, and Maricopa counties, with other portions of the Papaguería being covered in Yuma and Santa Cruz counties.]

    1977             A motif index for lost mines and treasures applied to redaction of Arizona legends, and to lost mines and treasure legends exterior to Arizona. Tucson, Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia Academia Scientiarum Fennica and the University of Arizona Press. 277 pp. [A book for specialists in folklore, there are scattered references throughout to legends involving Papago Indians and lost mines and treasures in Arizona.]

Grant, Campbell

    1980             The desert bighorn and aboriginal man. In The desert bighorn: its life history, ecology, and management, edited by Gale Monson and Lowell Sumner, pp. 7-39. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. [Mention is made of the discovery of bones of bighorn sheep in 7,000 to 8,000-year-old archaeological deposits in Ventana Cave on the Papago Indian Reservation (7) and of the killing of desert bighorn by Sand Papago Indians (Pápagos Areneros) (pp. 30-32).]

Grant, Ulysses S.

    1882             Executive Order establishing and defining the San Xavier Papago Indian Reservation. In Annual Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs for 1882, p. 246. Washington, Government Printing Office. [This Executive Order establishes the Papago Indian Reservation, the first one, around Mission San Xavier del Bac, setting out the legal boundaries as follows: "Papago Indian Reserve. Executive Mansion, July 1, 1874. ... It is hereby ordered that there be withdrawn from sale or entry and set apart for the use of Papago and such other Indians as it may be desirable to place thereon, the following tract of country around San Xavier del Bac, in Arizona, viz: ... Beginning at the northeast corner of section 9, township 15 south, range 13 east; thence west one-half mile to the quarter-section corner; thence south three miles to the section line between sections 21 and 28 of same township; thence west along north boundary of sections 28, 29, and 30, up to the northwest corner of section 30, same township; continuing thence due west nine miles to a point; thence south seven miles to a point; thence east three miles to the southwest corner of section 30, township 16 south, range 12 east; thence east along the south boundary of sections 30, 29, 28, 27, 26, and 25, township 16 south, range 12 east, and sections 30, 29, 28, 27, 26, and 25, township 16 south, range 13 east, to the southwest corner of section 25, same township; thence north along the range line between ranges 13 and 14 east to the northeast corner of section 24, township 15 south, range 13 east; thence west to the northwest corner of section 22, same township; thence north to the place of beginning, to be known as the Papago Indian Reserve."]

    1886             Executive Orders relating to Indian reservations. In Annual Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs for 1886, pp. 292-380. Washington, Government Printing Office. [Included here is a reprint of Grant (1882).]

Gray, Andrew B.

    1852             Letter to John R. Bartlett, Commissioner, United States Boundary Survey. Senate Executive Documents, 1851-52, no. 119, 32d Congress, 1st Session, Vol. 14, pp. 267-269. Washington, A. Boyd Hamilton (Printer). [This letter by Gray is dated September 24, 1851 and was written in camp in Sonora. Gray notes having passed through the mission and Indian (Papago) pueblo of San Xavier, and he provides a very brief description of the mission (p. 268).]

    1856a           Letter addressed to Dr. John Torrey, on the Ammobroma sonorae. Proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, Vol. 9, pp. 233-236. New York, G.P. Putnam. [The letter is dated October 24, 1854 and was written in New York. It discusses Ammobroma sonorae, or "sand food," which Gray found growing in some sand hills between Sonoita (Sonoyta) and Adair Bay in northwestern Sonora. The gobernador or head chief of the "Papijos" (Papagos) in this region was his guide and was responsible for his introduction to this edible plant. Sand Papagos in this vicinity gather this plant and are alluded to in this letter.]

    1856b           Survey of a route for the Southern Pacific Railroad on the 32nd parallel by A.B. Gray for the Texas Western R.R. Company. Cincinnati, Ohio, Wrightson & Co's ("Railroad Record") Print. Illus. 149 pp. [Gray's survey for a railroad route in 1853-54 took him through the Gadsden Purchase region of southern Arizona all the way to the head of the Gulf of California in northwestern Sonora. He notes that a group from his surveying team traveled from Tubac to the Gila River, en route finding "villages and planting-grounds of the friendly Papagos" (p. 85). He notes that a "Gobernador of the Papagos" resides in Sonoita (i.e., San Marcello del Sonoyta, Sonora), and says the Indians (i.e., Sand Papagos, or HiaCed O'odham) "represented rich Placers existing throughout this region, and large numbers of them have lately come in with considerable quantities of (gold) dust. ... It is the country of the Papago Indians, a peaceful and friendly tribe, extending down to the Gulf coast, where they are mixed up somewhat with the Cocopas of the Colorado. ... (At Adair Bay he) found a band of Indians (Papagos) almost in a state of nudity, living on fish and crabs caught in the salt creeks and lagoons of the Gulf; and a sort of root, which was ate (sic) after roasting upon hot coals; or dried in the sun, and ground on a metate (curved stone) with mezquite beans, forming 'Pinole'" (pp. 85, 87-88). Elsewhere he writes, "The Papagos and Pimas Indians, by proper management, might be made very useful, in working upon the (rail)road where there is not much rock excavation. They are ... living in villages and cultivating the soil, besides manufacturing blankets, baskets, pottery, etc. Quiet and peaceable, they have no fears except their enemies, the Apaches, and are very industrious, much more so than the lower order of Mexicans, and live far more comfortably" (p. 118).]

    1861             Annual report of the board of trustees of the Maricopa Mining Company to the stockholders at their third annual meeting, 5th December, 1860. New York, Dodge & Gratton, Printers. 20 pp. ["The Papigo (sic) and Maricopa Indians, who are half-civilized, can be made serviceable in preparing and dressing ores, in packing, making charcoal, procuring firewood, constructing adobe buildings, (which are best for all purposes) and in other ways. They are at hand, and their cost is the same as Mexicans." The report goes on to say that these Indians have worked faithfully in the past and have never been known to prove treacherous.]

    1963             Survey of a route for the Southern Pacific Railroad on the 32nd parallel by A.B. Gray for the Texas Western R.R. Company. In The A.B. Gray report, and including the reminiscences of Peter R. Brady who accompanied the expedition [Great West and Indian Series, XXIV, Western Survey Series, II], edited, and with introduction and notes by L.R. Bailey, pp. 1-149. Los Angeles, Westernlore Press. [This is a reprint of Gray (1956b), with added endnotes by Bailey.]

Gray, Genevieve

    1975             Magic bears. St. Paul, Minnesota, EMC Corp. Illustrated by Gary Jones. 36 pp. [Because of their startling discovery, two Papago girls ensure the success of the saguaro harvest celebration. Children=s fiction.]

Gray, Judith

    2001             An archival dilemma: the Densmore cylinder recording speeds. Folklife Center News, Vol. 33, no. 3 (Summer), pp. 6-13. Washington, D.C., Library of Congress, American Folklife Center. [This lengthy article about the problem of re-recording tapes of American Indian music made by Frances Densmore includes mention of the fact that Tohono O'odham Angelo Joaquin, Jr. worked with the staff of the Federal Cylinder Project in February, 2001, to help them adjust the speeds of the recordings to make them more closely conform to what were likely the original Papago (Tohono O'odham) sounds. The finished products were compared with the written musical transcriptions made by Densmore.]

Gray, Malcolm C.

    1977             "Reproductive variability among Papago women born 1891-1930." Ph.D. dissertation, University of Colorado, Boulder. [This is an examination of changes in fertility rates for Papago women born before 1900 and those born after 1900. Data are from the Papago population register.]

Grayson, Todd

    1991             Matching wits with I'itoi. The mountain unleashes 40-mph winds, rain, lightning & falling boulders. Desert Skies, Vol. 3, no. 1 (Spring), pp. 12-14. Tucson, The Summit Hut, Ltd. [This is an article about a climb to the top of Baboquivari Peak, part of which is contained within the Papago Indian Reservation. I'itoi is the principal traditional deity among Tohono O'odham. Accompanying photos are by John Annerino.]

Greeley, Andrew

    2000             The Catholic imagination. Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London, University of California Press. Illus., index. 213 pp. [Greeley gives a garbled history of Mission San Xavier del Bac (p. 36), but correctly observes that the present church "was built at the very end of the missionary thrust north from the center of New Spain and thus is a monument not to a new tradition but to one that had lost its energy." (p. 37). A black-and-white photo of the crossing and sanctuary of the church faces p. 186.]

Greeley, Michael N.

    1987             The early influence of mining in Arizona. In History of mining in Arizona, edited by J. Michael Canty and Michael N. Greeley, pp. 13-50. Tucson, Mining Club of the Southwest Foundation. [Writing about events in 1854, Greeley says, AAfter opening the first wagon road in this part of Arizona, from Petato as Gila Bend was known in those days, to Ajo, the company hired Papago Indians to open the (Ajo) Mine@ (p. 15).]

Green, David

    1971             Experimenting with pottery. London, Faber and Faber Ltd. Illus., bibl., index. 83 pp. [On page 45 there is a pen-and-ink sketch of a Papago potter's firing kiln taken from a photo in Fontana and others (1962). The caption refers to it as "Surely the most ingenious kiln ever devised!"]

Green, Ford

    1973             Jesuit treasure. The author calls it a myth. True West, Vol. 20, no. 6 (July/August), pp. 19-21, 38. Austin, Western Publications, Inc. [The writer debunks stories about supposed Jesuit treasures secreted in various places in the Papago country and elsewhere in Mexico at the beginning of the Spanish colonial period. Two photos of Mission Tumacacori in southern Arizona accompany the article.]

Green, Francis J.

    1967             [Letter to Terence Cronin, Provincial of the Saint Barbara Province of the Order of Friars Minor, dated February 24, 1967.] Provincial Annals, Vol. 29, no. 2 (April), p. 9. Santa Barbara, California, Saint Barbara Province, Order of Friars Minor. [This is an expression of condolence on the part of the Bishop of Tucson concerning the death of Father Bonaventure Oblasser, O.F.M., missionary to the Papagos.]

    1974             [Report on mission activities among Indians of the Tucson Diocese of the Roman Catholic Church.] Our Negro and Indians Missions, January, pp. 25-26. Washington, D.C., Of the Commission for Catholic Missions among Colored People and the Indians. ["Without doubt," writes Bishop Green, "the largest involvement of the Church's missionary activity within the diocese is directed to the Papago Indians, the majority of whom are Catholics." Mention is made of the St. Nicholas Indian Center begun in 1973 and of other services for Papagos in Tucson, Arizona and vicinity.]

Greene, Jacqueline D.

    1998             The Tohono O=odham. New York, Franklin Watts. Map, illus., bibl., index. 63 pp. [This book is intended to provide a look at the history, culture, daily life, and contemporary situation of the ADesert People.@ Unhappily, the superficial text has more than its share of errors, such as referring to a contemporary Tohono O=odham pot as Aglazed,@ a reference to ocotillo as a Acactus,@ giving 1983 rather than 1986 as the date ATohono O=odham@ was officially adopted, asserting Tohono O=odham dug Avast@ irrigation ditches, Tohono O=odham traveled in the summer to Acooler mountain valleys,@ etc. etc.]

Greene, Jerome A,

    1977             Historic resource study, Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument, Arizona. Denver, Denver Service Center, Historic Preservation Division, National Park Service, United States Department of the Interior. Maps, illus., appendices, bibl. x + 204 pp. [An entire chapter is devoted to "Prehistory and Aboriginal Inhabitants," including the Papagos and Areneños (Sand Papagos). There is information here on Papago economy, distribution, political and social relations, Papagos= relations with outsiders, salt pilgrimages, and the Areneños. A chapter on "Spanish Explorers and Missionaries" also has considerable information relating to the Piman-speaking people encountered by Spaniards in this region.]

Greene, Mary P.

    1972             "A diet survey of the prenatal Papago." Master's thesis, The University of Arizona, Tucson. Bibl. 106 pp. [Eighteen prenatal Papago women attending the Sells Indian Hospital Clinic and the San Xavier Health Clinic took part in this study. Diet content was assessed for calcium, iron, and vitamins A and C. Hematocrit levels for incidence of anemia were obtained. Socioeconomic data were analyzed to seek correlations with concomitant diet. Results are presented.]

Greene, Robert A.

    1936             The composition and uses of the fruit of the giant cactus (Carnegiea gigantea) and its products. Journal of Chemical Education, Vol. 13 (July), pp. 309-312. Easton, Pennsylvania, Mack Printing Company. [This illustrated article discusses the Papagos' use of saguaro cactus fruit. It includes information on harvesting the fruit and presents analytical data concerning the fruit, pulp, rag, syrup, preserve, seeds, and wine ("tiswin"). It also discusses ma-kum, caterpillars ground into dough, dried, and eaten with "tiswin."]

Greenhouse, Ruth; Robert E. Gasser, and Jannifer W. Gish

    1981             Cholla bud roasting pits: an ethnohistorical example. Kiva, Vol. 46, no. 4 (Summer), pp. 227-242. Tucson, Arizona Archaeological and Historical Society. [A detailed description of a "traditional" Gila River Pima cholla bud roast carried out in 1978 includes comparisons with Papago procedures with respect to cholla bud gathering, preparation procedures, and related activities.]

Greenleaf, J. Cameron

    1975a           Excavations at Punta de Agua in the Santa Cruz River Basin, southeastern Arizona. Anthropological Papers of the University of Arizona, no. 26. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. [With maps and many illustrations, this is a report on excavation of five prehistoric sites lying within the right-of-way of Interstate 19 along and within the eastern edge of the San Xavier Indian Reservation. It includes discussion of the possible connection between historic Papago Indians and prehistoric dwellers in the same region (pp. 18-19) and of the excavation of an historic-period adobe Papago house (p. 35). Mention is made of the round house, used for ceremonial purposes, as being the largest structure in a Papago community (p. 43); of excavations at the prehistoric site of Valshni Village on the Papago Indian Reservation (p. 54); of the presence at Punta de Agua of Valshni Red ceramics (p. 59); of Papaguería being a region that contributed pottery to the Punta de Agua sites (p. 73) and of possible Papaguería and Punta de Agua connections based on the presence of the same pottery in both places (p. 76); and of the utilization of mesquite pods and cholla buds by Papagos (p. 107).]

    1975b           The fortified hill site near Gila Bend, Arizona. Kiva, Vol. 40, no. 4 (Summer), pp. 213-282. Tucson, Arizona Archaeological and Historical Society. [This report concerns the excavation of a prehistoric fortified site located on top of a volcanic escarpment on the Gila Bend (Papago) Indian Reservation. The cultural assemblage is believed to be a manifestation of the Tanque Verde phase (ca. A.D. 1200-1300) as it is known from the Tucson Basin. Papago Indians worked as laborers on the excavation.]

Greenleaf, Cameron, and Andrew Wallace

    1962             Tucson: pueblo, presidio, and American city. Arizoniana, Vol. 3, no. 2 (Summer), pp. 18-27. Tucson, Arizona Pioneers= Historical Society. [The Piman involvement in the history of Tucson is briefly summarized in this synopsis of the city=s past. Mission San Xavier del Bac and its relation to early Tucson is also mentioned frequently.]

Gregg, Dean O.

    1985             Geohydrology report for the San Xavier/Tucson planned community. Draft environmental impact statement (EIS): proposed lease of Papago community lands, (San Xavier District), facilitating development of the San Xavier/Tucson planned community along Interstate 19, Pima County, Arizona, Appendix II. Maps. 63 pp. Los Angeles, Gregg and Associates, Inc., in association with John M. Tettemer and Associates, Ltd. [A discussion of the southeastern portion of the San Xavier Reservation in terms of its geology, groundwater, and probable environmental impacts of this area's proposed planned non-Indian community.]

Gregonis, Linda M.

    1996             The Hohokam. sonorensis, Vol. 16, no. 1 (Spring), pp. 7-8. Tucson, Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum. [Concludes Gregonis, "We will probably never know for sure if the O'odham are the descendents (sic) of the Hohokam. We do know that the O'odham way of living with the desert is remarkably similar to what we find in the archaeological record."]

Gregonis, Linda M., and Lisa W. Huckell

    1980             The Tucson urban study. Archaeological Series, no. 138. Tucson, The University of Arizona, Arizona State Museum, Cultural Resource Management Section. [This archaeological report on nine study areas in the vicinity of Tucson, Arizona, summarizes the culture history for each of the areas. The presence of Papago Indians is accounted for in most of these summaries.]

Gregorio, Juan

    1975             Gregorio's oration. In Pima and Papago ritual oratory: a study of three texts, by Donald M. Bahr, pp. 60-71. San Francisco, Indian Historian Press. [Juan Gregorio was a Papago Indian whose words are transcribed and translated here by anthropologist Donald Bahr. The oration is one that was used to initiate a war expedition.]

Gregory, Adina

    2000             The white dove of the desert. Highroads, Vol. 45, no. 2 (May/June), p. 34. Phoenix, AAA Arizona. [An error-filled essay about Mission San Xavier del Bac, an article intended to attract visitors to the church. It is accompanied by a color photo of the south-southeast elevation of the church.]

Grey, Herman

    2003             American Indian love stories: traditional stories of love & romance from the tribes across America. Santa Fe, Clear Light Publishers. 160 pp. [Includes here are AQuail@ and AThe Love Rainbow,@ both reputedly Tohono O=odham stories.]

Grffin, A.H.; J.C. Wade, and W.E. Martin

    1980             The economic effects of changes in water use in the Tucson Basin, Arizona. Water Resources Bulletin, Vol. 16, no. 5, pp. 849-855. [It is noted that legislation and litigation, some of it involving disputes between Papago Indians and other large water users in the Tucson Basin, there are likely to be changes in the availability of water, all of which will affect the local economy.]

Griffith, James S. [a.k.a. Jim Griffith, q.v.]

    1967             Magdalena revisited: the growth of a fiesta. Kiva, Vol. 33, no. 2 (December), pp. 82-86. Tucson, Arizona Archaeological and Historical Society. [This illustrated essay reports on the fiesta of San Francisco Xavier held in Magdalena, Sonora, Mexico in 1965. Papagos, Mexicans, Mexican-Americans and Cahitan speakers attend this annual October 4 fiesta. This is an update of the reports published in Kiva, Vol. 16, nos. 1-2 (November), 1950.]

    1973             "The Catholic religious architecture of the Papago Reservation, Arizona." Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, The University of Arizona, Tucson. Map, illus., bibl. 297 pp. [This is an in-depth study of the Catholic religious architecture of the Papago Indian Reservation. Chapter headings include: Roman and Folk Catholicism on the Papaguería; Franciscan Chapel Building; Papago Chapel Building; and Catalogue of the Standing Catholic Religious Architecture of the Papaguería. There are thirteen tables and black-and-white photos of most of the listed structures.]

    1974a           Franciscan chapels on the Papaguería, 1912-1973. The Smoke Signal, no. 30. Tucson, Tucson Corral of the Westerners, Inc. [With a map and many illustrations included, this essay provides a history of the Franciscans in the Papaguería and the chapels they constructed between 1912 and 1973. It includes a discussion of Father Bonaventure Oblasser, O.F.M., who became "the major Anglo authority on the Papagos and their foremost champion in the courts and Washington." There is also information here on Papago day schools; Franciscan chapel buildings; the early chapels; life on the Papaguería, 1912-1931; chapel construction, 1930-1940; Brother Robert Schuchert, 1893-1970; Fr. Lambert Fremdling, O.F.M., 1913- ; Fr. Theodore Williges, O.F.M.; Fr. Camillus Cavagnaro, O.F.M.; architectural styles; and contemporary chapel building.]

    1974b           Papago music. BYO Tradition. In National Folk Festival, August 1-4, pp. 11-12. [Washington, D.C.], National Folk Festival Association, Inc. This is the illustrated program of the National Folk Festival held at Wolf Trap Farm Park, Vienna, Virginia, August 1-4, 1974. The festival was co-sponsored by the National Folk Festival Association, Inc., and the National Park Service. The text on Papago music, although not attributed to him in the text or credits, is by Griffith. Two photos of Papago musicians accompany the essay.]

    1975             The folk chapels of the Papaguería. Pioneer America, Vol. 7, no. 2 (July), pp. 21-36. Falls Church Virginia, The Pioneer America Society, Inc. [This illustrated paper examines some thirty Papago chapels on the Papago Indian Reservation in Arizona. Griffith discusses the function and use of these chapels as well as describing the physical structures, both the interior and exterior features. The development of these chapels is also traced. In order to explain these chapels, Papago folk Catholicism is discussed in some detail.]

    1976-77       Hispanic music in Arizona. Arizona Music News, Vol. 21, no. 2 (Winter), pp. 10-12. Tucson, Arizona Music Educators Association. [It's observed that Yaqui and Papago women sing Catholic songs in an antiphonal style which appears to have its roots in the 18th or early 19th century (p. 10). Papago waila (social dance) music is also discussed (p. 11).]

    1977             Tucson, meet yourself. A festival as community building. Southwest Folklore, Vol. 1, no. 1 (Winter), pp. 1-10. Flagstaff, Arizona Friends of Folklore. [This is an essay concerning the annual folk festival called "Tucson, Meet Yourself," including involvement of Papago Indians in the festival. The front cover of this issue of Southwest Folklore bears a photograph of the Papago "Desert Indian Dancers" at the festival.]

    1981             Papago still life, June, 1980. Newsletter of the Southwest Folklore Center, no. 1, p. 1. Tucson, The University of Arizona, Southwest Folklore Center. [This is a black-and-white photograph of a part of the public kitchen at San Pedro village on the Papago Indian Reservation.]

    1982             The Magdalena holy picture: religious folk art in two cultures. New York Folklore, Vol. 8, nos. 3-4 (Winter), pp. 71-82. Binghampton, State University of New York at Binghampton. [About the framed painted-glass holy pictures made by Mexicans and sold in Magdalena, Sonora, Mexico, the primary customers being Papago Indians. Included is a photograph of the interior of a Papago chapel at White Horse Pass on the Papago Indian Reservation showing some of these holy pictures in situ.]

    1983             Kachinas and masking. In Handbook of North American Indians, edited by Williams S. Sturtevant, Vol. 10, Southwest, edited by Alfonso Ortiz, pp. 764-777. Washington, Smithsonian Institution. [Included in this essay about masking by Indians of the Southwest is considerable mention of masks and masking among Papagos, including four black-and-white photographic illustrations of same.]

    1983-84       Folk arts on the border. Glass Art Society Journal, pp. 63-66. Corning, New York, Glass Art Society. [About the holy pictures painted by Mexicans on glass and sold to Papagos and others in Magdalena, Sonora, Mexico. Included is a photo of the interior of the chapel at San Simon on the Papago Indian Reservation showing the altar and holy pictures and other religious objects.]

    1988a           Legends and religious arts of Magdalena de Kino. Tucson, The University of Arizona, Southwest Folklore Center. Illus., notes, bibl. 24 pp. [There is mention throughout of the important connections between Tohono O'odham and the religious pilgrimage center of Magdalena de Kino, Sonora, where San Francisco is venerated and in whose honor a feast is celebrated every October 4. One photo is of the interior of a chapel at White Horse Pass on the Papago Indian Reservation. Various Tohono O'odham beliefs concerning San Francisco and Kino are discussed as well as Tohono O'odham use of holy pictures.]

    1988b           Southern Arizona folk arts. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. Ilus., bibl., index. xiii + 234 pp. [Southern Arizona folk arts include many folk art forms of the Tohono O'odham, and Griffith discusses their legends, music, history, culture, food, basketry, ceramics, dances, and the architecture of folk Catholicism. He also describes the annual powwow held at San Xavier del Wa:k.]

    1990             Images and notes concerning the traditional material culture of the Easter ceremony in northern Sinaloa. Journal of the Southwest, Vol. 32, no. 1 (Spring), pp. 36-67. Tucson, University of Arizona Press and the Southwest Center. [In writing about the Mayo Indian Easter observances that take place in northern Sinaloa, Mexico, Griffith notes that "similar Lenten Easter ceremonies are or have been carried on until recently by Tarahumara, Pimas Bajos, Opata descendants, and Tohono O'odham ... ."]

    1991a           Cascarones: southern Arizona's dynamic folk art. Tucson, Southwest Folklore Center of the University of Arizona. [This is a color-illustrated, two-fold brochure printed on both sides, one produced to accompany an exhibit of cascarones, eggs that have been hollowed out, filled with confetti, decorated, and glued to the end of a decorated cardboard tube. Griffith mentions that Yaqui Indians and Tohono O'odham "have adapted the art form to their own needs and occasions, occasionally using their own designs."]

    1991b           Farewell to two friends. Southwest Folklore Center Newsletter, no. 17 (Fall), p. 3. Tucson, Southwest Folklore Center, University of Arizona. [One of the recently-deceased friends about whom Griffith writes here is Robert K. Thomas, who Ahelped establish the Center=s annual All-O=odham Old Time Fiddle Orchestra Contest at the annual Wa:k Powwow, an event which he founded.@]

    1991c           Quetzalcoatl on the border? Water serpent beliefs in the Pimería Alta. Western Folklore, Vol. 49, no. 4, pp. 391-399. Los Angeles, California Folklore Society. [Papago beliefs concerning water serpents are included in the discussion.]

    1992a           Beliefs and holy places: a spiritual geography of the Pimería Alta. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. Map, illus., refs. index. 218 pp. [References to Tohono O'odham are scattered throughout the book (consult the index). They relate to Baboquivari Mountain, Catholicism, cemeteries, chapels, the Children's Shrine, dances, feats foods, Franciscans, pilgrimages, paintings in the church at Pitiquito, religion, San Francisco Xavier, San Xavier del Bac, and villages.]

    [1992]b        The east transept. Patronato Mission San Xavier del Bac, 1 [unnumbered] page. Tucson, Patronato San Xavier. [Just as conservators work to stabilize and clean the sculptured and painted art of the east transept of Mission San Xavier del Bac, Griffith discusses the art, especially the statues of saints.]

    [1992]c        A living church -- and more. Patronato Mission San Xavier del Bac, 1 [unnumbered] page. Tucson, Patronato San Xavier. [It is emphasized here that while people visit Mission San Xavier to enjoy its art, it is primarily a living church for its O'odham parishioners as well as for Mexicans, Anglos, and others who go there to worship.]

    1992d           Living together in the Pimería. Pimería Alta Historical Society Newsletter, September, pp. [3]-[4]. Nogales, Arizona, Pimería Alta Historical Society. [Griffith's essay includes the telling and re-telling of the O'odham story of the Children's Shrine near Santa Rosa on the Papago Indian Reservation.]

    1992e           Meeting la corúa. Journal of the Southwest, Vol. 34, no. 2 (Summer), pp. 141-151. Tucson, University of Arizona Press and the Southwest Center. [Excerpted from Griffith (1992a), this is about a legendary snake which frequents springs in the Sonoran Desert and which if killed or harmed will allow the spring to dry up. Griffith draws parallels between this legend and beliefs of O'odham concerning water-dwelling serpents.]

    1992f            The pilgrimage to Magdalena. Tucson Guide Quarterly, Fall, pp. 68-71. Tucson, Madden Publishing, Inc. [Tohono O=odham participate in the pilgrimage.]

    1992g           A pilgrimage to Magdalena and the devotion to San Francisco. Glyphs, Vol. 43, no. 5 (November), pp. 1-2. Tucson, Arizona Archaeological and Historical Society. [This is a two-paragraph quote excerpted from Griffith's Beliefs and holy places (1992), one which mentions the devotion of Native Americans from northern Sonora and southern Arizona -- including Tohono O'odham -- to San Francisco and their annual October trek to see his image in Magdalena de Kino. Mentioned here is the fact that Griffith will be giving a talk to the Archaeological and Historical Society on the subject and will be conducting a tour of Mission San Xavier del Bac.]

    1995             A shared space: folklife in the Arizona-Sonora borderlands. Logan, Utah State University Press. Map, illus., bibl., index. 207 pp. [Included here is information about holy pictures made in Magdalena, Sonora, which find their way into the homes and chapels of Tohono O'odham, and about Mission San Xavier del Bac in a chapter entitled, "Baroque Principles of Organization in Contemporary Mexican American Arizona."]

    1996a           The Arizona-Sonora border: line, region, magnet, and filter. In Borders and identity. A resource guide for teachers / Identidad y fronteras. Une guía para maestros, by Betty Belanus, Emily Botein, and Olivia Cadaval, unnumbered pages in appendix. [Washington, D.C.], Smithsonian Institution, Center for Folklife Programs & Cultural Studies. [Griffith writes about the border between Arizona and Sonora, including considerable discussion about the Tohono O=odham on both sides of the border. A black-and-white photograph of the interior of the chapel in Kohatk village is included.]

    1996b           Baroque echoes in southern Arizona. SMRC Newsletter, Vol. 30, no. 106 (March), pp. 4-16. Tucson, Southwestern Mission Research Center. [Among the black-and-white photos by Griffith reproduced here are one of the retablo mayor of Mission San Xavier del Bac; of the exteriors of St. Augustine's Mission in Chuichu, the St. Francis chapel at Palo Verde Stands, and the chapel at San Simon Village on the Tohono O'odham Nation's lands; and the interior of the chapel at San Simon village.]

    1996c           La cadena no se corta / the unbroken chain. The traditional arts of Tucson=s Mexican American community B an exhibition at the University of Arizona Museum of Art. Tucson, The University of Arizona Museum of Art and the Southwest Folklore Center of the University of Arizona Library. Illus. 16 pp. [Griffith observes that modern Mexican American arts have their roots in a baroque aesthetic, one such as that exemplified in the art and architecture of Mission San Xavier del Bac.]

    1997a           The mission myths. Mysteries and folklore about what San Xavier means -- and doesn't mean -- to the diversity of Tucson culture. Tucson Monthly, Vol. 1, no. 1 (September), pp. 60-65. Tucson, Madden Publishing Inc. [Folklorist Griffith writes about some of the varied and wondrous stories told in connection with Mission San Xavier del Bac. His article is accompanied by thirteen color photographs by Helga Teiwes of the church's interior.]

    1997b           Waila: the social dance music of the Tohono O=odham. In Musics of multicultural America. A study of twelve musical communities, edited by Kip Lornell and Anne K. Rasmussen, pp. 187-207. New York, Schirmer Books; London [etc. etc.], Prentice Hall International. [Illustrated with black-and-white photos. Waila Amusic has been shaped by several musical forces, both Native and non-Native American. As an example, Griffith describes the influence of religious continuity, specifically the Catholic Church, in shaping the lives and rituals of Tohono O=odham. Similarly, he explores the role of educational institutions, and boarding schools in particular, in their lives and music (the >Indian School= marching bands). In the light of these disparate factors, it is not surprising that many members of waila bands are members of the same, often extended families. This sense of community and family is reinforced by the standard performance contexts for waila: local dances and the religious ceremonies around which they are often built.@]

    1998             Divine intervention seizes the day. Tucson Monthly, Vol. 1, no. 8 (April), pp. 10-11. Tucson, Madden Publishing, Inc. [The story is told here how the intervention of N.S. de la Purísima Concepción during the April, 1857 fight between Henry Alexander Crabb's filibusters and the townspeople of Caborca, Sonora, Mexico -- including local O'odham -- saved the day for the people of Caborca. The story is one well known to at least some segment of the Tohono O'odham population.]

    1999             Los pajareros de Magdalena de Kino / The birdmen of Magdalena de Kino. Artes de México, núm. 44, pp. 56-61, 92-93. México, D.F, Artes de México y del Mundo, S.A. de C.V. [In writing about picture frames and boxes made by tinsmiths who live in and near Magdalena de Kino, Sonora, and who sell their wares there during each years October 4 fiesta in honor of San Francisco, Griffith notes that as early as the 1950s the tin-framed pictures were showing up in photographs of interiors of chapels in villages of Papago Indians (Tohono O'odham). He also notes that Tohono O'odham provide the largest market for these objects.]

    2000a           A diversity of dead helpers: folk saints of the U.S. - Mexico borderlands. In Worldviews and the American West: the life of the place itself, edited by Polly Stewart, Steve Siporin, C.W. Sullivan, and Suzi Jones, pp. 39-53. Logan, Utah State University Press. [Griffith notes that he has seen a prayer to folk saint Jesús Malverde, popular with dealers in illicit drugs, pinned to a saint's statue at Mission San Xavier del Bac.]

    2000b           Hecho a mano. The traditional arts of Tucson=s Mexican American Community. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. Illus., bibl., index. xviii + 104 pp. [Mention is made of the fact that a few Tohono O=odham make and sell cascarones (confetti-filled eggs) on public occasions and that paper flowers among them Aare important additions to altars as well as to the graves of loved ones on All Souls= Day@ (p. 81). There are also mentions of the iron crosses on the exterior domes at Mission San Xavier; of Raúl Vásquez=s ironwork at Mission San Xavier; and of San Xavier=s late eighteenth-century baroque style. AIf the builders and decorators of San Xavier had had access to neon, they would have used it,@ writes Griffith (p. 82).]

Griffith, James S., and Grace Boyne

    1991             Farewell to two friends. Southwest Folklore Center Newsletter, no. 17 (Fall), p. [3]. Tucson, The University of Arizona, Southwest Folklore Center. [One of the friends memorialized here is Robert K. Thomas, co-founder of the Wa:k annual powwow held next to Mission San Xavier del Bac. He also helped establish the annual All-O'odham Old Time Fiddle Orchestra Contest at the powwow. Thomas died in the summer of 1991.]

Griffith, James S., and Felipe S. Molina

    1980             Old men of the fiesta: an introduction to the pascola arts. Phoenix, The Heard Museum. Illus. 47 pp. [Although primary consideration is for the masked pascola dancers among the Yaqui and Mayo Indians, Papago pascola dancing is considered as well. A photo of a Papago pascola dancer is included.]

Griffith, Jim [a.k.a. James S. Griffith, q.v.]

    1976a           Arizona's buried treasures: an introduction to our vernacular musics. Arizona Music News, Vol. 20, no. 2 (February), pp. 5-7; no. 3 (April), pp. 14-16. Tucson, Arizona Music Educators Association. [There is brief mention of an elderly Papago man living in Tucson who continues to get his songs "from the spirits in the old fashioned way, in visions," and whose songs are being used to instruct a group of Papago children in old ways and values (pp. 5-6). There is also very brief mention of waila (i.e., baile) or "chicken scratch"social music played by Pimas and Papagos (p. 6).]

    1976b           Indian music in Arizona. Arizona Music News, Vol. 21, no. 1 (Fall), pp. 6-8. Tucson, Arizona Music Educators Association. [This is largely about Papago Indian music, both traditional and contemporary, both singing, which is wholly traditional, and instrumental, which is both traditional and contemporary. There is a photo of traditional singers on page 7 and a modern waila band is illustrated on page 8. A list of recommended reading and a listing of musical recordings are given.]

    1976-77       Hispanic music in Arizona. Arizona Music News, Vol. 21, no. 2 (Winter), pp. 10-12. Tucson, Arizona Music Educators Association. [Griffith observes in passing, AYaqui and Papago women sing Catholic religious songs in an anitphonal style which appears to have its roots in the 18^th or early 19^th century.@]

    1979             Waila -- the social dance music of the Indians of southern Arizona: an introduction and discography. JEMF Quarterly, Vol. 15, no. 56 (Winter), pp. 192-204. Los Angeles, John Edwards Memorial Foundation. [A history and description, including photographs of Papago orchestras, of Papago Indian social dance music, variously called waila (from the Spanish baile) or "chicken scratch" music. A list of phonograph records and tapes containing such music is included.]

    1980             The Joaquin brothers with Nacho Armenta. In 42nd National Folk Festival, Wolf Trap Farm Park, July 11-13, 1980, pp. 32-34. Washington, D.C., National Council for the Traditional Arts, Inc. [This is in the program for the 42nd National Folk Festival. One black-and-white photo accompanies a brief sketch concerning Daniel, Angelo, and Fernando Joaquin and their nephews, Leonard and Jerome, all Papago waila musicians who play regularly for Papago social dances. Nacho Armenta is a Yaqui Indian singer, a mariachi musician. The group performed at the 1980 festival.]

    1981             The Joaquin Brothers with Nacho Armenta. Polka Scene, Vol. 5, no. 3 (March), p. 1. Cleveland, Bob Falkowski. [This is a reprint of Jim Griffith (1980).]

    1984             Other projects. The Southwest Folklore Center Newsletter, no. 8 (Fall), p. 4. Tucson, The University of Arizona, Southwest Folklore Center. [Mention is made of the upcoming March, 1985 Second Annual Old Time Fiddle Contest to be held in conjunction with the Wa:k Powwow on the San Xavier Indian Reservation.]

    1987a           Desert grub: prehistoric cuisine you can eat today. City Magazine, Vol. 2, no. 8 (August), p. 56. Tucson, First City Publications, Inc. ["The folks who greeted Father Kino did so in O'odham, and that language is still a living tongue." Griffith also discusses "Papago pumpkins," a kind of cushaw squash with a thick, woody stem and that is still cultivated by the O'odham.]

    1987b           Father Kino and the beef burro. City Magazine, Vol. 2, no. 6 (June), pp. 56-57. Tucson, First City Publications, Inc. [This article is about various elements of European culture introduced to the Sonoran Desert and Piman Indians by Father Eusebio Francisco Kino in the late 17th century. Emphasized are the large wheat tortilla and beef burros made and enjoyed by the O'odham.]

    1987c           Magdalena merriment: remembering when San Francisco came to town. City Magazine, Vol. 2, no. 9 (September), pp. 60-61. Tucson, First City Publications, Inc. [About the annual October 4 fiesta held in Magdalena, Sonora, Mexico in honor of saints Francis of Assisi and Francis Xavier, and which attracts large numbers of Tohono O'odham.]

    1987d           O'odham polka music. City Magazine, Vol. 2, no. 2 (February), p. 53. Tucson, First City Publications, Inc. [About O'odham social dancing, waila, to the accompaniment of polka music played by button accordion, saxophone, electric guitar, electric bass, and regular drum set.]

    1987e           Songs of the people, dance of the nations: powwow. Tucson Guide Quarterly, Vol. 5, no. 1 (Spring), pp. 48-49, 71-72. Tucson, Madden Publishing, Inc. [A general article about North American Indian powwows focuses on the powwow held annually next to Mission San Xavier del Bac and which has Tohono O'odham participants.]

    1987f            Stepdancing. City Magazine, Vol. 2, no. 5 (May), p. 54. Tucson, First City Publications, Inc. [Largely about Yaqui Indian pascola dancers, it is mentioned that Tohono O'odham also have pascolas who do stepdancing.]

    1988a           La corúa City Magazine, Vol. 3, no. 6 (June), pp. 64-65.. Tucson, First City Publications, Inc. [An article about a mythical water snake mentions Tohono O'odham attitudes toward rattlesnakes: if you have one in your yard, talk to it and threaten dire consequences if it doesn't go away.]

    1988b           Desert violins: around these parts, we call 'em Indian fiddles. City Magazine, Vol. 3, no. 10 (October), pp. 60-61. Tucson, First City Publications, Inc. [Included here is considerable discussion of the fiddle-playing traditions of the Tohono O'odham, including the history of these traditions. Fiddle playing at San Xavier is featured.]

    1988c           The Gu-Achi fiddlers and their music. In Gu-Achi fiddlers: old time O'odham fiddle music, CR-8082. Phoenix, Canyon Records Productions, Inc. [These are liner notes that tell about the O'odham tradition of fiddle music in southern Arizona. They accompany the folder with an audio cassette tape of fiddlers from the Tohono O'odham Nation at Gu Achi (Santa Rosa).]

    1988d           Marigold markers: this is the month the graves flower. City Magazine, Vol. 3, no. 11 (November), pp. 64-65. Tucson, First City Publications, Inc. [This is an article about the custom of decorating graves with flowers -- including marigolds -- at All Souls and All Saints days in late October/early November. Tohono O'odham and the San Xavier cemetery are specifically mentioned in this regard.]

    1988e           O'odham fiddle contest. AzU Library Newsletter, no. 9 (February 29), p. 6. Tucson, University of Arizona Library. [This is a notice of the 5th annual All O'odham Old Time Fiddle Orchestra Contest to be held north of San Xavier Mission as part of the annual Wa:k Powwow. The contest is to take place March 5 and is held "to honor the O'odham fiddling tradition, a musical style that used to be widespread in Pima and Papago country, but has in the last 20 years been replaced to a large extent by the popular 'Chicken Scratch' bands."]

    1988f            Road kills: where did all those crosses come from? City Magazine, Vol. 3, no. 5 (May), pp. 68-69. Tucson, First City Publications, Inc. [Griffith discusses the roadside crosses and shrines along Arizona State Highway 86 which runs east and west across the Tohono O'odham Nation. He also talks about the shrine by the side of the road, one consisting of a rock pile, just east of Sil Nakya village on the Papago Indian Reservation.]

    1988g           Tales from the constricted rock. City Magazine, Vol. 3, no. 1 (January), pp.58-59. Tucson, First City Publications, Inc. [A recounting of O'odham tales concerning I'itoi, including those relating to Baboquivari Peak (i.e., the "constricted rock"), the nehbig monster, and the witch called ho'ok.]

    1988h           Tohono O=odham fiddling. Fiddler=s Forum, April. Phoenix, Arizona State Old-Time Fiddlers= Association. [The title is the abstract.]

    1988i            When the saints come marching in. City Magazine, Vol. 3, no. 7 (July), pp. 58-59. Tucson, First City Publications, Inc. [An article about the summer weather in southern Arizona notes that most O'odham do not leave the area on summer vacations and that an O'odham band from San Xavier played in the San Agustín fiesta in Tucson before the early 1900s.]

    1989             Tracking Father Kino by time machine. Tucson Guide Quarterly, Vol. 7, no. 4 (Winter), pp. 54-57. Tucson, Madden Publishing Inc. [Included here are a map showing the locations of missions founded by Father Eusebio Kino in the Pimería Alta late 17^th and early 18^th centuries, a color photo by Edward McCain of a portion of Tumacacori Mission, and a photo in black-and-white by McCain of the handle on the front door of Mission San Xavier del Bac. Griffith=s text includes brief histories and descriptions of mission San Xavier, Tumacácori, Pitiquito, Cocóspera, Oquitoa, Caborca, and Pitiquito.]

    1990a           Headstones and history. Arizona Highways, Vol. 67, no. 3 (March), pp. 28-33. Phoenix, Arizona Department of Transportation. [An illustrated article about grave markers in Arizona cemeteries includes information about the Papago cemetery at San Xavier del Bac and a color photo of same, one which shows Mission San Xavier in the background to the east.]

    1990b           Songs & dances of people & places: Indian musics of southern Arizona. Tucson Guide Quarterly, Vol. 8, no. 1 (Spring), pp. 42-45. Tucson, Madden Publishing, Inc. [Included are several photos showing Tohono O'odham dancers and musicians. The article is exclusively about the kinds of dances and music presently being performed by the Tohono O'odham and Yaqui Indians, and a calendar of events where such performances can be seen and heard is given. There is also a list of recommended reading.]

    1991a           Accommodation and renewal. Catholic architecture of the Tohono O'odham Nation. In Folklife Annual 90, edited by James Hardin, pp. 152-173. Washington, American Folklife Center at the Library of Congress. [This is a well-illustrated, scholarly article about the different kinds of Catholic churches on the Papago Indian Reservation and about the various accommodations made by Tohono O'odham to architectural and space-arrangement influence from Franciscan missionaries and those stemming from their own cultural traditions.]

    1991b           Piñatas, cascarones, banderolas, and flowers: Mexican-American paperwork in southern Arizona. Tucson Guide Quarterly, Vol. 10, no. 1 (Winter), pp. 44-48. Tucson, Madden Publishing Inc. [In this color-illustrated article, folklorist and anthropologist Griffith observe that in addition to Mexican Americans, Tohono O'odham also fashion paper flowers and, on occasion, cascarones as well. He also mentions having seen a cascaron which had painted on its egg an image of the façade of Mission San Xavier del Bac.]

    1992             The pilgrimage to Magdalena. Tucson Guide Quarterly, Vol. 10, no. 4 (Fall), pp. 68-71. Tucson, Madden Publishing Inc. [About the annual October 4 festival observance of the feast day of San Francisco in Magdalena, Sonora, one which draws Tohono O=odham from northern Sonora and southern Arizona to the community for the celebration.]

    2000             Saints of the Southwest, Tucson, Rio Nuevo Publishers. Illus. ix + 62 pp. [Included in this gathering of images of saints in the Southwest are those of the Immaculate Conception, Our Lady of Sorrows, St. Francis Xavier, and St. Anthony of Padua, statues of which are in Mission San Xavier del Bac and shown here in color photos. Also included is a statue of St. Cajetan, now in Mission Tumacacori, but which was formerly in Mission San Xavier.]

    2001             Santos custodios / guardian saints. Horizontes, Año 6, núm. 12 (julio/diciembre), pp.13-16. Hermosillo, Instituto de Educación Sonora Arizona. [In writing about popular guardian saints of Sonora, Griffith tells stories involving such saints in episodes at Pimería Alta Mission San Antonio de Oquitoa and in the mission community of Caborca, with Papagos involved in both instances.]

    2002a           Heroes & horses: corridos from the Arizona-Sonora borderlands. Washington, D.C., Smithsonian Folkways Recordings. Illus. 30 pp. [These are the liner notes to accompany a CD recording of Mexican corridos, or ballads, relating to the Arizona-Sonora border region. In the introduction, Griffith mentions in passing that the Tohono O=odham live in both Arizona and Sonora along the western portion of the U.S.-Mexico border.]

    2002b           O=odham music. In American musical traditions. Volume 1. Native American Music, edited by Jeff T. Titon and Bob Carlin, pp. 36-39. New York [etc. etc.], Schirmer Reference. [Griffith writes about both Tohono O=odham aboriginal musical traditions, including their singing of song cycles and use of gourd rattles and a drum in the form of a large overturned basket, and more recent traditions that involve performances of waltzes, polkas, and schottisches played with violins, guitars, and military-style drums. A map shows the location of the Sells portion of the Tohono O=odham Reservation, and there is a color photo of a Atraditional Tohono O=odham singer@ holding a gourd rattle.]

Grindell, Edward P.

    1907             The lost explorers: the mystery of a vanished expedition. The Wide World Magazine, Vol. 19, no. 112 (April), pp. 376-89. London, A. Newnes, Ltd. [This is about an ill-fated effort in 1905 on the part of four Americans to locate gold on Tiburon Island in the Gulf of California. The expedition was guided by Dolores Valenzuela, a Papago Indian man. Papagos named Juan Cholla and Hugh Norris, a relative of Valenzuela, are also part of the story, as are another dozen Papago guides.]

    1983             The lost explorers: the mystery of a vanished expedition. In Tales from Tiburón. An anthology of adventures in Seriland, edited by Neil B. Carmony and David E. Brown, pp. 58-69. Phoenix, Southwest Natural History Association. [Reprinted from Grindell (1907), except that the version of Hoffman's journey of survival is not included here as it is in the original. Hoffman's (1983) fuller account is substituted for it. A photo of the Papago guide named Valenzuela is on page 63.]

Griton, M.L.

    1926             Where Indians are trained for citizenship. Progressive Arizona, Vol. 3, no. 3 (September), pp. 25-26. Tucson, Automobile Club of Arizona. [This illustrated article concerns the Tucson Indian Training School. A history of the school is given and it is noted that, "The school is designed especially to meet the needs of the Pima and Papago Indians."]

Grizzard, Mary

    1986             Spanish colonial art and architecture of Mexico and the U.S. Southwest. Lanham, Maryland, and London, University Press of America, Inc. [Included are brief discussions and one photo each of missions San Xavier del Bac and San Jose del Tumacacori, both missions founded for Piman Indians in the late 17th century.]

Grossmann, Frederick E.

    1870             Report of the United States special Indian agent for the Pima and Maricopa. House Executive Documents, no. 18, 41st Congress, 1st session, Vol. 1, part 4, Report of the Secretary of the Interior, Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, pp. 582-592. [The report, written from the Gila River Reservation, Arizona Territory, is dated September 1, 1870 and is addressed to Lt. Col. George L. Andrews, Superintendent of Indian Affairs, Arizona Territory. Writes Grossmann, "I have engaged the services of a blacksmith for the Papago Indians since 1st May 1870. These Indians do not now live on a reservation, principally because none has ever been set apart for them. They were not therefore considered as properly belonging to this agency, although former agents were supposed to look after their welfare. They are industrious, friendly, and highly deserving of assistance."]

    1873             The Pima Indians of Arizona. In Annual report of the Smithsonian Institution, 1871, pp. 407-419. Washington, Government Printing Office. [Mostly concerned with the Gila River Pima, but some mention of Papagos is found on pages 407 (Pima and Papago speak the same language and are probably descendants of the earliest occupants of this section of the country) and 408 (differences are delineated between the Pima and Papago versions of the origin myth.)]

Guber, Albert L.

    1988             "Channel Changes of the San Xavier Reach of the Santa Cruz River, Arizona, 1971-1988." Master of Arts thesis, The University of Arizona, Tucson. 127 pp. (AAT 1335819) ["Aerial photographs of the San Xavier reach of the Santa Cruz River near Tucson, Arizona, were used to interpret four planimetric surface classes and to generate hydraulic variables for analysis of channel change." This reach is on the San Xavier District of the Papago Indian Reservation.]

Güemes y Horcasitas, Juan Francisco

    1986             El virrey acusa recibo de la carta de padre provincial (Juan Antonio Balthasar). In El noroeste de México. Documentos sobre las misiones jesuíticas, 1600-1769, compiled and edited by Ernest J. Burrus and Félix Zubillaga, pp. 263-265. México, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. [The Viceroy of New Spain responds to a letter from Jesuit Father Provincial Juan Antonio Balthasar (1986a) discussing the case of Pimería Alta Jesuit missionary Ignacio Keller and requesting additional information about the 1751 Pima Revolt and current conditions in the Pimería Alta. The letter was written at San Angel on August 19, 1752.]

Güemes y Horcasitas, Juan Francisco, and others

    1997             Juntas regarding Tubac. In The presidio and militia on the northern frontier of New Spain, a documentary history. Volume two, part one. The Californias and Sinaloa-Sonora, 1700-1765, compiled and edited by Charles W. Polzer and Thomas E. Sheridan, pp. 437-442. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. [Güemes y Horcasitas, the Viceroy of New Spain, and ten additional members of the real junta de hacienda present formal resolutions concerning the placement of troops in the Pimería Alta in the wake of the 1751 Pima Revolt and taking other measures to protect settlers from O'odham attack and thievery.]

Gumerman, Robert C.

    1985             Wastewater collection and treatment report for the San Xavier/Tucson planned community. Reviewed and edited by John M. Tettemer and Harold A. Vance. Draft environmental impact statement (EIS): proposed lease of Papago community lands, (San Xavier District), facilitating development of the San Xavier/Tucson planned community along Interstate 19, Pima County, Arizona, Appendix V. Los Angeles, Culp/Wesner/Culp in association with John N. Tettemer & Associates, Ltd. Maps. iii + 43 pp. [Chapter headings are Introduction; General Aspects of Wastewater Management; Wastewater Generation in the San Xavier/Tucson Planned Community; Treatment Plant Discharge Requirements; Wastewater Collection and Treatment Facilities in the Tucson region; Treatment Options Available to the San Xavier/Tucson Planned Community; and Recommended Option.]

Gundolf, Hubert

    1995             Der reitende Padre. Auf den Spuern des Welschtiroler Jesuiten-missionars Eusebio Kino in Amerika. Schwarz, Austria, Berenkamp. Maps, illus., bibl. 159 pp. [A biography in German of Father Eusebio Francisco Kino, pioneer European and missionary among the Northern Piman Indians. Kino=s efforts in the Pimería Alta are summarized beginning on page 49. Missions San Xavier del Bac, Tumacacori, Pitiquito, Oquitoa, and San Ignacio are illustrated in photographs.]

Gunst, Marie L.

    1930             "Ceremonies of the Papago and Pima Indians, with special emphasis on the relationship of the dance to their religion." Master's thesis, College of Letters, Arts, and Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson. Bibl. 73 pp. [This thesis deals with the ceremonial life of the Papago and Pima Indians. Papago ceremonies described in detail include the vigita, or Harvest Ceremony (pp. 11-20); Chilto-ko, or Harvest Ceremony (pp. 21-28); Hala-queena, or Giving Name Ceremony (pp. 26-27); Gitahim, or Proof of Manhood (pp. 29-37); and the Go-him-mo-li, or Rain Ceremony (pp. 38-43). Gunst's Papago fieldwork was done at Sells, Big Fields, Topawa, San Pedro, San Xavier del Bac, a Papago village south of Tucson, a Yaqui village north of Tucson, and Tucson. Specific mentions of Mission San Xavier are on pages 8-9 and 57-60.]

    1935             Papago ceremonial. Tucson, Vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 15, 30. Tucson, Chamber of Commerce. [An article in the official souvenir program of Arizona's mid-winter La Fiesta de los Vaqueros tells about the upcoming fifth annual "Chilt-ko" or "Harvest Dance" to take place in front of Mission San Xavier del Bac on Match 15-16, 1935. An Albert Buehman photo showing costumed Papago dancers in front of the mission is included.]

Gurnoe, Katherine J., and Christian Skjervold, editors

    1974             American Indian recipes. Minneapolis, Minneapolis Public Schools, Department of Intergroup Education. [Includes a section on Southwest Indians which, in turn, notes that pepper and beans were made into chili by Papagos and by other Southwest Indians.]

Gust, Dodie

    1980             The Papago Indians of Arizona. Sketch Book, Vol. 5, no. 4 (October), pp. 1, 6-7, 9. Tucson, s.n. [This lengthy illustrated essay summarizes the traditional arts B principally dancing and singing B among contemporary Papago Indians. Papago Indian Danny Lopez is interviewed, and among other topics, he discusses the gohimli, the ritual performed two nights before the drinking of saguaro fruit wine, as well as other aspects of the saguaro wine ceremony.].

Gustafson, A.M., editor

    1966             John Spring's Arizona. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. Illus., index. 326 pp. [John Spring arrived in Arizona in 1866 and lived in Tucson until 1892, visiting there until 1902. These are his reminiscences as first published in The National Tribune of Washington, D.C., in 1902 and 1903. There are occasional references to Papagos, including especially their participation in the 1871 Camp Grant Massacre of Apache Indians. He relates a Papago legend concerning the flood at the beginning of human time, and he writes about Papagos' participation as pascola dancers in the annual Feast of San Agustín during the days leading up to August 28 .]

Gutkin, Terry B., and Cecil R. Reynolds

    1980             Factorial similarity of the WISC-R for Anglos and Chicanos referred for psychological services. Journal of School Psychology, Vol. 18, no. 1 (Spring), pp. 34-39. New York, The Journal of School Psychology, Inc. [A study of the use of the WISC-R IQ test among Anglo and Chicano children, one comparing results with tests carried out by Reschly (1978) among Papago, Anglo, Black, and Chicano children.]